Course Introduction
Experimental Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Experimental Psychology explores the foundational principles and methodologies underlying psychological research, focusing on how scientific experiments are designed, conducted, and interpreted in the study of human and animal behavior. Students will examine major topics such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, and emotion through the lens of experimental investigation, gaining hands-on experience in forming hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing evidence-based conclusions. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, ethical considerations, and the application of statistical techniques, preparing students for advanced research and a deeper understanding of psychological phenomena.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
A) Donald Broadbent
B) Colin Cherry
C) Newell and Simon
D) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
Q2) The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to
A) show that reaction times can be measured accurately.
B) measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
C) determine differences in the way people react to stimuli.
D) show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?
A) Analytic introspection
B) Measuring reaction times
C) Conditioning
D) All of these were used in Wundt's laboratory
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
A) continuous.
B) composed of discrete individual units.
C) composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites.
D) composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.
Answer: A
Q2) A grandmother cell responds
A) only to a specific stimulus.
B) to strong positive emotion.
C) to both positive and negative emotion.
D) to a variety of stimuli.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
A) Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
B) Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
C) Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.
D) All of these
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate A) that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
B) that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects.
C) an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
D) that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
Answer: C
Q2) When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English.Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him.Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos is not capable of ____ in English.
A) speech segmentation
B) the likelihood principle
C) bottom-up processing
D) algorithms
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Attention
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Q1) In the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must necessarily differ in terms of A) location.
B) size.
C) identity. D) color.
Q2) The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is A) naming colors. B) reading words.
C) naming distractors.
D) shadowing messages.
Q3) Define change blindness.Explain two sets of experimental data that illustrate this phenomenon.
Q4) Automatic processing occurs when A) cognitive resources are high. B) response times are long. C) tasks are well-practiced.
D) attention is focused.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as
A) L.
B) I.
C) R.
D) C.
Q2) Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound)and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol).The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding.
A) semantic
B) auditory
C) abstract
D) visual
Q3) Explain proactive interference and the release from proactive interference.First, provide experimental evidence for these phenomena.Then, use these two concepts to describe successful strategies for studying in college.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway.She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole.But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory.
A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) working
Q2) Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
A) The self-reference effect
B) The propaganda effect
C) Release from proactive inhibition
D) Encoding specificity
Q3) Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory.
A) semantic; implicit
B) implicit; episodic
C) episodic; semantic
D) procedural; episodic
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) Describe and compare maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, including a discussion of the "procedures" associated with each type.Indicate separate examples for which each type of rehearsal is best suited.Also, describe experimental results that illustrate how effective each type of rehearsal is at establishing durable long-term memories.
Q2) The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as A) memory consolidation.
B) repetition priming.
C) encoding specificity.
D) a self-reference effect.
Q3) _______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
A) Retrograde
B) Encoding C) Retrieval
D) Processing
Q4) Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on A) levels of processing.
B) depth of processing.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) reconsolidation.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
A) peer-group experiences
B) academic challenges
C) the sophomore year
D) transition points
Q2) The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of
A) a repeated recall error.
B) a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.
C) misleading postevent information's influence on memory.
D) retroactive interference.
Q3) When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.
A) sequential
B) simultaneous
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being A) too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence.
B) able to predict the results of a particular experiment.
C) able to stimulate a great deal of research to test the theory.
D) shown to be wrong if a particular experimental result occurs.
Q2) According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.
A) superordinate
B) prototypical
C) basic
D) subordinate
Q3) The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do)is
A) family resemblance.
B) prototypicality.
C) graded membership.
D) instance theory.
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11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line.Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself.She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.
A) mental chronometry
B) mental synthesis
C) visual imagery
D) inner audition
Q2) Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object)or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
A) image scanning.
B) mental chronometry.
C) epiphenomena.
D) propositional representations.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to
A) the meaning of a conversation.
B) the rules for combining spoken words into sentences.
C) the tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience.
D) the mental process of grouping words together that occurs as a person creates speech appropriate for the conversation.
Q2) The principle of late closure can be described as a(n)_____ since it provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence.
A) analogy
B) algorithm
C) heuristic
D) insight
Q3) Define inference as it applies to text processing.Write a sample narrative paragraph that includes examples of anaphoric inference, instrument inference, and causal inference.Identify and describe each occurrence.
Q4) Describe the interactionist approach to parsing, and the methods and results of eye movement research that support it.
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13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice.Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled.His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them.With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son.Ali's use of the cartons represents A) convergent thinking.
B) divergent thinking.
C) insight.
D) hierarchical organization.
Q2) The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving A) design fixation. B) creative cognition. C) insight.
D) search.
Q3) Describe the approach to problem solving involving search.Describe the elements of a problem space.Define the problem solving strategy known as means-end analysis.
Q4) Describe the Gestalt approach to problem solving and provide an example.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Q1) One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors.In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors.Sarah is in the class.She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday.She lives on campus.Her boyfriend is also in the class.There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.
A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 100%
Q2) Discuss how a person's judgments are affected by the way choices are framed.Give an example of a choice framed in terms of gains.Give another example of a choice framed in terms of losses.Which decision-making strategy is likely used in each case? Why?
Q3) Define the utility approach to decisions.Explain how emotions affect decisions from this perspective.
Q4) What is a categorical syllogism? How well can people judge the validity of categorical syllogisms, and what is the difference between validity and truth in syllogistic reasoning?
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Page 15