European History to 1600 Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the major developments in European history from antiquity to the dawn of the seventeenth century. Students will examine the evolution of political, social, economic, religious, and cultural institutions, tracing the transformation of classical civilizations, the formation and fragmentation of medieval societies, and the emergence of the Renaissance and Reformation. Through analysis of primary and secondary sources, the course will highlight key events and figures that shaped Europes diverse historical landscape, providing a foundation for understanding the complexities of modern European society.
Recommended Textbook Western Civilization A Brief History Volume I 11th Edition by Marvin Perry(check images and others
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Q1) Phoenicians
Answer: The Phoenicians were an ancient Semitic-speaking people who lived in the coastal region of present-day Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. They were known for their maritime trade and seafaring skills, establishing colonies and trading posts throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. The Phoenicians are believed to have emerged around 1500 BCE and their civilization reached its peak around 1200-800 BCE. They are important because they were pioneers in navigation and trade, and their alphabet, which was the basis for many modern writing systems, including the Greek and Latin alphabets. The Phoenicians were also known for their production of purple dye, which was highly prized in the ancient world. Their influence on Mediterranean culture and trade was significant, and they played a crucial role in the development of early civilizations in the region.
Q2) Compared to Assyrian rule, Persian rule over the Near East was
A) more tolerant of different religions.
B) larger in area.
C) less terrorist.
D) more respectful of local traditions.
E) All of these
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: The Hebrews: a New View of God and the Individual
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Q1) The central force in the life of the Hebrews was
A) strong kings.
B) powerful judges.
C) monotheism, the belief in one God.
D) the charismatic leadership of Moses.
E) polytheism, the worship of several gods.
Answer: C
Q2) How does the author connect Hebrew religion with the ultimate rise of a scientific worldview in Western cultures?
A) By noting that the Hebrews did not regard nature in and of itself as divine
B) By describing early Hebrew contributions to astronomy and mathematics
C) By asserting that the Hebrews created the world's first phonetic writing system
D) By noting early Hebrew advances in irrigation technology
E) By noting the Hebrew regard for God as fully sovereign
Answer: A
Q3) Israel
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 3: The Greeks: From Myth to Reason
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Q1) Aristocracy means
A) rule of the best
B) rule of the people
C) rule of the wealthy
D) rule of the king
E) rule of the elected
Answer: A
Q2) The death of Alexander led to the creation of the following dynasties except
A) Ptolemies in Egypt
B) Seleucids in Asia
C) Antigonids in Macedonia
D) Pergamum in Asia Minor
E) Clovis in Gaul
Answer: E
Q3) On the map of the Hellenistic World, transform Alexander's Empire into modern day states, areas, and nations. Please shade and identify.
Answer: The modern-day states, areas, and nations that were once part of Alexander's Empire include Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India. I will shade and identify these areas on the map accordingly.
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Chapter
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Q1) Horace
Q2) An entire 60,000 man Roman army was completely destroyed at the hands of Hannibal at
A) Zama.
B) Cannae.
C) Pontus.
D) Cisalpine Passes.
E) Corsica.
Q3) The Romans were strongly influenced by other cultural traditions. Provide some examples of these influences.
Q4) Nero
Q5) Which of the following emperors divided Rome into two western and eastern Rome?
A) Octavian
B) Valerian
C) Caligula
D) Claudius
E) Constantine
Q6) Pax Romana
Q7) Twelve Tables
Q8) Actium
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Chapter 5: Early Christianity: a World Religion
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Q1) During the first century, the idea of a Messiah involved
A) one who must die for sins of mankind to be forgiven.
B) a leader of charismatic proportions, but not necessarily one chosen by God.
C) someone who would lead the entire world to a utopian era.
D) someone who would govern with justice.
E) someone who will come riding on a white horse.
Q2) The New Testament includes each of the following except
A) twenty-one Epistles.
B) the Gospel written by Saint John.
C) The City of God.
D) the Acts of the Apostles.
E) the synoptic gospels.
Q3) In order to study Jesus, modern historians rely on
A) Roman historians accounts of his teaching
B) Jewish records of his life
C) Jesus' own writings from the first century A.D.
D) the New Testament
E) writing of his followers written during Jesus' life
Q4) Twelve Disciples
Q5) Describe the Jewish society into which Jesus was born.
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Chapter 6: The Rise of Europe: Fusion of Classical, Christian, and Germanic Traditions
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Q1) The term Carolingian refers to people descendant from A) Charlemage
B) Charles Martel
C) Carol of Abbey
D) Clovis
E) Pope Charles I
Q2) The term liege homage means
A) a small castle.
B) the wooden grid that fell down, blocking a drawbridge entrance.
C) the area of the castle where food was stored.
D) prime loyalty.
E) sole owner.
Q3) All of the following are true of William the Conqueror except
A) was descended from the Normans that had settled in France
B) divided England into shires
C) ordered the writing of a Domesday Book
D) was followed by Henry I
E) kept all of England as his own fiefdom
Q4) Clovis
Q5) theocracy
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Chapter 7: The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval
Civilization
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Q1) How was learning revived in the Middle Ages? What was the role of the first universities in this educational revival?
Q2) Roger Bacon (c. 1214 1294) is remembered for his A) estimate of the circumference of the Earth.
B) castration of Abelard.
C) opposition to the use of Arab medical texts in Christendom.
D) realization of the potential power of the experimental method of scientific investigation.
E) translation and commentary of ancient Arabic works.
Q3) Jan Hus
Q4) All of the following were problems in the Late Middle Ages except A) decline in agricultural production.
B) the Black Death.
C) peasant revolts.
D) starvation and malnutrition
E) increased population.
Q5) Philip IV
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Q6) Describe the causes of the Great Schism and discuss how it offers evidence of a deep malaise within the Roman Church.
Chapter 8: Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation
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Q1) All of the following are associated with the Italian Renaissance except A) art served as a focus of civic pride and patriotism.
B) members of the urban upper class became patrons of the arts.
C) a fixed hierarchy of lords and vassals prevailed.
D) rulers competed for art and artists to boost their prestige.
E) Prosperous businesspeople played a leading role in the political and cultural life of the city.
Q2) Define the term humanism and explain its impact on a Renaissance educational ideal.
Q3) William Shakespeare
Q4) Calvin's theology of predestination spread to all the following areas in Europe except A) France.
B) England.
C) the Netherlands.
D) parts of the Holy Roman Empire.
E) Italy.
Q5) How did Erasmus encourage the Reformation even if he did not agree with it?
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Q6) How did Luther's teaching help create the Peasant's Revolt? Why did Luther refuse to lead the revolt?
Chapter 9: Political and Economic Transformation: National
States, Overseas Expansion, Commercial Revolution
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Q1) By the end of the fifteenth century the ____ had developed a viable imperial economy based on black slaves, gold, and sugar.
A) Dutch
B) French
C) Danes
D) Portuguese
E) English
Q2) What was the price revolution and how did it alter Europe?
Q3) convertible husbandry
Q4) Discuss the significance of dynasty in the period of monarchical sovereignty.
Q5) the Spanish Armada
Q6) Cardinal Richelieu
Q7) Ferdinand Magellan
Q8) Which treaty conferred on each German prince the right to determine the religion of his subjects?
A) Treaty of Augsburg
B) Treaty of Westphalia
C) Treaty of Ghent
D) Treaty of Versailles
E) Treaty of Verdun Page 11
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Chapter 10: Intellectual Transformation: the Scientific
Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) How did the philosophes view the place and role of women in society?
Q2) The new model put forth by Copernicus and Galileo that believed that the planets orbited the sun was known as
A) heliocentric model.
B) geocentric model.
C) epicenter model.
D) mathematical model.
E) epicycle model.
Q3) Medieval thinkers constructed a coherent picture of the universe that blended the theories of which of the following ancient Greeks?
A) Aristotle and Ptolemy
B) Plato and Socrates
C) Ptolemy and Socrates
D) Aristotle and Socrates
E) Strabo and Galen
Q4) Montesquieu
Q5) Discuss the contributions of Montesquieu to modern political theory.
Q6) the Congregation of the Index
Q7) Nicolaus Copernicus
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Chapter 11: The Era of the French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality
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Q1) National Assembly
Q2) Locate on a map of Europe the sites of the following battles: Ulm, Austerlitz, Borodino, Friedland, Leipzig, and Trafalgar. Next to each, write the date of the battle.
Q3) Prior to the French Revolutionary wars, Napoleon Bonaparte was a/an
A) wealthy Corsican peasant.
B) priest in a rural district of Provence.
C) artillery officer in the French Army.
D) candle maker.
E) Jacobin.
Q4) Banalities
Q5) In 1789, the National Assembly reforms were aimed at all of the following except
A) abolition of special privileges
B) subordination of church to state
C) a new constitution for France
D) voting rights for women
E) judicial reforms
Q6) Bank of France
Q7) "the nation of shopkeepers"
Q8) Discuss the circumstances that led to the Fall of Napoleon. Page 14
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Chapter 12: The Industrial Revolution: the Transformation of Society
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Q1) What could newcomers to the working class experience as they came to the city? If life was so difficult in the cities, why did workers continue to go there?
Q2) Utopian scientists
Q3) The first railroad in England connected
A) Manchester and Liverpool
B) London and Birmingham
C) Liverpool and London
D) Plymouth and Manchester
E) Birmingham and Manchester
Q4) The Chartist reform movement in England fought for all of the following except A) universal manhood suffrage.
B) bi-annual meetings for members of parliament.
C) the secret ballot.
D) abolition of property qualifications for members of parliament.
E) annual meetings of parliament.
Q5) The Factory Act (1847)
Q6) spinning jenny
Q7) Edmund Cartwright
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Q8) Discuss how the classes of this era changed and affected society?
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Chapter 13: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century
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Q1) Victor Hugo
Q2) According to the romantics, abstract and scientific knowledge are insufficient guides to knowledge because of all the following reasons EXCEPT
A) too much time is spent on establishing specific principles on nature.
B) romantics focus on human diversity and uniqueness.
C) romantics feel that individual needs to find and fulfill an inner self.
D) a person needs to play his own music and write his own poetry.
E) a person can survive by reason alone.
Q3) Conservatism
Q4) What was the relationship between nationalism and liberalism in the nineteenth century? Has this relationship necessarily continued into the twentieth century? Discuss.
Q5) Why was history a very important part of the work of Hegel? In what way did Hegel's view of freedom actually limit man's freedom of action? How did his ideas contrast with the ideas of the philosophes?
Q6) What is meant by the term conservatism? Why did the conservatives reject the French revolution?
Q7) liberalism
Q8) modern nationalism
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Chapter 14: Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism:
Revolution, Counterrevolution, and Unification
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Q1) In the December 1848 elections in France, all ____ could vote.
A) adults
B) adult males
C) adult males who paid taxes
D) adult males with more than 200 francs in net assets
E) adult males with property
Q2) On a map of Europe, trace the boundaries of the German Confederation in 1815. Trace the boundary of the North German Confederation and the boundary of the German Empire. Note the differences.
Q3) How did Bismarck use war to further his plan for the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership?
Q4) On a map of the Italian Peninsula, define the following areas: the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, of Piedmont-Sardinia; the Papal States; Parma, Modena, and Tuscany; Venetia; and Lombardy. Next to each, place the date when the areas were incorporated into Italy.
Q5) Why did the revolutions of 1848 collapse? How did this failure mark the end of the revolutionary spirit of the French Revolution?
Q6) Giuseppe Garibaldi
Q7) Franco-Prussian War
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Chapter 15: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth
Century: Realism, Positivism, Darwinism, and Social
Criticism
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Q1) Which of the following is not a good match?
A) Comte and positivism
B) Karl Marx and Marxism
C) Balzac and Social Darwinism
D) Ludwig Feuerbach and theology
E) Gustave Courbet and realism
Q2) According to Karl Marx, how does history unfold? How is the movement of history connected to Marx's larger view of human society?
Q3) On a blank map of Europe, designate with arrows where each of the following persons' revolutionary theories originated: Auguste Comte, Charles Darwin, and Karl Marx.
Q4) According to Soren Kierkegaard, Christianity
A) was an objective truth.
B) could be proven through reason.
C) pacified the poor and oppressed.
D) was a leap of faith.
E) had nothing to offer the modern citizen.
Q5) Friedrich Engels
Q6) Positivism Page 20
Q7) Albert J. Beveridge
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Chapter 16: Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century:
Modernization, Nationalism, Imperialism
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Q1) Battle of Adowa
Q2) What was the Berlin conference? How did it impact on the colonization of Africa?
Q3) Third Republic
Q4) The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Q5) The Kulturkampf was Bismarck's attempt at subjugating
A) German Catholics
B) Jews
C) Socialists
D) French Partisans
E) Industrialists
Q6) Although imperialistic in actions, what positive actions resulted from British rule of India?
A) A new Indian government was created which included educated Indians.
B) Former Indians princes and aristocracy played a major role in preserving Indian historical traditions and culture.
C) Indian native artisans and business enjoyed an increase in business.
D) British ruled ended internal war and disorder.
E) Starvation increased as native agriculture was disturbed by English planting of cash crops.
Q7) Empress Tzu-hsi Page 22
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Chapter 17: Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature,
Human Nature, and the Arts
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Q1) Georges Sorel
Q2) All of the following statements describe Nietzsche's attack on Christianity EXCEPT
A) Christianity saddled people with guilt
B) Christian values led to the deterioration of life and culture.
C) Christian doctrines continue to increase the worth of a man's soul.
D) God is man's own creation.
E) Morality, values, and truths do not derive from God.
Q3) The superman described by Nietzsche was most influenced by
A) sexual drives.
B) the id.
C) desire for power.
D) coveting wealth.
E) the quest for fame.
Q4) One may associate which of the following with the works of Nietzsche?
A) Encouragement of a social policy
B) Buttress of Christian thinking
C) Concern for the average man
D) Concern with social community and social injustice
E) Perishing of the weak
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Chapter 18: World War I: the West in Despair
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Q1) Why were some poets and intellectuals upset that there had been peace for so long? Would you apply those sentiments to contemporary society? Discuss.
Q2) The Provisional Government in Russia was most aligned with A) liberal-democrats.
B) Marxists.
C) monarchists.
D) anarchists.
E) Bolsheviks.
Q3) Kaiser Wilhelm II
Q4) The greatest mistake of the liberals who led the March revolution was
A) the decision to remain in the war.
B) the attempt to arrest Lenin.
C) failing to execute the tsar.
D) confiscation of the landlords' lands.
E) accepting the Brest-Litovsk treaty with the Germans.
Q5) Contrast the foreign policy goals of Bismarck after 1870 with those of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Q6) Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Q7) Trench Warfare
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Q8) Was Germany primarily responsible for the outbreak of World War I?
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Chapter 19: An Era of Totalitarianism
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Q1) Which of the following proved to be a prophet of totalitarianism?
A) D. H. Lawrence
B) Franz Kafka
C) T.S. Eliot
D) Carl Gustav Jung
E) Oswald Spengler
Q2) Totalitarianism may justly be said to
A) be related to both communism and fascism.
B) influence all aspects of culture.
C) involve terror and force.
D) abolish all competing political parties
E) Totalitarianism symbolized all of these.
Q3) The Beer Hall Putsch was
A) a failed effort by Hitler to seize power in Germany.
B) a anti-Jewish pogrom in Bavaria.
C) the initiation of fascist unrest in Spain.
D) stopped by a combination of foreign and Spanish forces.
E) successful in destroying the Weimar Republic.
Q4) Ernest Hemingway
Q5) German Workers Party
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Chapter 20: World War 2: Western Civilization in the Balance
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Q1) German self-determination should least be applied to
A) marching into Prague.
B) demands for the Sudetenland.
C) sending troops into the Rhineland.
D) an interest in Danzig.
E) marching into Austria.
Q2) The German people believed that the Treaty of Versailles was a stab in the back. What acts of Hitler either challenged the treaty or were to gain for Germany territory it had lost in the treaty?
A) German remilitarization of the Rhineland.
B) The creation of a huge German military force by way of voluntary enlistment.
C) The military takeover of Austria by Germany.
D) The forceful takeover of Sudetenland.
E) Giving to Russia the Danzig area through the Nazi Soviet Pact.
Q3) The Einsatzgruppen
A) massacred Jewish residents on the Eastern Front.
B) led the Panzer units during the Blitzkrieg.
C) investigated resistance fighters operating within France.
D) defeated the Soviet tank groups outside of Stalingrad.
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E) spread propaganda in preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union.
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Chapter 21: Europe After World War 2: Recovery and Realignment, 1945-1989
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Q1) Following World War II, Britain
A) retained its position as one of the superpowers.
B) quickly granted independence to its colonies in Africa.
C) extended government control over the economy.
D) witnessed very conservative parties managing the government.
E) was among the richest nations in the West.
Q2) Cuban Missile Crisis
Q3) All of the following are true of Gorbachev's leadership except
A) He called for increased openness in discussion of public affairs.
B) He encouraged multiple candidates for elected posts.
C) He demanded a reorganization of the Soviet system to all citizens to have more influence on economic production.
D) He announced the end of the Soviet Union.
E) He invaded Afghanistan.
Q4) Judging from the text, what were some of the reasons for the recovery of economic prosperity and political stability in Western Europe after World War II?
Q5) Margaret Thatcher
Q6) OPEC
Q7) Lech Walesa
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Chapter 22: The Troubled Present
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Q1) When Yeltsin's government referred to "shock therapy," it meant
A) bombarding left wingers who took over the "White House" office building.
B) a vigorous push to private enterprise.
C) condemnation of earlier practices of sending dissidents to mental hospitals.
D) making Russia acknowledge the cruelty that existed under the communist system.
E) the return of private companies to the state.
Q2) Shock Therapy
Q3) What are the current challenges to the enlightenment concepts of reason and rationality?
Q4) When Osama bin Laden was killed he was living in A) Afghanistan.
B) Iraq.
C) Pakistan.
D) Saudi Arabia.
E) Iran.
Q5) Why did some countries and some people resist the formation of the EU?
Q6) Tony Blair
Q7) How has Vladimir Putin responded to attempts by efforts to break away from Russia?
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