Forensic Anthropology
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Forensic Anthropology is a specialized field within anthropology that applies skeletal analysis and techniques in archaeology to solve criminal cases involving human remains. This course explores the biological and cultural aspects of human bone analysis, focusing on the identification of age, sex, ancestry, and stature from skeletal remains. Students will learn to distinguish between human and non-human bones, detect signs of trauma or disease, and interpret taphonomic changes affecting remains after death. Emphasis will be placed on case studies, laboratory methods, and legal procedures, equipping students with the scientific skills necessary to assist in medicolegal investigations and collaborate with law enforcement agencies.
Recommended Textbook
Forensic Science An Introduction 2nd Edition by Saferstein Richard
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fictional character of Sherlock Holmes was created by:
A) Darwin.
B) Dalton.
C) Denton.
D) Boyle.
E) Doyle.
Answer: E
Q2) Which matter is NOT the province of civil litigation? The determination of competency to:
A) refuse medical treatment.
B) sell property.
C) prepare a will.
D) purchase a vehicle.
E) stand trial for burglary.
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: Securing and Searching the Crime Scene
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of evidence must be packaged separately from other evidence?
A) biological stain evidence
B) DNA-containing evidence
C) arson evidence
D) A and B
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Q2) The first officer arriving at a crime scene, after providing or obtaining medical assistance for the injured and effecting an arrest of suspects (if possible), should immediately:
A) photograph the scene.
B) search for evidence.
C) make a rough sketch of the scene.
D) take notes.
E) secure the scene.
Answer: E
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Chapter 3: Recording the Crime Scene
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Sample Questions
Q1) A comparison analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a control specimen to the same tests and examinations for the ultimate purpose of determining:
A) if they are identical in chemical composition
B) whether or not they have a common origin
C) if they are alike in molecular structure
D) if the same person handled them
E) all of the above
Answer: B
Q2) The likelihood of finding class physical evidence is ________ the likelihood of finding physical evidence with individual characteristics. A) same as B) greater than C) less than
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Collection of Crime-Scene Evidence
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Sample Questions
Q1) The weight 264.45 grams can be correctly expressed as:
A) 26.445 centigrams.
B) .26445 kilograms.
C) 26,445 decigrams.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) Describe the proper collection of glass evidence.
Q3) To explain the events that occur after radiation is absorbed by a substance, light must be characterized as:
A) a wave of variable frequency
B) a stream of discrete particles
C) a wave consisting of non-discrete particles
D) a wave of constant frequency
E) a stream of amorphous particles of varying density
Q4) The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is ________ the freezing point of water Celsius.
A) greater than
B) the same as C) less than
Q5) Explain the difference between elements and compounds. Cite one example of each.
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Chapter 5: Physical Evidence
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States today?
A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) heroin
E) methadone
Q2) Most narcotics are:
A) physically addicting.
B) depressants to the central nervous system.
C) pain relievers.
D) obtained from opium.
E) all of the above
Q3) Marijuana is considered to be a:
A) stimulant
B) hallucinogen
C) depressant
D) narcotic
E) tranquilizer
Q4) Describe the process that a laboratory uses to perform a routine drug identification analysis.
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Chapter 6: Death Investigation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The elimination or "burn off" rate of alcohol averages ___________ percent w/v per hour.
A) 0.10
B) 0.15
C) 0.010
D) 0.015
E) none of the above
Q2) Which of the following CANNOT be used by the medical examiner to determine the body's alcohol content to a reasonable degree of accuracy if blood is not available?
A) urine
B) vitreous humor
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) brain tissue
E) A and D
Q3) Briefly describe how a toxicologist finds a drug in human tissue or organs.
Q4) Explain how alcohol is released by the lungs.
Q5) List and describe the most commonly employed field sobriety tests.
Q6) Explain how alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream, transported through the body and eliminated.
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Chapter 7: Crime-Scene Reconstruction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the SEM's primary electron beam bombards a specimen, it causes the emission of:
A) electrons from elements of the upper layer of the specimen.
B) x-rays from the target.
C) gamma rays from the target.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
Q2) When using a compound microscope, the areas above and below the depth of focus are best viewed by adjusting the:
A) eyepiece lens.
B) intensity of the illumination.
C) fine or coarse adjustment.
D) objective lens.
E) numerical aperture.
Q3) Magnification
Q4) Working Distance
Q5) Compare and contrast the comparison microscope to the compound microscope.
Q6) Depth of Focus
Q7) Field of View
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Q8) Briefly describe how a microspectrophotometer is used to examine trace evidence.
Chapter 8: Fingerprints
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Sample Questions
Q1) PSA (p30) is a:
A) platelet disorder specific to leukemia patients.
B) polymorphic enzyme found in red blood cells.
C) protein unique to seminal plasma.
D) blood enzyme used to discriminate bloodstains.
E) protein specific to females.
Q2) In routine blood banking, which antigen(s) must be determined in testing for compatibility?
A) D
B) A
C) B
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q3) Create a table showing the four blood types, their antigens and their antibodies.
Q4) Describe how blood and semen are to be properly preserved.
Q5) Diagram and describe the antibody antigen reaction.
Q6) Explain the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Q7) List the lab tests that are used to characterize seminal stains.
Page 10
Q8) List and describe the presumptive tests used to determine if a stain is blood.
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Chapter 9: Firearms, Toolmarks, and Other Impressions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diagram the complementary strand for the following DNA segment ATAGCCGTA.
Q2) Whole blood collected for DNA typing purposes must be placed in a vacuum containing the preservative ___________.
A) EDTA
B) CODIS
C) Rh factor
D) ethylene glycol
E) none of the above
Q3) Explain the forensic value of VNTR's.
Q4) The evidence suggests which suspect raped the victim?
A) The evidence suggests that two of the suspects raped the victim.
B) suspect A
C) The evidence shows that none of these suspects is a match.
D) suspect C
E) suspect B
Q5) List and briefly describe the process of PCR.
Q6) Compare and contrast STR with RFLP analysis.
Q7) Define and explain the forensics value of CODIS.
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Q8) Describe how you would collect and preserve bloodstained evidence for latter use in DNA analysis.
Chapter 10: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The deposition of backward spatter produced by a gunshot wound is determined by:
A) the location of the injury.
B) the location of the surface of deposition.
C) the distance between the victim and the muzzle.
D) the size of the wound created.
E) all of the above.
Q2) Explain how the texture of a surface, directionality and the angle of impact can impact the shape of the individual bloodstains.
Q3) By counting and pairing the patterns of a(n) ___________ pattern, an investigator can estimate the minimum number of blows inflicted upon a victim.
A) impact
B) arterial spray
C) cast-off
D) void
E) drip trail
Q4) Using the following diagrams, calculate the angle of impact of each individual bloodstain.
Q5) Describe the methods used to document bloodstain evidence at a crime scene.
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Chapter 11: Drugs
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the collection of fiber evidence, great care should be taken to:
A) avoid cross-contamination of evidence.
B) send as much potential evidence as possible to the crime lab to ensure that nothing is missed.
C) package all items from each individual together in one bag to avoid later confusion.
D) shake off all garments to be sent for examination before neatly folding them.
E) vacuum each item for trace evidence.
Q2) Explain how a forensic scientist can differentiate between animal and human hair.
Q3) The presence of sheath cells on hair that has been pulled quickly from the head is ________ the presence of sheath cells on hairs that have been removed slowly from the scalp.
A) greater than
B) the same as C) less than
Q4) Describe how to properly collect fiber evidence.
Q5) Explain the difference between natural and manufactured fibers.
Q6) Describe the correlation between hair analysis and DNA typing.
Q7) List and explain the three phases of hair growth.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Forensic Toxicology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between continuous and line emission spectra.
Q2) Pyrolysis gas chromatography is a particularly valuable technique for characterizing paint's:
A) clearcoat
B) binder
C) pigments
D) color
E) basecoat
Q3) Briefly describe what an isotope is.
Q4) What type of evidence would be expected to have trace elements?
A) paint and bullet fragments
B) glass and metal objects
C) soil and primer particles
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q5) Which coat represents the "eye appeal"?
A)electrocoat primer
B)primer surface
C)basecoat
D)clearcoat
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Chapter 13: Trace Evidence I: Hairs and Fibers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Factors that can contribute to abnormal observations at a fire scene include:
A) stairways or elevator shafts.
B) winds or drafts.
C) secondary fires due to collapsing floors or roof.
D) holes in the structure.
E) all of the above
Q2) What instrumentation is considered the most sensitive and reliable for detecting and characterizing flammable residues?
A) NAA
B) IR
C) GC
D) EMIT
E) TLC
Q3) A natural heat-producing process that may give rise to a fire is:
A) a chain reaction.
B) spontaneous combustion.
C) flash point.
D) ignition point.
E) glowing combustion.
Q4) List and explain the telltale signs that a fire has been accelerant initiated.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Trace Evidence Ii: Paint, Glass, and Soil
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Q1) High explosives can be classified as either ___________ or ___________ explosives.
A) initial; secondary
B) military grade; non-military grade
C) civilian; military
D) primary; secondary
E) low impact; high impact
Q2) The most widely used low explosive is:
A) potassium chlorate and sugar.
B) black powder.
C) smokeless powder.
D) all of the above
E) B and C
Q3) What is NOT true about primary explosives?
A) They are used in blasting caps.
B) They are not dangerous to handle.
C) They are very stable.
D) Lead azide and lead styphnate are examples.
E) They will detonate violently.
Q4) Briefly explain the classification of explosives.
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Chapter 15: Biological Stain Analysis: DNA
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Sample Questions
Q1) The FBI's IAFIS became fully operational in:
A) 1999.
B) 1991.
C) 1971.
D) 1977.
E) 1989.
Q2) List and diagram the most common ridge characteristics found in a fingerprint.
Q3) Which statement is true of a partial fingerprint?
A) Any print can identify a criminal if it shows an adequate number of ridge characteristics.
B) Any print is sufficient for identification as long as there is enough to identify its basic pattern.
C) It must show at least a little of all ten fingers.
D) At least 75% of the pattern must be present for identification.
E) None of the above
Q4) Explain the difference between visible, plastic and latent fingerprints.
Q5) Briefly explain how AFIS operates.
Q6) What techniques are best used on latent prints found on porous surfaces? What about non-porous surfaces?
Q7) List and diagram the three major fingerprint patterns.
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Chapter 16: Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distinctive markings of shells and cartridges can be made by the:
A) firing pin.
B) extractor and ejector mechanism.
C) magazine.
D) breech lock.
E) all of the above
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) The diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm is its gauge.
B) Carbonaceous smoke or soot deposited around a bullet hole is normally indicative of a discharge 12 to 18 feet or less from the target.
C) The comparison microscope is an indispensable tool of the firearm examiner.
D) A bullet can be individualized to a weapon by the number and twist of its lands and grooves.
E) All of the above statements are true.
Q3) In atomic absorption chromatography, the amount of light absorbed is ________ to the concentration of the element in the test sample.
A) is not related
B) indirectly related
C) directly related
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Document Examination
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Sample Questions
Q1) When dictating to a person in order to obtain samples of handwriting, one should not:
A) allow the suspect to view the questioned document before dictating it.
B) use a pen similar to that of the questioned document.
C) use similar or the same letter and word grouping as used in the questioned document
D) dictate the contents of the text at least three times.
E) use paper similar to that of the questioned document.
Q2) The writing characteristics of a person may be altered by whether:
A) a significant amount of time has passed between writing of exemplar and the questioned document.
B) the posture or stance of the author varies between writings.
C) pencil, ballpoint or fountain pen is used.
D) paper is ruled or unruled.
E) all of the above
Q3) Infrared luminescence is used to:
A) reveal writing that has been erased.
B) detect if two different inks were used in the writing of a document.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
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Chapter 18: Computer Forensics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once a file is deleted by a user, it:
A) is obliterated from the system and cannot be recovered.
B) is retained until the disk space it occupies is allocated for another use.
C) may be identified using forensic image acquisition software.
D) A and B
E) B and C
Q2) Which of the following is/are potential sources for forensic evidence on a suspect's personal computer?
A) Internet "cookies"
B) Internet history
C) cache
D) all of the above
E) A and B only
Q3) Describe how a hard disk is partitioned.
Q4) The ultimate goal of obtaining an image of a hard disk drive is to:
A) do so without altering the drive in any way.
B) attempt to determine the owner of the computer in question.
C) locate as much incriminating information as possible.
D) preserve the photographs and video stored on the drive.
E) give priority to the text files on the drive.
Page 20
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