Course Introduction
Experimental Psychology Test
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Experimental Psychology introduces students to the scientific methods and principles used in the study of human and animal behavior. This course explores the design, execution, and interpretation of psychological experiments, with an emphasis on hypothesis formulation, experimental control, data collection, and statistical analysis. Topics include learning, memory, perception, attention, and cognitive processes, as well as ethical considerations in psychological research. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and hands-on projects, students gain practical experience in conducting experiments and analyzing empirical data, preparing them for more advanced coursework and research in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for Psychology 6th Edition by Arthur Aron
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Page 2
Ph.D
Chapter 1: Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers
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Q1) When a distribution is light-tailed,it is A)flatter than a normal curve.
B)skewed to the right.
C)skewed to the left.
D)more peaked than a normal curve.
Answer: A
Q2) If the exact degree of difference between two scores has no meaning beyond the fact that one is higher than the other,the level of measurement is A)nominal.
B)extraneous.
C)rank-order.
D)equal-interval.
Answer: C
Q3) A drink vendor randomly asked college students which product they had consumed most often during the past month: 13 said water,5 said seltzer,12 said juice,and 20 said cola.
a.Make a frequency table.
b.Make a bar graph based on the frequency table.
Answer: 11ea7a42_740f_bd53_81a2_ad2a2d1046a1_TB2971_00
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Chapter 2: Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) X / N is the formula for the __________.
Answer: mean
Q2) The symbol for the variance used in this chapter is
A)SD<sup>2</sup>
B)SD
C) SD<sup>2</sup>
D) (X M)<sup>2</sup>
Answer: A
Q3) The variance of a group of scores is the average of the __________.
Answer: squared deviations from the mean; squared deviations
Q4) Another way of symbolizing (X M)2 is __________.
Answer: SS
Q5) Which statement is true for the scores of 1,2,3,4,5,5,7,8,9,and 10?
A)The mode is greater than the median.
B)The median is greater than the mean.
C)The mean is greater than the median.
D)The mean is less than the mode.
Answer: C
Q6) A deviation score is the difference between the score and the __________.
Answer: mean
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: Z
Scores,the Normal Curve, Sample Versus Population, and Probability
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Q1) The probability rule that applies when two mutually exclusive outcomes are possible is the
A)addition rule.
B)subtraction rule.
C)multiplication rule.
D)division rule.
Answer: A
Q2) If the probability of one event depends on the occurrence of a second event,the probability of the first event is said to be __________ on the second event.
Answer: conditional
Q3) Molly's Z scores were:
A)LSAT,Z = 2.00; MCAT Z = 2.00
B)LSAT,Z = 2.00; MCAT Z = -2.00
C)LSAT,Z = -2.00; MCAT Z = 2.00
D)LSAT,Z = -2.00; MCAT Z = -2.00
Answer: C
5
Q4) The mean,standard deviation,and the variance of a population are called population __________.
Answer: parameters
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Chapter 4: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) The null hypothesis will be rejected when the sample's score is more extreme than the __________ on the comparison distribution.
Q2) The correct argument for using a two-tailed test,even if there is a clear basis for predicting a result in a given direction,is that
A)if the null hypothesis is in fact true,rejecting it will provide stronger evidence in support of it.
B)one-tailed tests cannot be used in most studies involving one or two groups. C)if an unexpected result that is opposite of what is predicted occurs,it does not have to be ignored.
D)a two-tailed test improves the chance of getting a statistically significant result.
Q3) "People who spend a great deal of time on the beach do not have more eye problems than people in general" is the __________ hypothesis.
Q4) Most psychologists use the __________ significance level,but those wanting to be more conservative may use the __________ level.
Q5) The region of the comparison distribution in which the null hypothesis will be rejected is all on one side of the distribution for a(n)__________.
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Chapter 5: Hypothesis Tests With Means of Samples
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Q1) The 99% confidence interval is the region in a group of scores that
A)a psychologist can be 99% confident includes the true population mean.
B)a psychologist can be 1% confident includes the true population mean.
C)includes 49% of the scores below the mean and 50% of the scores above the mean.
D)includes 50% of the scores below the mean and 49% of the scores above the mean.
Q2) The shape of the distribution of means in this example is __________.
Q3) The standard deviation of a distribution of means is sometimes called "the standard error of the mean," or the "standard error," because
A)it is an inaccurate estimate of a sample standard deviation and cannot be used to determine the variance.
B)it is calculated by summing the errors figured by subtracting sample means from the population variance.
C)it is frequently used as an "error term" when calculating the estimated sample variance.
D)it represents the degree to which particular sample means are "in error" as estimates of the mean of the population of individual scores.
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Chapter 6: Making Sense of Statistical Significance:decision
Errors, Effect Size, and Statistical Power
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Q1) The conventional levels of significance of 5% and 1%
A)provide maximum protection against Type I errors.
B)provide maximum protection against Type II errors.
C)are a compromise between the risks of making Type I and Type II errors.
D)are more related to power and sample-size considerations than decision errors.
Q2) A cognitive psychologist tests whether memory for abstract ideas improves when the information is presented both verbally and visually.Which of the following scenarios represents a Type II error?
A)The psychologist concludes that memory does not improve when the true situation is that it does not improve.
B)The psychologist concludes that memory does not improve when the true situation is that it does improve.
C)The psychologist concludes that memory does improve when the true situation is that it does improve.
D)The psychologist concludes that memory does improve when the true situation is that it does not improve.
Q3) The probability of not making a Type II error is __________.
Q4) d = ( 1 - 2)/ __________.
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Q5) p < .05 means that there is less than a 5% chance of making a(n)__________.
Chapter 7: Introduction to T Tests: Single Sample and Dependent Means
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Q1) A swimming school claimed that the average seven-year-old would be able to swim across an Olympic-sized pool in less than 2 minutes after taking lessons from their instructors.To test this claim,a consumer psychologist arranged for eight randomly selected seven-year-old children to take lessons at the school and recorded how long it took each child to swim across a pool at the end of the lessons.The times (in seconds)were 60,120,110,80,70,90,100,and 130.What conclusion would the psychologist draw following a t test for a single sample using 120 seconds as the "known" population mean and the .05 significance level?
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the distributions involved.
c.Explain the logic of what you did to a person who is familiar with hypothesis testing with a known population variance and a single sample,but who knows nothing about t tests of any kind (for example,you do not need to describe the steps or logic of hypothesis testing).Be sure you explain how this problem differs from a problem with a known population variance and a single sample.Your answer should consist mainly of a thorough explanation of the characteristics of the comparison distribution and all the figuring you did to determine those characteristics.
Q2) Given a particular number of degrees of freedom,there is(are)__________ t distribution(s).
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Independent Means
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Q1) If a psychologist interested in the effects of smell on concentration has 20 participants perform a standard task while exposed to an unpleasant smell and another 20 participants perform the same task without being exposed to the unpleasant smell,the appropriate test to analyze the data is a t test for __________.
Q2) Advanced topic: The statistic used to determine the power of a t test for independent means when the sample sizes are unequal is the __________.
Q3) In a t test for independent means,once the two estimates of the population variance have been computed,the next step is to combine them to form a(n)__________.
Q4) The comparison distribution for a t test for independent means is a
A)distribution of differences between means.
B)Z distribution (that is,a normal curve).
C)poisson distribution.
D)distribution of proportional variance scores.
Q5) If 15 participants take a creativity test twice,once in a normal mental state and once under the influence of an experimental drug,the appropriate test to analyze the data is a t test for __________.
Q6) The shape of the distribution of differences between means will be __________.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The results of an analysis of variance would be reported in a research article as
A)F (44)= 3.40,significant
B)F (2,44)< .05
C)F (2,44)= 3.40,p < .05
D)F = 3.40,p < .05
Q2) Advanced topic: SS<sub>Between</sub> = __________.(Give a number.)
Q3) A planned comparison comparing two means involves figuring an F ratio in which the numerator
A)depends on which pair of means is being compared.
B)has exactly 2 degrees of freedom.
C)is the overall between-groups population variance estimate,regardless of the pair of means being compared.
D)does not involve figuring an F ratio for any planned comparison.
Q4) In a one-way analysis of variance,if the null hypothesis is true,then
A)the analysis of variance can never produce a significant F ratio.
B)estimates of the population variance will be easier to figure.
C)the variance between sample means will be larger than the variance within each sample.
D)any difference among sample means reflects variance within the populations.
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Chapter 10: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Advanced topic: If there are four degrees of freedom for the column main effect in a factorial analysis of variance,then there are __________ levels of that variable.
Q2) Which interpretation is consistent with Scenario A?
A)More money is spent when people shop for a long time as compared with a short time.
B)Younger buyers spend more money in general than older buyers.
C)Less money is spent when people shop for a long time as compared with a short time.
D)Older buyers spend more money in general than younger buyers.
Q3) Researchers simultaneously assessed the effects of self-esteem (high or low),mindset (abstract or concrete),and goal orientation (performance or learning)on academic achievement by using a __________ design.
Q4) A study exploring the relationship between financial security (shaky,stable,or very secure)and annual income (low,moderate,or high)on satisfaction with life is an example of a two-way factorial design,specifically,a __________ × __________ factorial design.(Give numbers.)
Q5) In a 2 × 3 × 3 analysis of variance,the number of cells is __________.
Q6) In a 4 × 2 design,"2" means that __________.
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Chapter 11: Correlation
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Q1) If a psychologist interested in the relation between number of years working for a particular company and loneliness at work surveyed 40 workers at this company and figured a correlation between these two variables of -.90,the correlation is considered a A)weak positive linear correlation.
B)weak negative linear correlation.
C)strong positive linear correlation.
D)strong negative linear correlation.
Q2) If a sample of only those people who have unusually high scores on A can be included in a study of the correlation between variables A and B,the correlation will be smaller due to __________.
Q3) Multiplying a person's Z score on one variable times the person's Z score on another variable creates a(n)__________ of Z scores.
Q4) Multiplying a low score by a low score will always be __________.
Q5) Which graph depicts a negative correlation?
A)Scenario A
B)Scenario B
C)Scenario C
D)Scenario D
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Chapter 12: Prediction
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Q1) If = 3 + (.25)(X),a person whose score on X is 100 and on Y is 22 has a squared error of __________.(Give a number.)
Q2) Advanced topic: What is the formula for the proportionate reduction in error?
A)(SS<sub>Error</sub> - SS<sub>Total</sub>)/ SS<sub>Error</sub>
B)(SS<sub>Error</sub> + SS<sub>Total</sub>)/ SS<sub>Error</sub>
C)(SS<sub>Total</sub> - SS<sub>Error</sub>)/ SS<sub>Total</sub>
D)SS<sub>Total</sub> / (SS<sub>Error</sub> + SS<sub>Total</sub>)
Q3) If a counseling psychologist wants to predict college grades from high school grades,college grades are the
A)predictor variable.
B)criterion variable.
C)independent variable.
D)causal variable.
Q4) The best linear prediction rule will have the smallest sum of __________.(Give a name,not a symbol.)
Q5) If a regression line goes up three units for every one unit it moves across going from left to right,b = __________.(Give a number.)
Q6) One assumption of multiple regression is that error scores are __________.
Q7) Prediction is also called __________.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) In the chi-square test for goodness of fit,the degrees of freedom are __________ minus 1.
Q2) The formula for Cramer's phi statistic is
A) ( <sup>2</sup>/N/df<sub>Smaller</sub>).
B) ( <sup>2</sup>/df).
C) ( <sup>2</sup>/N).
D) [ <sup>2</sup>/(N)(df<sub>Smaller</sub>)] .
Q3) In a study with 100 participants,an analysis results in a <sup>2</sup> of 3.15.What is the phi coefficient?
A) (3.15/100<sup>2</sup>)= .02
B) (3.15<sup>2</sup>/100)= .32
C) [(3.15/(100-1)] = .18
D) (3.15/100)= .18
Q4) Effect size,sample size,and the degrees of freedom of a chi-square test are necessary for determining the test's __________.
Q5) The formula for chi-square is __________.(Answer with a formula in symbols.)
Q6) The main assumption of a chi-square test is that __________.
Q7) A chart showing the frequencies in each combination of categories of two nominal variables is a(n)__________.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Strategies When Population Distributions Are
Not Normal: Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests
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Q1) The advantages of the familiar,precise parametric techniques over nonparametric methods can be obtained by __________.
Q2) The correct null hypothesis for a rank-order test comparing two groups is that
A)the moderate ranks are evenly distributed.
B)the highest ranks are evenly distributed.
C)the populations have equal means.
D)the medians of the two populations are equal.
Q3) Bootstrap tests are an example of a(n)
A)computer-intensive method.
B)post-hoc test.
C)unequal distribution comparison.
D)marginal test.
Q4) A square-root transformation might be used to make a distribution of scores that is __________ more normal.
Q5) A nonparametric version of the t test for independent means is the __________ test.
Q6) An extreme score that is at the far end of a sample distribution is called a(n)__________.
Page 16
Q7) One type of computer-intensive method is a(n)__________.
Q8) The mean and variance of a rank-ordered distribution depend on __________.
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Chapter 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of
Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles
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Q1) The variables about the people or observations within each grouping in a multilevel model are
A)upper-level variables.
B)middle-level variables.
C)lower-level variables.
D)criterion-level variables.
Q2) An educational psychologist who gives the same test twice to the same people to check the accuracy of the test is assessing A)a model's fit.
B)test-retest reliability.
C)split-half reliability.
D)interrater reliability.
Q3) When raters use categories (e.g.,present v.absent)to assess participants' data,the appropriate reliability statistic is __________.
Q4) The variables about the grouping as a whole in a multilevel model are
A)upper-level variables.
B)middle-level variables.
C)lower-level variables.
D)criterion-level variables.
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