Experimental Psychology Exam
Questions
Course Introduction
Experimental Psychology explores the scientific methods and techniques used to investigate the principles of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers topics such as research design, hypothesis formulation, variable control, data collection, and statistical analysis, with an emphasis on laboratory experiments. Students will examine landmark studies and contemporary research in areas such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, and emotion, gaining practical experience in designing and conducting their own experiments. By engaging with both theoretical concepts and hands-on applications, students will develop critical thinking and analytical skills essential for evaluating psychological research.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Q1) The determination of whether a variable is measured on an ordinal,interval,or ratio level is usually a straightforward matter in the behavioral sciences.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A statement proposing that something is true about a given phenomenon is called a _____.
A)truism
B)study
C)hypothesis
D)systematic observation
Answer: C
Q3) The entire population is considered a _____ but a sample of the population is a _____.
A)parameter: statistic
B)statistic;parameter
C)sample: random
D)both a & c
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major difference between bar graphs and histograms is that _____.
A)bar graphs exhibit only discrete data
B)histograms use qualitative data
C)bar graphs separate the bars
D)histograms separate the bars
Answer: C
Q2) If a variable is continuous,the vertical boundaries of the bar for a given score will represent the absolute frequency of that score.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Graphs can sometime be constructed to mislead the public.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Cumulative relative frequencies are not appropriate for ____ variables.
A)quantitative
B)qualitative
C)discrete
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a researcher were to subtract the mean of a distribution from each score in that distribution and add the differences,the resulting value would _____.
A)be equal to the median
B)always be zero
C)be greater than the mode
D)depend upon the scores that make up the distribution
Answer: B
Q2) The sum of squares takes into account all of the scores in a data set.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) One problem with the sum of squares as a measure of variability is that its size depends on _____,as well as the variability among scores.
A)the total N
B)extreme scores
C)the mode
D)the standard deviation
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) An instructor has given his final exam,and scores are approximately normally distributed.Nancy scores a 90 and Ronald scores a 75.The characteristics of the distribution are as follows: = 85,s<sup>2</sup> = 36.What is Nancy's z score?
A).14
B)-.14
C).83
D)-.83
Q2) A standard score represents the number of _____ that a score falls above or below the mean.
A)units
B)percentile units
C)standard deviation units
D)standard score units
Q3) If your professor tells you that the mean of the class was 70 and the standard deviation was 2 what is the variance?
A)6
B)8
C)4
D)Cannot be determined
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Q1) Pearson correlation and regression can be used to determine the extent to which a data set approximates a ____________________ relationship.
Q2) Which of the following linear relationships describes a situation in which the value of one variable increases as the value of the second variable decreases?
A)-.35
B).00
C).75
D)1.00
Q3) From a conceptual perspective,the tradition is to designate the independent variable as the _____ variable and the dependent variable as the _____ variable.
A)linear;nonlinear
B)Y;X
C)standardized;unstandardized
D)X;Y
Q4) A ____________________ is a graph that represents values for X and Y for each person in the data set.
Q5) What is restricted range and how does it affect the correlation coefficient?
Page 7
Q6) The correlation of any variable with itself is always ____________________.
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) Researchers in health and advertising are interested in looking at how alternative forms of alcohol advertising are related to actual alcohol use among youth.Imagine you have conducted a study looking at the relationship between owning an item that advertises alcohol (such as a hat,t-shirt or cup with an alcohol logo on it)and having tried alcohol among a group of 12-year-olds.You observe 500 cases total.Of those 500 cases,100 have tried alcohol.For the 100 cases who have tried alcohol,32 own an item that advertises alcohol.You wish to address the following research question: Is the observation that 32 out of 100 youths who have tried alcohol own an advertising item sufficient evidence to say that these two factors are related? Calculate the standard deviation of the binomial distribution.Assume that q = 1p.
Q2) Assuming the null hypothesis is false,we can easily specify an expected result.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The probability of an event,A,is formally defined as the number of observations favoring event A divided by the:
A)total number of possible observations
B)total number of possible events
C)proportion of observations
D)proportion of events
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Q1) If the standard error of the mean is small,then all the sample means based on a given sample size (N)will be equal to the population mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There is a different sampling distribution of the mean for every sample size.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A _____ can be formally defined as a theoretical distribution consisting of the mean scores for all possible random samples of a given size that could be drawn from a population.
A)sampling distribution of the mean
B)sampling distribution of the sample
C)sampling distribution of the scores
D)none of these
Q4) The statistics used in most behavioral science disciplines are not applicable to extremely large populations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define the standard error of the mean.
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the Method of Presentation section of Chapter 8,suppose you obtained a statistically significant t value of 2.5 with 15 subjects using an alpha level of .05.How would this be reported in a psychological journal?
A)t (15)= 2.5,p < .05
B)t (15)= 2.5,p > .05
C)t (14)= 2.5,p < .05
D)t (14)= 2.5,p > .05
Q2) Under what conditions is it appropriate to use the one sample z test when testing hypotheses about the value of a population mean?
Q3) When there is exclusive concern that the population mean differs from a value in a specified direction,we should use _____.
A)a nondirectional test
B)a directional test
C)a stringent á
D)both a and c above
Q4) What is the null hypothesis?
Q5) Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true is called a Type II error.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) In practice,it is often difficult to identify appropriate variables to serve as a basis for matching,and,once identified,to readily complete the matching process.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Statisticians can determine the effects of violating assumptions by using _____ or performing _____.
A)mathematical logic;Monte Carlo studies
B)observational designs;experimental designs
C)Monte Carlo studies;one-sample t tests
D)violation estimates;factorial designs
Q3) A disturbance variable is one that is related to the independent variable (and hence,confounded with it)but that also affects the dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Another term used for within-subjects design is ____________________.
Q5) The robustness of statistical test is determined by sample size only.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Q1) Which of the following conditions would make it inappropriate to use an independent-groups t test?
A)when the independent variable is qualitative
B)when the independent variable is within-subjects
C)when the independent variable is quantitative
D)when the dependent variable is measured on a level that approximates interval characteristics
Q2) Which of the following indices measures the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
A)standard error of difference
B)power
C)eta<sup>2</sup>
D)alpha
Q3) Eta-squared is a(n)_____ estimator in that it tends to slightly _____ the strength of the relationship in the population across random samples.
A)unbiased;overestimate
B)biased;underestimate
C)unbiased;underestimate
D)biased;overestimate
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within subjects designs have several advantages which include_____.
A)a smaller sample size is needed
B)a larger sample size is needed
C)less disturbance variables
D)Both a & c
E)none of these
Q2) It is possible to obtain a large value of eta-squared without obtaining a statistically significant t value.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of mean difference scores is referred to as the standard error of the difference.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The formula for computing eta-squared from t and its degrees of freedom for the correlated groups t test is the same as that for the independent groups t test.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The F test is robust to violations of sphericity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Since the value of F required to reject the null hypothesis becomes more extreme as the degrees of freedom become smaller,repeated measures analysis of variance might actually be less powerful than between-subjects analysis of variance when individual differences have only a minimal influence on the dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The source of variability that reflects the influence of disturbance variables other than individual differences is termed the sum of squares ____________________.
Q4) The F test is NOT roust to violations of the ____________________ assumption.
Q5) Nullified scores cannot be generated when a within-subjects independent variable has more than two levels.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the assumptions underlying the F test for a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance?
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) If you realized that a set of sample data had a lower standard deviation on variable X than is typical for the population,this would create the problem of _____ the apparent strength of association between X and Y for correlation/regression analyses. A)having an unpredictable effect on B)increasing/accentuating C)reducing/attenuating D)reducing about 95% of the time,and increasing about 5% of the time
Q2) Another index of the strength of the effect that one variable has on another is the: A)slope B)intercept
C)error score D)none of these
Q3) Confidence intervals for the correlation coefficient indicate that we are 95% confident that the true ____________________ coefficient falls within that range.
Q4) When r ¹ 0,the sampling distribution of r is normal in shape. A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Q1) The logic underlying the chi-square test focuses on the concept of expected frequencies and how they compare to observed frequencies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If subjects in a gender and political party identification study were selected for participation without regard to gender or political party identification,the marginal frequencies for both of these variables would be:
A)fixed
B)constrained
C)random
D)unidentified
Q3) The fourfold point correlation coefficient is used when _____.
A)one of the variables has three levels
B)both of the variables have three or more levels
C)the variables are ordinal in nature
D)both variables have two levels each
Q4) What are the assumptions of the chi-square test?
Q5) How is the chi-square test different from previously considered statistical tests?
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) If one wants to compare the rank ordering of scores as a function of different groups,then a(n)_____ should be used.
A)nonparametric test
B)parametric test
C)t test
D)F test
Q2) The Wilcoxon rank sum test is not applicable when the sample sizes of both groups are 10 or greater.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on what type of scores?
A)rank scores
B)z scores
C)t scores
D)F scores
Q4) Similar to the analysis of a Pearson correlation,the nature of the relationship when using a Spearman correlation is indicated by the sign of the correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) An interaction effect refers to the case where the nature or strength of the relationship between one of the independent variables and the dependent variable differs as a function of the:
A)sample size
B)number of variables
C)dependent variable
D)other independent variable
Q2) How many groups of individuals would be included in a 4 x 2 factorial design?
A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
Q3) Mean square within (MS<sub>WITHIN</sub>)can be defined as
A)variability due to the manipulation of the IV and disturbance variables.
B)variability due to the manipulation of the IV.
C)variability due to individual differences only (e.g.,analogous to the within subjects ANOVA..
D)variability in the data due to sampling error,disturbance variables,and individual differences.
Q4) What are the assumptions of the F tests in two-way analysis of variance?
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Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the independent variable is quantitative and the dependent variable is qualitative,an appropriate method of data analysis could be
A)Pearson correlation.
B)polychotomous logistic regression.
C)Kruskal-Wallis test.
D)none of these
Q2) If means (or linear relationships)are the focus,then a nonparametric test is the analysis of choice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When the independent variable is qualitative and the dependent variable is quantitative,the choice of the appropriate method of data analysis depends on
A)whether a parametric or nonparametric test is desired.
B)whether the independent variable is between-subjects or within-subjects in nature.
C)the number of levels that characterize the independent variable.
D)all of these
Q4) Compare and contrast Parametric and Nonparametric statistical tests.
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