Experimental Psychology
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Experimental Psychology is a course that explores the scientific methods and principles used to investigate human behavior and mental processes. Students will learn about research design, data collection, and statistical analysis, with an emphasis on critical thinking and ethical considerations in experimentation. Through hands-on laboratory activities and analysis of classic and contemporary studies, the course provides foundational skills in developing hypotheses, conducting experiments, and interpreting psychological data, preparing students for advanced studies and research in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method
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Q1) In the scientific method,the actual research study is not done until after the researcher has formed a hypothesis and made a specific prediction.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A good hypothesis should make a positive statement about the existence of a relationship,a difference,or a treatment effect.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In a testable hypothesis
A)the variables must be measurable.
B)the independent must be manipulated.
C)a theory is supported.
D)a theory is confirmed.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Research Ideas
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Q1) A textbook is a primary source.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q2) Magazine articles that report on previous research are primary sources. A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a primary source?
A)The author of the primary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly.
B)Primary sources typically do not contain the details of methodology that are required for critical evaluation.
C)The author may describe results incorrectly and the source does not contain details of methodology.
D)There is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information. Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
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Q1) One researcher is comparing two brands of fertilizer to determine whether one produces larger pumpkins than the other.A second researcher is comparing two different elementary school physical education programs to determine whether one program produces higher self-esteem than the other.Explain why the first researcher is probably not concerned about reliability and validity of measurement,whereas the second researcher probably is.
Answer: The first researcher could measure the size of the pumpkins by placing them on a scale.Because "weight" is concrete,as opposed to hypothetical; there is no doubt that the researcher really is measuring size.Also,the scale can be checked for accuracy and reliability.As a result,the first researcher has no concerns about reliability or validity.The second researcher,however,is measuring self-esteem which cannot be measured directly.Therefore,the second researcher will need to develop an operational definition and will need to demonstrate that the operational definition really is measuring self-esteem and is measuring reliably.
Q2) Reliability of a measurement procedure is usually established with a correlation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Research
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Q1) Describe a situation where it may be permissible to dispense with informed consent.
Q2) The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for
A)the treatment of human participants in research.
B)the treatment of nonhuman subjects in research.
C)the reporting of research results.
D)the other three choices are all covered by the Belmont Report.
Q3) Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud?
A)careful review by the IRB
B)potential replication of the research
C)peer review of the research report
D)the consequences of being found guilty of fraud
Q4) Although the intent of informed consent is to provide participants with complete information about a research study before they agree to participate,often this is impossible because
A)deception is an important part of the research.
B)sometimes researchers do not know exactly what will happen in the study.
C)if participants knew the true purpose of the study they might produce artificial behavior.
D)the other three choices are all reasons that informed consent is impossible.
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Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants
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Questions
Q1) A class consists of 20 girls and 12 boys.The names of all the students in a class are listed on separate pieces of paper.The teacher places all the boys' names in one hat,all the girls' names in another hat and mixes them thoroughly before reaching in to draw out five names from each hat.The teacher is using
A)simple random sampling.
B)stratified random sampling.
C)proportionate stratified random sampling.
D)cluster sampling.
Q2) Using a simple random sample eliminates bias from the selection process.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample?
A)simple random sampling
B)convenience sampling
C)proportionate stratified random sampling
D) systematic sampling
Q4) Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are easy to get.
A)True
B)False
7
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Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity
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Q1) A(n)_______ variable is a variable in a study that is not being studied directly. A)independent
B)dependent
C)extraneous
D)lax
Q2) Any factor that allows for an alternative explanation for the results of a study is a threat to external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which research strategy attempts to address questions about cause-and-effect relationships but fails to produce an unambiguous answer because the study contains a flaw?
A)experimental
B)quasi-experimental
C)nonexperimental
D)correlational
Q4) Explain the difference between assignment bias and selection bias.Which one is a threat to internal validity and which is a threat to external validity?
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Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
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Q1) An extraneous variable can be eliminated completely by
A)holding it constant.
B)using randomization.
C)manipulating the independent variable.
D)measuring the dependent variable.
Q2) An experiment always involves comparing measurements obtained under one level of the independent variable with measurements obtained under another level of the independent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The goal of the experimental research strategy is to establish the existence of
A)a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
B)a relationship between two variables.
C)no relationship between two variables.
D)a bi-directional relationship between two variables.
Q4) In order to establish an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship between two variables,it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of extraneous variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
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Q1) An advantage of between-subjects designs is that they require fewer participants than are typically needed for within-subjects designs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The primary limitation of a two-group design is that
A)it is simple to interpret.
B)it increases the chances of demonstrating a significant mean difference.
C)it tends to reduce the differences between the groups.
D)it may not provide a complete picture of the relationship between the variables.
Q3) In a between-subjects design,large individual differences can lead to
A)large variance within treatments.
B)small variance within treatments.
C)several independent variables.
D)several dependent variables.
Q4) Diffusion refers to
A)differences in one group of participants from another group. B)the resentment of the untreated group.
C)the spreading of treatment effects from the experimental to the control group. D)the demands of the untreated group to receive equal treatment.
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Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
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Q1) For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments,A and B,a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment.If the order of treatments is counterbalanced,then the practice will influence A)scores in treatment A but not in treatment B.
B)scores in treatment B but not in treatment A.
C)scores in treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants.
D)Practice will not influence the scores because the treatments are counterbalanced.
Q2) Counterbalancing is used in
A)between-subjects designs to reduce individual differences.
B)within-subjects designs to distribute order effects evenly across the treatment conditions.
C)between-subjects designs to distribute order effects evenly across the treatment conditions.
D)within-subjects designs to reduce the effects of reactivity.
Q3) Give an example of order effects in a within-subjects research study and explain why order effects are a concern for researchers.
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Chapter 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
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Q1) A longitudinal developmental design is an example of the general category of A)nonequivalent group designs.
B)one-group pretest-posttest designs.
C)time-series designs.
D)interrupted time-series designs.
Q2) Nonexperimental and quasi-experimental designs involve comparing groups or conditions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the primary advantages of a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design,in comparison to other nonequivalent group designs,is
A)the posttest scores can help reduce threats from history effects.
B)the pretest scores can help reduce the threat of assignment bias.
C)the posttest scores can help reduce the threat of differential history.
D)the pretest scores can help reduce the threat of differential history.
Q4) The basic threat to internal validity for a nonequivalent groups design is
A)history.
B)assignment bias.
C)regression.
D)reactivity. Page 12
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Chapter 11: Factorial Designs
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Q1) The advantage of a two-factor design compared to two single-factor designs is the ability to
A)save time.
B)evaluate the interaction between the independent variables.
C)evaluate the main effects.
D)check the manipulation.
Q2) Describe two situations in which factorial designs are commonly used.
Q3) Which of the following is not a possible outcome from a 2*2 factorial design?
A)two main effects and an interaction
B)two main effects and no interaction
C)no main effect for either factor but an interaction
D)The other three choices are all possible outcomes.
Q4) Describe what it means to say that order effects are "symmetrical" or "asymmetrical?"
Q5) Explain why the existence of an interaction limits the interpretation of the main effects in a two-factor study.
Q6) For a two-factor design,describe what is meant by a "main effect" and an "interaction."
Q7) Describe how a second factor can be used to reduce the variance in a between-subjects experiment.
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Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
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Q1) Describe the differences between a correlational study and differential research.
Q2) A Pearson correlation of r = +0.25 indicates that a graph of the data would show
A)points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right.
B)points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right.
C)points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right.
D)points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right.
Q3) The goal of the correlational research strategy is
A)to examine and describe the relationship between variables.
B)to examine and describe the causal relationship between variables.
C)to describe an individual person or patient in great detail.
D)to describe a variable (or variables)as they exist naturally.
Q4) The Pearson correlation measures the degree to which the X and Y data points fit on a straight line.
A)True
B)False
Q5) It is possible for a sample to have a real,non-zero correlation,even though the correlation for the general population is zero.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Descriptive Research Strategy
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Q1) Jane Goodall's research,examining the behavior of chimps in Africa,is an example of A)participant observation.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)correlational research.
D)case study research.
Q2) One problem with mail surveys is non-response bias.This means A)usually only a small percentage of the surveys are returned. B)many questionnaires will be returned with missing answers.
C) individuals who return surveys may not be representative of the general population. D) attempts to increase the number of people who return the survey may produce a biased sample.
Q3) One concern with telephone surveys is interviewer bias.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The case study design can be useful for studying unusual clinical cases such as rare psychiatric disorders.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
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Q1) Averaging over two or three consecutive observations is one method for dealing with A)trends in the data.
B)phase changes.
C)unstable data.
D)a treatment that has a relatively small effect.
Q2) Describe how single-case designs are similar to descriptive case studies and quasi-experimental time-series designs.
Q3) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using visual inspection of graphs rather than statistics to evaluate the significance of the results.
Q4) If the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior,then the researcher should
A)administer the treatment immediately without waiting for a clear and stable pattern.
B)obtain at least three baseline observations before administering the treatment.
C)increase the intensity of the treatment before it is administered.
D)do nothing.
Q5) Describe the goal of a single-subject research study.
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Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
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Q1) Without some correction,the percentage of agreement between two observers will tend to overestimate the true level of inter-rater reliability.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a hypothesis test,standard error measures
A)the size of the treatment effect.
B)variability for the sample data.
C)the likelihood of a Type I or Type II error.
D)the amount of difference between the sample and the population that is reasonable to expect just by chance.
Q3) Last year the college basketball team averaged 72 points per game with a standard deviation of 6.In the first game this season,they scored 85 points.Compared to last year,this score is
A)a little above average.
B)far above average.
C)above average,but it is impossible to describe how much above average.
D)There is not enough information to compare this score with last year's average.
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Chapter 16: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) When citing a source in a research report (in APA format),the author's first name is included.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Each subsection of the method sections of an APA-style research report begins with a heading (such as Subjects or Participants)
A)centered and typed in boldface type.
B)at the left margin and typed in boldface type.
C)centered and typed in italics.
D)at the left margin and typed in italics.
Q3) The major subsections of an APA-style method section describing a study conducted with nonhumans are: subjects and procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The concise summary of the paper is called the summary.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the four parts that are typically contained in an introduction section of an APA-style research report.
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