Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing Exam Review
Course Introduction
Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing introduces students to the principles and processes of integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to optimize nursing care. The course covers foundational concepts in research methodology, critical appraisal of scientific literature, and the application of evidence-based interventions in diverse healthcare settings. Students learn to formulate clinical questions, search for and evaluate relevant research, and implement evidence-based solutions to improve patient outcomes and support quality improvement initiatives. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, interprofessional collaboration, and strategies for overcoming barriers to evidence-based practice in real-world nursing environments.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by
Geri LoBiondoWood
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Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) A novice nurse researcher is comparing the processes used in nursing research and in evidence-based practice. What differences, if any, exist between the two processes?
A) As scientific processes, they are fundamentally the same and should result in parallel outcomes.
B) Both processes involve testing a question with an appropriate design and specific methodology.
C) In a research study the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific methodology, whereas in evidence-based practice the question is used to search the research literature to find answers.
D) In evidence-based practice, qualitative studies are critically appraised to answer a clinical question, whereas in nursing research, quantitative studies are reviewed to provide a foundation for the study.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) A nurse has defined the research question as, "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?
A) Correlational nonexperimental
B) Comparative nonexperimental
C) Quantitative experimental
D) Grounded theory nonexperimental
Answer: A
Q2) Which of these statements is correctly phrased as a clinical question for evidence-based practice?
A) What is the best method to insert an enteral feeding tube in an adult patient?
B) Are there differences in the characteristics of various brands of enteral feeding tubes?
C) In addition to aspiration, what are the most problematic complications of enteral tube feedings?
D) What method of determining stomach placement of enteral feeding tubes helps to prevent aspiration in adult patients?
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which of these factors limits the usefulness of the World Wide Web as a source of information for research consumers?
A) Downloading from the Web can be a slow process.
B) Nontext capabilities reduce the professionalism of presentations.
C) There is little quality control over the information on many websites.
D) Much of the available information is too technical to be understood by the casual reader.
Answer: C
Q2) When the nurse researcher conducts an electronic literature search, the search yields more than 7000 citations for the topic. The researcher should make which of these interpretations of the finding?
A) The search was comprehensive.
B) The key words were not sufficiently narrowed.
C) The topic does not require additional investigation.
D) The topic has broad application across health care disciplines.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) When critiquing a research study's theoretical framework, the nurse should keep in mind which information? (Select all that apply.)
A) Theoretical frameworks guide hypothesis formulation in qualitative and quantitative research studies.
B) Theoretical frameworks can be implicitly or explicitly stated in a research report.
C) A theoretical framework of a nursing research study must be based on nursing theories or models.
D) A theoretical framework may not be identified in all types of nursing research.
Q2) Which phrase correctly defines a theory?
A) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
B) The assumptions and beliefs of the worldview of the researcher
C) A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
D) A researcher's best guess of the direction of the relationship between variables
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) An older adult's description of pain, including descriptors, attributed causes, and what constitutes good care during a painful episode, would be an example of which category of qualitative findings?
A) Restricted by a priori frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Depiction of experiential variation
Q2) A nurse's research question is, "What is the grief experience of women older than 30 years from rural Mexico who have a late-stage pregnancy loss?" Which aspect of the question represents the study's context?
A) Late-stage pregnancy loss
B) Women older than 30 years
C) Grief experience
D) Rural Mexico
Q3) Which description is typical of a qualitative research study?
A) Deductive reasoning is used.
B) Truth is a subject's perception of reality.
C) Sample size is determined before the study begins.
D) One or more variables are measured in a context-free setting.
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher conducts a grounded theory study examining the process of social support that occurs within interactions between nursing students and clinical faculty in the hospital setting. Which research activities are consistent with a grounded theory study? (Select all that apply.)
A) Using theoretical sampling
B) Having one set of predetermined interview questions
C) Visiting the archives at the school of nursing
D) Changing approaches to data collection as data emerge
E) Asking only one research question to avoid confusing participants
Q2) A nurse researcher has chosen to use the phenomenologic method. What feature distinguishes the intensive dialogue the researcher will use in this method from a simple interview?
A) Notes are made about the participant's responses during the interview.
B) The researcher is fully engaged, becoming a thoughtful presence during the interview.
C) The questions posed during the interview were developed before the actual interview occurred.
D) The researcher completes the questionnaire for the participant to avoid misunderstanding or confusion.
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) The nurse is critiquing a qualitative research study. Which question would be appropriate for the nurse to ask when critiquing the study's methodology?
A) Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?
B) If a particular approach is used to guide the inquiry, does the researcher complete the study according to the processes described?
C) Does the researcher address the credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data?
D) Does the researcher place the report in the context of what is already known about the phenomenon (e.g., the existing literature)?
Q2) Which criterion helps to determine whether the results of a qualitative study can be applied beyond the study sample or population?
A) Evidence of fittingness or transferability of the findings
B) Evidence of trustworthiness or validity of the findings
C) Credentials and experience of the person applying the findings
D) Statistical significance and reliability of the findings
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) Why should a nurse researcher want to limit or eliminate extraneous variables in a study?
A) More research questions would be required to account for the extraneous variables.
B) Extensive statistical analysis would be required to justify the presence of extraneous variables.
C) Extraneous variables compete with the independent variables as explanations of the study's outcome.
D) Manipulation of the extraneous variables increases the risk for researcher bias in the study's outcomes.
Q2) Which factor is most likely to be a mediating variable in a study to determine if high doses of vitamin C help reduce the subjects' susceptibility to influenza?
A) The subjects' use of influenza vaccine
B) The subject' knowledge of vitamin C's functions
C) The gender of the potential subjects
D) The marital status of the potential subjects
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) The nurse is critiquing a research study that involves subjects undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Which finding would meet a criterion for inferring causality between performance of exercise and adaptive behavior of the subjects receiving chemotherapy?
A) Adaptive behavior began before the exercise program was initiated.
B) Adaptive behavior occurred in the control group over time.
C) The level of adaptive behavior increased in direct proportion to an increase in the intensity of the exercise.
D) No difference in adaptive behavior was observed between subjects in the experimental group and subjects in the control group.
Q2) In a study using a true experimental design, which of these methods would control for antecedent variables?
A) Manipulation of the independent variable
B) After-only data collection
C) Intervention fidelity
D) Random assignment to groups
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) What features identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.)
A) A description of how the tool's items were formulated
B) A description of the experimental treatment
C) A clear definition of how the construct was measured
D) A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity
E) A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable
Q2) Which types of research designs are considered to be relationship-difference studies? (Select all that apply.)
A) Descriptive
B) Exploratory
C) Correlational
D) Developmental
E) Comparative
F) Cross-sectional
Q3) Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?
A) More than one group can be compared.
B) Only descriptive data can be measured.
C) Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively.
D) Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.
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Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) Which are methods for searching and integrating the literature related to a specific clinical issue? (Select all that apply.)
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q2) ___ implications for research and practice
Q3) What is known to contain bibliographic information on articles and books on reviewing research and methodological studies?
A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
B) Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects
C) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
D) Cochrane Methodology Register
Q4) ___ background of the question
Q5) ___ data collection
Q6) ___ type of studies reviewed
Q7) ____ types of participants
Q8) ___ search methods for finding studies
Q9) ___ objectives of the search Page 13
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) What are types of nonprobability of sampling? (Select all that apply.)
A) Purposive
B) Quota
C) Stratified random
D) Multistage (cluster)
E) Convenience
Q2) The primary characteristic of a probability sample is considered to be what?
A) Self-selection of subjects
B) Random selection of the sample
C) Subjects handpicked by the researcher
D) Representation of proportional segments of the population
Q3) A research consumer should evaluate sample size in a research report by doing what?
A) By asking how many assistants were involved in data collection
B) By asking how representative the sample is relative to the target population
C) By asking how great the outcome difference is between or among study groups
D) By asking how many previous studies the researcher has conducted on similar topics
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) What basic human right exists when subjects have the right to withdraw from a study without penalty?
A) Right to self-determination
B) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
C) Right to fair treatment
D) Right to protection from discomfort and harm
Q2) A staff nurse overhears a health care professional use coercion to make a patient agree to participate in a research study. What should the staff nurse do?
A) Confront the researcher with concerns.
B) Document suspicions in the patient's medical record.
C) Contact the hospital's Institutional Review Board.
D) Secretly tape-record the researcher's interaction with a potential subject.
Q3) Which is considered an essential element of the informed consent form for a research study?
A) The witnessing signature of an authorized party
B) The listing of members of the agency's IRB
C) Explanation of whom to contact regarding any area of the study
D) List of subject's assignment to intervention group or control group
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) During a research project, the researcher notes that the subject completes each assigned task with a much higher level of performance than he normally exhibits. How should a nurse researcher most accurately describe this change in the subject's behavior?
A) Reactivity
B) Instability
C) Therapeutic
D) Interventionist
Q2) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Are the majority of the items appropriately close-ended or open-ended?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
Q3) What advantage is shared by both interview and questionnaire data collection methods?
A) Both seek to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of participants.
B) Both are analyzed by statistical methods selected by the researcher.
C) Both require extensive training of the researcher coordinating the study.
D) Both are paper-and-pencil tests implemented by the researcher.
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Which measures used to test reliability are specific for homogeneity? (Select all that apply.)
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Item-to-total correlation
C) Parallel or alternate form
D) Split-half reliability
E) Kuder-Richardson coefficient
F) Cronbach's alpha
G) Interrater reliability
Q2) The nurse researcher notes that the initial test for reliability of an instrument has been conducted on a sample that has different characteristics from those of the current study sample. The researcher should do what?
A) Conduct a pilot study on the current sample to determine whether reliability is maintained.
B) Use the instrument with the current sample because reliability holds across samples.
C) Use the Kuder-Richardson formula to recalculate the reliability coefficient.
D) Discard or reject the instrument.
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Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher's data contain extremes of high and low scores. The measure of central tendency that should be used in order to be least affected by extremes of high and low scores is what?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Percentile
Q2) The nurse researcher is using a research study that involved categories of patient weights. The level of measurement that would be most appropriate in this study is what?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
Q3) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to address support of the theoretical framework?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q2) Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) The section of the report in which the nurse researcher determines if the theoretical thinking used was correct is called what?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) In evaluating quantitative research, a researcher can expect to review the report's segments in which order?
A.Methods
B.Introduction
C.Literature review
D.Discussion
E.Results
A) A, B, C, D, E
B) B, A, C, D, E
C) E, C, D, B, A
D) B, C, A, E, D
Q2) Where in a report of a quantitative research study would a nurse researcher expect the gaps or conflicts about the phenomenon studied to be identified?
A) Analysis of data
B) Research design
C) Problem statement
D) Review of the literature
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) Which information regarding a new algorithm for pressure support surface selection should be interpreted as favorable for adoption of the algorithm? (Select all that apply.)
A) It is solely clinically focused.
B) It was recently published.
C) It is endorsed by two prominent wound care organizations.
D) It is based on two systematic reviews from Cochrane Library.
Q2) Therapy-type articles are associated with outcome variables that are categorized as what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Continuous
B) Isolated
C) Rich text
D) Dichotomous
Q3) Which questions determine a researcher's selection of a relevant, credible article? (Select all that apply.)
A) Who or what paid for the research?
B) Is the setting of the study similar to my study?
C) Is the sample of the study similar to mine?
D) Was the article peer reviewed?
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) ___ determine methods and frequency of data collection
Q2) The nurse researcher is reading theoretical and clinical articles to have a broad view of the topic and related concepts before reviewing existing EBP guidelines. The nurse researcher begins the process of reading the articles by doing what?
A) Reading evidence-based guidelines and evidence reports
B) Reading systematic review articles and synthesis reports
C) Reading theory articles to understand theoretical perspectives in critiquing studies
D) Reading research articles including meta-analyses
Q3) ___ provide "on-site" feedback to staff regarding the progress in achieving the practice change
Q4) A nurse researcher should view EBP as what?
A) The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
B) The promotion of the publication of research findings among practicing nurses
C) The process of using research findings to improve patient care
D) The collection of data from subjects using measurement devices
Q5) ___ identify process and outcome variables of interest
Q6) ___ determine baseline and follow-up sample sizes
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Page 23
Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Increased ability to review, challenge, and change opinions and decisions
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) Improved, consistent, and predictable results
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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