Evolutionary Biology Pre-Test
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Course Introduction
Evolutionary Biology explores the mechanisms and patterns that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth. The course examines the principles of natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, as well as the processes underlying speciation and adaptation. Students will investigate the fossil record, molecular evolution, and the development of complex traits, gaining an understanding of how evolutionary theory integrates evidence from genetics, paleontology, ecology, and comparative anatomy. By the end of the course, learners will appreciate the profound influence of evolutionary processes on the structure, function, and interactions of living organisms.
Recommended Textbook
Human Heredity Principles and Issues 11th Edition by Michael Cummings
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19 Chapters
1140 Verified Questions
1140 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Perspective on Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The separation of genes during the formation of the sperm and egg and the reunion of genes at fertilization is explained by the behavior of chromosomes in a form of cell division called meiosis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Consider this statement: Information about citizens' genomes should be held in a centralized database by a single private company or by the government.Do you agree or disagree? Explain your reasoning.
Answer: Answers will vary.Students might discuss privacy and security issues with regard to their personal data,as well as the potential misuse of these data by corporations or the government to restrict the rights of groups based on real or imagined traits.
Q3) In some societies,the birth of a deformed child is regarded as a sign of impending war or famine.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Cells and Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macromolecules including sugars,glycogen,and starches composed of sugar monomers linked and cross-linked together are known as ____.
A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) fatty acids
E) nucleic acids
Answer: A
Q2) Some cells retain the capacity to divide throughout their life cycle,whereas others do not divide in adulthood.Give one example of each type.
Answer: Cells in bone marrow continually move through the cell cycle,producing about 2 million red blood cells each second.
Skin cells constantly divide to replace dead cells that are sloughed off the surface of the body.
Many cells in the nervous system leave the cell cycle,enter G0,and do not divide in adulthood.
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4
Chapter 3: Transmission of Genes from Generation to Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chi-square tests are used to determine whether a cross has been correctly constructed and analyzed.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Mendel called crosses involving two traits ____________________ crosses.
Answer: dihybrid
Q3) Before Mendel began his pea plant experiments he wondered if traits in offspring result from blending of parental traits or it they are inherited as ____________________ units.
Answer: discrete
Q4) The topic of ____,the idea of the fundamental unit of living organisms,raised several questions in Mendel's mind about inheritance.
A) evolution
B) cosmology
C) cell theory
D) DNA
E) blood typing
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mitochondrial gene defects most often affect the ____________________ and the ____________________.
Q2) OMIM is an acronym that stands for ____________.
Q3) A pedigree is always able to provide enough information to rule out all but one possible pattern of inheritance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If a man expresses an X-linked recessive trait,his ____________________ was either homozygous or heterozygous for the trait.
Q5) Males never give an X chromosome to any of their sons.
A)True
B)False
Q6) If an autosomal ____________________ allele is very common in a population,there is a chance that it will enter the pedigree from outside the family.
Q7) The most common forms of color blindness result in the inability to properly perceive the colors ____________________ and ____________________.
Q8) Explain why color-blindness is much more common in males than in females.
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Chapter 5: The Inheritance of Complex Traits
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Sample Questions
Q1) If only one twin has a trait,the twins are ____________________ for that trait.
Q2) Darker skin color is correlated with ____.
A) the northern hemisphere
B) inland regions
C) coastal regions
D) longitude
E) the intensity of UV radiation
Q3) In humans,variations in skin color are due to differences in the amount,type,and distribution of the pigment ____________________.
Q4) In twin studies,geneticists look for situations in which genetic and environmental influences are clearly ____________________.
Q5) A measured heritability of 0.7 means that 70% of the phenotypic variation observed is due to genetic differences within the population.
A)True
B)False
Q6) IQ is calculated by dividing the individual's ____________________ age by his or her ____________________ age and multiplying the quotient by 100.
Q7) The hormone leptin is produced by ____________________ cells.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Cytogenetics - Karyotypes and Chromosome
Aberrations
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Sample Questions
Q1) If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I,____.
A) two gametes will be normal and two will be missing one chromosome
B) two gametes will be normal and two will have one extra chromosome
C) three gametes will be normal and one will have two extra chromosomes
D) all gametes will be normal
E) all gametes will be abnormal
Q2) Explain how to determine if a nondisjunction occurred during meiosis I or meiosis II and what the genetic consequences are for the resulting fertilized gametes.
Q3) Define aneuploidy and describe the sex chromosome aneuploidies involved in Turner syndrome,Klinefelter syndrome,and XYY syndrome; list characteristics of each disorder.
Q4) Regions at the ends of chromosomes that prevent chromosomes from sticking to each other are called ____.
A) satellites
B) telomeres
C) centromeres
D) q zones
E) p zones
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Q5) The long arm of a chromosome is called the ____________________ arm.
Chapter 7: Development and Sex Determination
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lower neck of the uterus opening into the vagina is the ____________________.
Q2) Bruce Reimer was born with ambiguous genitalia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The undifferentiated genitalia of an early human embryo develops into male genitalia under the influence of ____.
A) oxytocin
B) prostaglandin and DHT
C) prolactin
D) testosterone, AMH, and DHT
E) Wolfian duct inhibitors
Q4) In addition to fertilizing the egg,sperm also ____.
A) assist the fertilizing sperm in penetrating the egg
B) trigger chemical changes in the egg
C) dissolve the outer barriers surrounding the oocyte
D) release chemicals to speed cell division in the zygote
E) trigger chemical changes in the egg that prevent the entry of more than one sperm
Q5) Explain how X inactivation can result in female mosaicism and give examples.
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Chapter 8: The Structure - Replication - and Chromosomal
Organization of DNA
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Sample Questions
Q1) In many organisms,____________________ functions to transfer genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Q2) Nucleosomes are bead-like structures ____.
A) that form during interphase to assist with DNA uncoiling
B) that are a major class of proteins in chromatin
C) composed of histone wrapped with DNA
D) composed of linked homologous chromosomes
E) composed of pyrimidines and purines
Q3) Outline three properties of genes for which the Watson-Crick model offers an explanation.
Q4) The search for a(n)____ treatment led to the discovery that DNA carries genetic information.
A) pneumonia
B) AIDS
C) tuberculosis
D) influenza
E) SARS
Q5) One of the two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the 1920s was surrounded by a ____________________,giving it the ability to evade the immune system and cause pneumonia.
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Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarize the sequence of processing,sorting,and transport of proteins synthesized in a human cell.Then indicate which cell component corresponds with each number above.
Q2) Messenger RNA is a(n)____ of the amino acid-coding nucleotide sequence of a gene.
A) exact copy of the DNA template
B) exact copy of the tRNA template
C) double-stranded complementary copy
D) single-stranded complementary copy
E) single-stranded anti-complementary copy
Q3) The primary structure of a protein is the ____________________ in a polypeptide chain.
Q4) Each amino acid is encoded by only one mRNA codon.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Prion diseases are always fatal and there is no treatment.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Archibald Garrod was the first to advance the idea that there is a direct link between ____________________ and ____________________.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: From Proteins to Phenotypes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss factors that must be taken into account when setting standards for safe levels of exposure to potentially harmful chemicals in the environment.Explain why setting these standards is such a complex task.
Q2) In genetic goitrous cretinism,the phenotype is caused by accumulation of thyroid hormone and its breakdown products.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Genetic goitrous cretinism and alkaptonuria are metabolic disorders in the ____ pathway.
A) nucleic acid
B) thalassemia
C) phenylalanine
D) paraoxonase
E) lipid biochemical
Q4) Summarize the metabolic process represented in the accompanying diagram.
Q5) Discuss how mutations that eliminate or alter the activity of an enzyme can cause phenotypic effects.
Q6) The use of ____________________ is banned or restricted in more than 23 countries due to its toxicity.
12
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Chapter 11: Genome Alterations - Mutation and Epigenetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The epigenetic state of a cell is called its ____________________.
Q2) New ____ mutations can often be detected by examining the inheritance of the trait in males.
A) mitochondrial
B) imprinting
C) autosomal dominant
D) autosomal recessive
E) X-linked
Q3) Explain why individuals with cystic fibrosis have different levels of severity of the disease.
Q4) Nucleotide substitutions are mutations that alter the ____________________,but not the ____________________,of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Q5) People with cystic fibrosis display a single phenotype for the disorder. A)True B)False
Q6) The process by which electromagnetic energy travels through space is called ____.
Q7) Individuals with ____________________ are extremely sensitive to sunlight and develop skin cancer at a rate 1000 times above normal.
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Chapter 12: Genes and Cancer
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the familial form of retinoblastoma,individuals who inherit one mutant allele of the RB1 gene have an 85% chance of developing retinoblastoma and other cancers.Explain why,when these individuals carry only one copy of the mutant gene,there is such a high incidence of cancer in these RB1 heterozygotes.
Q2) Radiation and chemotherapy are the best treatments for cancer because they are very specific and destroy only cancerous cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The five-year survival rate of ____________________ cancer is only 13%.
Q4) Common alleles of genes other than BRCA1 ____.
A) dictate the types of mutations that occur in BRCA2
B) cause uncontrolled division of the BRCA2 gene
C) cause the interruption of the cell cycle in any cell containing a BRCA2 mutation
D) have a strong influence on whether a carrier will develop breast cancer
E) have very little influence on whether a carrier will develop breast cancer
Q5) Progressive chromosomal changes as cancer develops are related to the loss of the ability to repair ____________________ in cancer cells.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: An Introduction to Genetic Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The human genome contains approximately 40,000 genes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Probes can come from a variety of sources,such as ____________________.
A) single-stranded RNA templates
B) histones from other species
C) artificially engineered gene sequences
D) related genes from other species
E) unrelated genes from other species
Q3) Adult cells cannot be used as the source of nuclei for cloning animals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules,which are then replicated in a host cell,is called ____________________.
Q5) Growth hormones given to dairy cows would still be necessary to stimulate milk production in a cloned animal.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Summarize the major advantage of using YACs to carry genome libraries.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Biotechnology and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because golden rice was developed to deal with problems of ____________________ deficiency,it is considered a(n)____________________.
Q2) A bone marrow transplant is an example of a stem cell therapy using adult stem cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is one concern with the use of genetically-engineered,herbicide-tolerant crops?
A) decreased yields
B) potential allergic reactions
C) transfer of herbicide resistance to weeds
D) loss of genetic diversity
E) expense of using herbicides
Q4) A new treatment for burns involves using skin biopsies to generate ____________________,which are sprayed onto the burned area and form a new layer of skin.
Q5) Explain why the use of iPS cells for stem cell therapies may be a desirable alternative to the use of either embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells.
Page 16
Q6) Why is the term GMO a misnomer for transgenic organisms?
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Chapter 15: Genomes and Genomics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distances on genetic maps are measured in ____________________ and distances on physical maps are measured in ____________________.
Q2) The advent of recombinant DNA technology made the sequencing of genomes possible.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When determining whether a relative is a proper match for organ or tissue donation,three sets of HLA alleles - inherited together - must match those from the intended recipient. These allele sets are known as _____.
A) open reading frames
B) splice sites
C) copy number variants
D) haplotypes
E) disease-associated mutations
Q4) A method used to link genetic markers with specific genes on chromosomes is called ____________________.
Q5) ____________________ molecules are responsible for the phenotype of an organism.
Q6) Explain how breast cancer diagnosis and treatment has benefited from proteomics and genomic analyses.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Technology - Genetic Testingand Gene Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a male produces healthy gametes but his female partner can neither produce gametes nor carry a fetus,a(n)____________________ surrogate can be used to help them achieve successful reproduction.
Q2) Consider an infertile couple,of which both partners are able to produce healthy gametes,but the woman's history of endometriosis has rendered her unable to carry a fetus. Suppose this couple undergoes IVF with their own gametes,followed by embryo transfer to the uterus of a gestational surrogate,and the birth of a baby. What is the genetic relationship between the surrogate and the baby?
A) The baby shares only X chromosomal DNA with the gestational surrogate.
B) The baby shares 25% of its genes with the gestational surrogate.
C) The baby shares half of its genes with the gestational surrogate.
D) The baby is genetically identical to the gestational surrogate.
E) There is no genetic relationship between the gestational surrogate and the baby.
Q3) In exon skipping,____________________ are used to target specific exons for skipping by blocking splicing signals during pre-mRNA processing.
Q4) The method of gene therapy that would result in the transferred gene being passed onto offspring is known as ____________________.
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Chapter 17: Genes and The Immune System
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Q1) The process by which an antigen binds to a specific antibody on a naïve B cell,thereby triggering mitosis and the build-up of a large population of antibody-secreting plasma cells (also known as effector B cells),is called
Q2) The huge diversity of antibody molecules is generated by the shuffling of gene segments in T cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppose an Rh- mother gives birth to an Rh- baby. Is there a danger of hemolytic disease of the newborn developing during a subsequent pregnancy? Why or why not?
Q4) The physical barrier of the skin and the mucus produced by the epithelial cells lining body cavities ____.
A) activate the complement system
B) release histamines
C) facilitate the production of antibodies
D) comprise the innate immune system
E) protect the body from infection by pathogens
Q5) How is the human genome able to encode billions of unique antibody molecules from only three gene sets?
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Chapter 18: Genetics of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because sons adopted by alcoholic men show a rate of alcoholism more like that of their biological father,there is an argument for the role of genetic factors in this disease.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For which of the following diseases would animal models likely yield the most information?
A) alcoholism
B) schizophrenia
C) bipolar disorder
D) Huntington disease
E) nicotine addition
Q3) The observation that schizophrenia is associated with duplications of a certain copy number variant (CNV),while autism spectrum disorders are associated with deletions of the same CNV,suggests that _____.
A) CNV mutations are present in all psychiatric disorders
B) both disorders have identical phenotypes
C) both disorders have an environmental component
D) both disorders share common developmental pathways
E) neither disorder has a genetic component
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Population Genetics and Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relatively high percentage of individuals in West Africa who are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait is an example of _____.
A) natural selection
B) genetic drift
C) spontaneous mutational spread
D) heterozygote disadvantage
E) the founder effect
Q2) A population that is in genetic equilibrium is said to ____.
A) have an equal number of homozygotes as heterozygotes for a given trait
B) deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg law
C) require genetic testing for estimation of allele frequencies
D) lose genetic variation with each generation
E) have an allele or alleles that remain constant generation to generation
Q3) Comparative genome studies show that humans and _____________________ shared a common ancestor approximately 5.4 to 6.3 million years ago.
Q4) Because of the _____________________,traits carried by early settlers are found in a large fraction of the descendent population.
Q5) On average,humans differ by _____________________% of their genomic sequences.
Q6) Outline the assumptions made in establishing the Hardy-Weinberg law.
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