Course Introduction
Experimental Psychology
Final Exam Questions
Experimental Psychology is a foundational course that explores the scientific methods and principles used to investigate human behavior and mental processes. Students will learn about experimental design, data collection, statistical analysis, and interpretation of results within various subfields of psychology such as perception, cognition, learning, and social behavior. The course emphasizes the development of critical thinking skills, ethical considerations in research, and the ability to design and conduct basic psychological experiments. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and empirical studies, students gain hands-on experience in applying scientific techniques to real-world psychological questions.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) A phenomenon that takes on different values is termed _____.
A)an error
B)a constant
C)a variable
D)none of the above
Answer: C
Q2) In statistics Probabilities have a precise meaning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The determination of whether a variable is measured on a(n)_____ level is usually a straightforward matter in the behavioral sciences.
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Answer: A
Q4) The probability of getting heads on a penny following 1 flip of the coin is____________________.
Answer: 50%
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the cumulative frequency for the score of 8 sick days is 10 the cumulative relative frequency for this score is ____________________ (note N=90).
Answer: 11 or11%
Q2) Relative frequency indicates the probability of observing scores in the future.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) _____ are derived by making assumptions and representing those assumptions mathematically.
A)Empirical distributions
B)Theoretical distributions
C)Assumptive distributions
D)Realistic distributions
Answer: B
Q4) There are numerous hard-and-fast rules for presenting frequency information.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a quantitative variable is measured on an ordinal level that departs markedly from interval characteristics,the mean is the most meaningful measure of central tendency.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The median is used when there are extreme scores for example income levels or house prices.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of the mode of any set of scores?
A)It is the score which occurs most frequently.
B)It is always less than the mean.
C)Both a and b.
D)Neither a nor b.
Answer: A
Q4) The mean relative to the median determines if the distribution is____________________.
Answer: Skewed
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Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Q1) Given a normal distribution of test scores with = 80,s<sup>2 </sup>= 49,what is the z score corresponding to a test score of 95?
A).31
B)-.31
C)2.14
D)-2.14
Q2) A raw score of 96 on two separate examinations may have different _____ depending on the mean and standard deviations of each examination.
A)percentile ranks
B)standard scores
C)percentiles
D)all of these
Q3) What proportion of scores in a normal distribution are between z = -1.75 and z = -2.75?
A).0371
B).0431
C).4599
D).4970
Q4) Why are standard scores more meaningful when they occur in a normal distribution?
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Pearson correlation coefficient (r)provides information about the ______.
A)degree of a linear relationship between two variables
B)magnitude of the difference between two group means
C)curvilinear effects of a predictor variable on a criterion variable
D)degree of range restriction in your data
Q2) The criterion for deriving the values of the slope and intercept in a linear regression problem is formally known as the:
A)maximum likelihood criterion
B)oblique squares criterion
C)least squares criterion
D)sum of squares criterion
Q3) A scatterplot primarily is intended to show
A)the relationship between X and Y scores.
B)the frequencies of X and Y scores.
C)the correlation of X scores.
D)the correlation of Y scores.
Q4) A single case that can drastically change a correlation coefficient is called an
Q5) What is the least squares criterion?
Q6) The correlation of any variable with itself is always ____________________. Page 7
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Page 8
Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the binomial expression to compute a probability requires ____.
A)a sequence of n independent trials
B)more than 2 outcomes
C)that the probability of success = .5
D)that the probability of failure = 0
Q2) A counting rule that involves a set of objects of events in an ordered sequence is called a ____.
A)combination
B)conditional rule
C)binomial
D)permutation
Q3) What does it mean to say that two outcomes are mutually exclusive?
Q4) According to classical probability theory,the act of selecting a card at random from a deck is called a(n)
A)trial
B)event
C)conditional probability
D)joint probability
Q5) Using the example of a coin flip,distinguish between a trial and an event.
Q6) The ____________________ is the competing hypothesis to the null hypothesis.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Q1) Two factors influence the size of the standard error of the mean: the _____ and the
A)sample standard deviation;sample variance
B)population size;variability of scores in the population
C)sample size;variability of scores in the population
D)sum of squares;error variance
Q2) The standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean is called the standard error of the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sample variance,on average,____the true population variance.
A)always equals
B)overestimates
C)underestimates
D)none of these
Q4) Even when the shape of the underlying population is skewed,the sampling distribution of the mean approximates a ____________________ when sample sizes are large enough.
Q5) What is a sampling distribution of the mean?
Q6) What is an unbiased estimator?
10
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Q1) In hypothesis-testing,the size of the portion of the tails of the sampling distribution that fall outside your critical values (i.e.,your "rejection regions")is determined by your
A)alpha level
B)beta level
C)power level
D)standard level
Q2) A probability value that defines a region associated with unexpected results is known as _____.
A)alpha
B)beta
C)gamma
D)1-alpha
Q3) Under what conditions is it appropriate to use the one sample z test when testing hypotheses about the value of a population mean?
Q4) A test statistic is the same as an ordinary descriptive statistic.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Distinguish between directional and nondirectional tests.
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) When studying the relationship between two variables,the investigator is essentially interested in determining how the different values of one variable are associated with the values of another variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) With the technique of matching,an individual in one group is "matched" with an individual in each of the other groups such that all of these individuals have the same value on the independent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Parametric statistical test assumes that there is homogeneity of variance in both groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ____________________is a computer simulation which allows statisticians to determine if a data set violates an assumption.
Q5) What is a confounding variable and how can they be controlled?
Page 12
Q6) Explain the difference between Confounding variables and disturbance variables.
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a sampling distribution of the difference between two independent means?
Q2) In an independent groups t test,the null hypothesis is H<sub>0</sub>: ì<sub>1</sub> = ì<sub>2</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The size of the standard error of the difference is influenced by:
A)the sample sizes
B)the variability of scores in the population
C)neither a nor b
D)a and b
Q4) If the assumption of homogeneity of variance is violated a nonparametric test has to be used.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The _____ represents the total amount of _____ that exists in the data.
A)sum of squares total;error
B)sum of squares error;variability
C)sum of squares total;variability
D)none of these
Q6) What is eta-squared?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Q1) The variance extraction technique that creates nullified scores removes sources of variability that are due to _____.
A)individual differences
B)confounding variables
C)the dependent variable
D)all of these
Q2) The ____________________in a correlated groups t-test is similar to the sampling distribution of the difference between two independent means in a independent groups t-test.
Q3) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of mean difference scores is referred to as the _____ of difference scores.
A)mean difference
B)variance
C)standard error of the mean
D)sampling error
Q4) What are the assumptions of the correlated groups t test?
Q5) In what sense are the correlated groups t test and the independent groups t test equivalent?
Q6) Discuss the robustness of the correlated groups t test.
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Compare the different sums of squares for a repeated measures design with the sums of squares for a between-subjects design.
Q2) The usual assumption that the sample is independently and randomly selected from the population of interest is not applicable to the repeated measures analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The one-way repeated measures analysis of variance is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when:
A)the independent variable is quantitative in nature and is measured on a level that at least approximates interval characteristics
B)the independent variable is within-subjects in nature
C)the independent variable has three or more levels
D)all of these
Q4) The one-way repeated measures analysis of variance is appropriate when the dependent variable is qualitative or categorical.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) r<sub>2</sub> is formally known as ____________________.
Q2) The nature of the relationship between two correlated variables is determined by A)calculating r<sup>2</sup>.
B)examining the slope of the correlation coefficient.
C)examining the sign of the correlation coefficient.
D)calculating Tukey's HSD.
Q3) In the equation for the linear model,å is called an error score that reflects all factors that are uncorrelated with X that influence Y.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A positive correlation between height and weight would indicate that _____.
A)the taller a person is,the more he/she is likely to weigh
B)the taller a person is,the less he/she is likely to weigh
C)height and weight have little to do with each other
Q5) Discuss the robustness of Pearson correlation.
Q6) The slope indicates the number of units Y is predicted to change given a one unit change in X.
A)True
B)False Page 16
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the assumptions of the chi-square test is that the expected frequency for each cell is:
A)zero
B)nonzero
C)independent
D)random
Q2) Application of the chi-square test requires the computation of an ____________________ frequency for each cell of a contingency table under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
Q3) To assess the strength of the relationship,Cramer's statistic is used when _____,and the fourfold point correlation coefficient is used when _____.
A)sample sizes are small;sample sizes are large
B)both variables have two levels;one or both variables have more than two levels
C)one or both variables have more than two levels;both variables have two levels
D)sample sizes are large;sample sizes are small
Q4) A 2x5 contingency table indicates that the column variable has two levels and the row variable has 5 levels.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Friedman analysis of variance by ranks involves first rank ordering the means for each experimental group.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first step of doing a rank tests is to rank scores on the dependent variable.This process changes the level of measurement from approximately_____ to _____.
A)interval;ratio
B)nominal;ordinal
C)ordinal;nominal
D)interval;ordinal
Q3) The Mann-Whitney U test is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation
Q4) What is the rank transformation approach?
Q5) Under what conditions is the Wilcoxon signed-rank test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two-way factorial designs allow us to study:
A)main effects
B)interaction effects
C)a and b
Q2) If a statistically significant main effect has three or more levels,then the nature of the relationship is determined using a(n):
A)Tukey HSD procedure
B)informal examination of sample means
C)F ratio
D)t ratio
Q3) The F tests for the three sources of variability in two-way between-subjects analysis of variance are based on the same assumptions that underlie one-way between-subjects analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The F ratio formed by MS<sub>B</sub>/MS<sub>WITHIN</sub> is used to test the null hypothesis with respect to the main effect of factor B.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is used to examine relations among three or more qualitative variables simultaneously?
A)factor analysis
B)log-linear analysis
C)Bayesian procedure
D)multivariate analysis of variance
Q2) Some psychologists have argued that the question "is there a relationship between two variables" is meaningless,in part because:
A)psychological research is difficult to carry out
B)the alternative hypothesis is almost always false
C)the null hypothesis is almost always false
D)empirical relationships are,in fact,very rare
Q3) In situations where the dependent measure has only two or three values,most researchers will not use a _____ test.
A)chi square
B)log-linear
C)parametric
D)nonparametric
Q4) Compare and contrast Parametric and Nonparametric statistical tests.
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