Experimental Psychology Exam
Solutions
Course Introduction
Experimental Psychology explores the scientific methods and principles used to investigate human behavior and mental processes. Students will learn about the design, implementation, and analysis of psychological experiments, covering topics such as perception, learning, memory, and cognition. Emphasis is placed on hypothesis formulation, control of variables, data collection, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations in research. By conducting hands-on experiments and interpreting findings, students gain a solid foundation in the empirical approach that underpins psychological science.
Recommended Textbook
Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Q1) _____ is "fake" science in which seemingly scientific terms and demonstrations are used to substantiate claims that have no basis in scientific research.
A) Omniscience
B) Antiscience
C) Prescience
D) Pseudoscience
Answer: D
Q2) The four goals of scientific research on behavior are to:
A) describe,prescribe,eliminate,and undermine behavior.
B) describe,predict,explain,and determine the causes of behavior.
C) describe,analyze,eliminate,and determine the effects of behavior.
D) describe,understand,explain,and modify behavior.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is an example of pseudoscience?
A) Facilitated communication
B) Program evaluation
C) Basic research
D) Heuristic evaluation
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) If the prediction "Participants who consume alcohol will score lower on a reaction time test than participants who do not consume alcohol" is confirmed,we can say the hypothesis is _____.
A) tentative
B) supported
C) unalterable
D) ambiguous
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher is asked to guide the formulation of public policy on obesity.She conducts a research on the prevalent eating disorders.In this scenario,the idea behind the research originates from _____.
A) past research
B) practical problems
C) theories
D) common sense
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Q1) Anonymous questionnaires,surveys,and educational tests are all considered _____ research.
A) exempt
B) fraudulent
C) laboratory
D) non-ethical
Answer: A
Q2) Researches involving physical stress,psychological stress,invasion of privacy,measures of sensitive information where participants may be identified are known as _____ researches.
A) exempt
B) minimal risk
C) greater than minimal risk
D) low risk
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Q1) In the context of psychological research,the variable that is considered to be the cause is called the _____ variable.
A) operational
B) hypothetical
C) independent
D) mediating
Q2) Which of the following is a disadvantage of using field experiments?
A) The independent variable is studied in an artificial environment.
B) The researcher loses the ability to directly control many aspects of the situation.
C) Randomization of confounding variables becomes complex.
D) It is difficult to establish operational definitions.
Q3) Catherine,a researcher,desires to study child behavior with age,sex,and mental stability as constant variables.She uses level of activity as an independent variable for her study.In this context,Catherine is trying to establish _____.
A) ex post facto design
B) internal validity
C) construct validity
D) experimental control
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6
Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) In the context of variables and measurement scales,categorizing automobiles as American-made or foreign-made is an example of a(n)_____ scale.
A) ratio
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) nominal
Q2) The reactivity of a measure can be reduced by:
A) evaluating the participant rapidly.
B) allowing participants to get accustomed to being observed.
C) devising lengthy measures that require a long time for evaluation.
D) recording variables directly.
Q3) In the context of reactivity of measures,a measure is said to be reactive if:
A) the measurement is unobtrusive.
B) same individuals are measured at two points in time during a research.
C) awareness of being measured changes an individual's behavior.
D) the measurement is unreliable.
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) Anastasia is interested in studying the parental behaviors displayed by sea turtles.She spends three months scuba diving off the Mexican coast observing and recording the range of behaviors that the sea turtles there display.This research method can be categorized as:
A) content analysis.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) archival research.
D) experimental analysis.
Q2) Roberto bullies his younger brother in the absence of his parents.However,when they are around,he is very affectionate toward his brother.In this scenario,Roberto's behavior best exemplifies _____.
A) contiguity
B) reactivity
C) proximity
D) reliability
Q3) Survey archives are beneficial because they:
A) are useful for examining rare or unusual events.
B) allow researchers to save time and money in collecting data.
C) help in examining specific behaviors of an individual.
D) help researchers to explain the life of an individual.
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Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) It is important to use _____ sampling when researchers want to make precise statements about a specific population on the basis of the results of their survey.
A) haphazard
B) quota
C) probability
D) purposive
Q2) Research on semantic differential scales shows that concepts are rated along three basic dimensions.Which of the following is one of these dimensions?
A) Accuracy
B) Validity
C) Evaluation
D) Reliability
Q3) To test the hypothesis that younger people are more opposed to the use of nuclear energy than older people,the best method would be a(n)_____.
A) archival study
B) case study
C) survey
D) naturalistic observation
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) A confounding variable is problematic for an experimental design because it:
A) increases the variability in the data.
B) increases the internal reactivity of the experiment.
C) makes possible alternative explanations for the results.
D) eliminates alternative explanations for the results.
Q2) _____ is a technique to control for order effects without having all possible orders.
A) Pretest-only design
B) Randomization
C) Attrition
D) Latin square
Q3) To study the effect of the type of stimulus on memory recall,Zhong subjects participants to either an auditory or visual presentation of a poem.After the presentation,the participants are asked to answer several questions about the poem.Which type of experimental design has Zhong employed?
A) Pretest-posttest
B) Pretest only
C) One-group posttest
D) Posttest only
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Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Q1) In a study examining the effect of appearances on judgments of criminal behavior,a researcher asks questions about the surroundings and the victim in order to disguise the dependent measures in the study.These unrelated questions are referred to as _____.
A) independent measures
B) filler items
C) task measures
D) placebo measures
Q2) Williams,a criminal investigator,measures a suspect's change in perspiration in response to questions regarding a burglary case.Which type of physiological measure is the investigator using?
A) Galvanic skin response
B) Electromyogram
C) Electroencephalogram
D) Functional MRI
Q3) The manipulation check is advantageous if _____.
A) double-blind procedures are used
B) the results obtained are nonsignificant
C) single-blind procedures are used
D) the demand characteristics are minimal
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following is true of interactions?
A) The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use.
B) Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design.
C) When there is a statistically significant interaction,researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.
D) An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.
Q2) A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold,warm,or hot);noise level (quiet or loud);and room color (pink,blue,or black).Identify the possible number of main effects.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
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Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Q1) _____ in quasi-experimental designs is more difficult than in true experiments because quasi-experimental designs lack the important features of true experiments such as random assignment to conditions.
A) Construct validity
B) Causal inference
C) Propensity score matching
D) Statistical regression
Q2) To examine how a reward influences a desired behavior,a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period.For the next two weeks,she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed.Following this period,she stops rewarding him and again counts the number of times he makes his bed.This procedure would be an example of a(n)_____ design.
A) pretest-posttest
B) baseline treatment
C) control series
D) ABA
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Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Q1) A multiple correlation is the correlation between a combined set of _____ variables and a single _____ variable.
A) interval;ratio
B) ratio;interval
C) predictor;criterion
D) criterion;predictor
Q2) A measure of _____ is a number that characterizes the amount of spread in a distribution of scores.
A) central tendency
B) effect size
C) correlation
D) variability
Q3) Sumaira took an aptitude test for a position with Accountants Unlimited.She was hired the following week.In this scenario,the predictor variable is Sumaira's _____.
A) appearance and personality
B) expected ability to get along with her fellow employees
C) score on the aptitude test
D) expected performance as an accountant
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Q1) Inferential statistics _____.
A) are used to generally describe the data
B) are used to make conclusions about the data
C) focus mainly on scales of measurement
D) focus mainly on standard deviations
Q2) The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is the:
A) t test.
B) Pearson correlation.
C) chi-square test.
D) analysis of variance.
Q3) Reida has developed a program that is designed to increase the reading comprehension scores of sixth graders.She randomly selects three students to participate in her program.When she compares the mean score of the students who completed her program to that of three students who did not participate in the program,she finds no significant difference between the mean scores.What is most likely the reason for the nonsignificant finding?
A) Too strong a manipulation
B) The participation of sixth graders
C) A small sample size
D) A true research hypothesis
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Generalization
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Q1) Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:
A) replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.
B) point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking.
C) have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results.
D) identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study.
Q2) Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study?
A) Being sure that all participants have the same ethnic background
B) Including groups from various cultures
C) Using only first year students and sophomores as participants
D) Employing only one type of experimenter
Q3) According to the American Psychological Association,a literature review does all of the following EXCEPT:
A) summarizing what has been found.
B) informing the reader about the findings that are strongly supported.
C) pointing out inconsistent findings.
D) analyzing data from several reported studies.
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