European History
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
European History offers an in-depth exploration of the continents political, cultural, social, and economic developments from ancient times to the present day. The course traces major events and movements, including the rise and fall of empires, the spread of Christianity, the Renaissance and Reformation, the Enlightenment, the impact of revolutions and wars, as well as the evolution of modern nation-states. Students analyze the influential figures, transformative ideas, and key historical forces that have shaped European society, examining primary and secondary sources to understand continuity and change. Emphasis is given to critical thinking, historical interpretation, and the interconnectedness of Europe with the wider world.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following Egyptian gods was most closely associated with the mummification of the dead?
A) Horus
B) Re
C) Osiris
D) Isis.
E) Aten
Answer: C
Q2) The word "theocracy" means "rule by the strongest."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Egypt's Old Kingdom ended for all of the following except A) foreign invasion.
B) a drought caused by low levels of the Nile.
C) a decline in rainfall.
D) economic troubles.
E) decline of centralized authority.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) The Persian Empire reached its largest territorial boundaries under A) Cyrus.
B) Darius.
C) Xerxes.
D) Cambyses.
E) Darius III.
Answer: B
Q2) Achaemenid dynasty
Answer: The Achaemenid dynasty was an ancient Persian dynasty that ruled from approximately 550-330 BCE. It was founded by Cyrus the Great and is known for its vast empire, which at its height, stretched from the Balkans to the Indus Valley. The Achaemenid dynasty is also known for its administrative innovations, including the use of a standardized currency and a system of satrapies, or provinces, each ruled by a governor appointed by the king. The dynasty is also famous for its architectural achievements, including the construction of the capital city of Persepolis. The Achaemenid dynasty eventually fell to the conquests of Alexander the Great, but its legacy continued to influence the region for centuries to come.
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) The Greek polis put primary emphasis on
A) the protection of its citizens' individual rights.
B) cooperating with neighboring poleis for the common good.
C) untrammeled private enterprise.
D) cooperation between its citizens for the common welfare.
E) b and c
Answer: D
Q2) The hoplite phalanx relied for its success on A) superior horsemanship.
B) individual acts of valor.
C) speed and mobility.
D) discipline and teamwork.
E) fortified wine.
Answer: D
Q3) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
Q4) The vast majority of scholars do believe that Homer's Iliad has a basis in fact.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) the library in Alexandria
Q2) What made Alexander such an outstanding general? Give examples from his military campaigns.
Q3) In establishing his empire, Alexander the Great
A) saw himself as a descendant of Greek gods and heroes.
B) combined Greek and Persian practices to allow its administration.
C) allowed intermarriage between his soldiers and native Persian women.
D) a and c
E) a, b, and c
Q4) The Hellenistic dynasty that lasted the longest was the A) Antigonid.
B) Ptolemaic.
C) Seleucid.
D) Attalid.
E) Hashemite.
Q5) Euclid
Q6) Antiochus IV
Q7) Hippocrates
Q8) the Gandhara Buddhist statues
Q9) Seleucids Page 6
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) All of the following were results of the Roman civil wars of 43-30 B.C.E. except the
A) Second Triumvirate's defeat of Pompey at the Battle of Actium.
B) defeat of Caesar's assassins.
C) demise of republican institutions.
D) rule of Octavian.
E) the suicide of Antony and Cleopatra.
Q2) Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Q3) imperium
Q4) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Q5) colleges of pontiffs and augurs
Q6) After imposed retirement from Roman politics, Cicero took up writing
A) comic plays.
B) tragic theater pieces.
C) new poems.
D) philosophical treatises.
E) histories of early Rome.
Q7) Octavian
Q8) the Battle of Actium
Q9) Why did the Roman Republic fail?
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Caracalla and citizenship
Q2) From its inception, Rome and Romans had a bountiful supply of professional physicians.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The "golden age" historian Livy is well known for his
A) rejection of Latin prose in favor of Greek poetic forms.
B) perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons.
C) factual accuracy and critical judgment toward his sources and Rome's past.
D) Epistles, which portrayed Rome as a degenerate society in a state of collapse.
E) history of the Trojan Wars, which was the subject of the Aeneid.
Q4) The most important figure in early Christianity after Jesus was
A) Mary Magdalene.
B) the Apostle Peter
C) John the Baptist.
D) Paul of Tarsus.
E) Pontius Pilate.
Q5) latifundia and coloni
Q6) bishops
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) In what ways were the teachings of Islam similar to Christianity? How were they different?
Q2) vicar of Christ
Q3) The withdrawal of Roman armies from Britain enabled
A) Celtic Britons to overrun the island.
B) Angles and Saxons, Germanic tribes from Denmark and Germany, to invade and to establish new kingdoms on the isle.
C) the rise of medieval Scottish culture.
D) local Roman elites to rebuild English Latin culture.
E) someone later known as King Arthur to drive the Vikings from England.
Q4) Theodora
Q5) By the end of the fifth century in the West
A) the Germans greatly outnumbered the Roman population.
B) unlike the Slavs in the East, all the German tribes rejected Arian heresy.
C) the Romans still controlled the economic resources.
D) the Germans took over the economic resources.
E) Romans and Germans maintained separate cultures for the following several centuries.
Q6) jihad
Q7) Five Pillars of Islam Page 10
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Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) Describe the conversion to Christianity of the various peoples of Eastern Europe, including a discussion about the responsibilities of Rome and of Constantinople in that process.
Q2) scriptoria
Q3) Discuss the changing relations between Islam and the Byzantine Empire between 750 and 1000.
Q4) In feudal Europe, a vassal was a man who
A) was in the Church as a monk, priest, or bishop.
B) farmed his own land and lived his own life.
C) served another as a warrior.
D) wandered the roads begging for his bread.
E) had been banned from a territory for life.
Q5) The premier scholar in Charlemagne's court was Alcuin of York.
A)True
B)False
Q6) algebra and the astrolabe
Q7) subinfeudation
Q8) Compare Islamic civilization to the civilization of Western Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. Why was it superior? How did they mutually affect one another? Page 12
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) The word "vernacular" means
A) church language.
B) myth.
C) ribald song.
D) local language.
E) Latin.
Q2) chivalry
Q3) charters of liberty
Q4) Artisan guilds were organizations of
A) businesses trying to keep prices high.
B) citizens trying to defend their political rights.
C) workers trying to improve their wages.
D) consumers trying to assure free competition.
E) nobles trying to keep a tight reign on society.
Q5) The carruca was
A) a new type of blast furnace.
B) a Spanish dance involving four partners.
C) a heavy-wheeled, iron-tipped plow.
D) a harness for draft animals without collars.
E) a slender blade.
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) Henry II and the common law
Q2) Cluny was
A) a commercial city in northern Italy.
B) the capital of Flanders.
C) the site where King John signed Magna Carta.
D) a cathedral school in Burgundy.
E) a Benedictine monastery in France.
Q3) Frederick I Barbarossa
Q4) The Magna Carta could best be described as
A) a promise to work to develop democratic institutions.
B) an affirmation of the traditional rights of barons.
C) a guarantee of religious freedom for all Englishmen.
D) a guarantee of civil rights for all Englishmen.
E) the first feminist legislation of King John's reign.
Q5) crusader states
Q6) First Crusade
Q7) Estates-General
Q8) papal monarchy
Q9) the Reconquista
Page 15
Q10) Thomas Becket
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Meister Eckhart
A) challenged the works of Thomas Aquinas in public disputations.
B) was a mystic who claimed that one could achieve a union of the soul with God.
C) was a noted leader of the flagellants who turned to persecution of the Jews.
D) led the reform of the Franciscan order in Germany.
E) rejected the leadership of the pope and was burnt at the stake.
Q2) Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because
A) the plague had equally devastated both regions.
B) both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.
C) local nobles and town governments lost much influence over reigning kings.
D) mercenary captains usurped royal authority and ruled violently.
E) both had begun to develop industrial economies.
Q3) Orleans
Q4) Italian communes
Q5) Florence's ciompi
Q6) the gabelle and the taille
Q7) What changes occurred in the political life of Italy during the fourteenth century?
Q8) Discuss the factors that led to the urban and rural revolts in the fourteenth century. Was desperate poverty a chief cause? Why or why not? Page 17
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) Renaissance hermeticism
Q2) According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented
A) the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization.
B) a period of moral decline.
C) an era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government.
D) a continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages.
E) a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
Q3) What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?
A) Delian League
B) Prussian Confederation
C) Baltic League
D) League of German Cities
E) Hanseatic League
Q4) Petrarch
Q5) Discuss Italian Renaissance humanism. What does the word humanism mean? Who were the humanists? What were their goals? Did they achieve them?
Q6) Botticelli's Primavera
Q7) Michelangelo
Q8) Northern Renaissance Page 19
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Were the Reformation and Counter-Reformation popular movements or the carefully orchestrated manipulations of charismatic figures or both?
Q2) Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?
Q3) Millenarianism is the belief that
A) all Christians go to heaven.
B) all priests are impious.
C) the end of the world is imminent.
D) private property among Christians is immoral.
E) the first millennium was superior to the second, from the vantage point of the 16th century.
Q4) Philip II
Q5) Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was
A) Henry VIII of England.
B) Ludwig II of Bavaria.
C) Charles XII of Sweden.
D) Francis I of France.
E) Pope Clement VII.
Q6) Martin Luther
Page 21
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1500-1800
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Q1) The European nation that had the first direct contact with China since Marco Polo was
A) Portugal.
B) Spain.
C) the Dutch Republic.
D) Russia.
E) England.
Q2) What was not part of the Columbian exchange?
A) Potatoes from Europe and olive trees from the New World.
B) Horses and cattle from Europe and corn from the New World.
C) Gunpowder from Europe and tobacco from the New World.
D) Smallpox from Europe and gold and silver from the New World.
E) Wheat from Europe and tomatoes from the New World.
Q3) Given its relatively small population and lack of obvious resources, why was the Dutch Republic so successful in establishing a profitable overseas empire?
Q4) House of Fugger
Q5) Spice Islands
Q6) British East India Company
Q7) Compare mercantilism to capitalism.
22
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) As Louis XIII's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in
A) evicting the Huguenot presence from France after the La Rochelle rebellion.
B) expanding the political and social rights of the Huguenots.
C) creating a reservoir of funds for the treasury.
D) emerging victorious from the Fronde revolts of the nobility.
E) strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy.
Q2) The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances
A) were noted for their innovation and originality.
B) used new accounting practices to take the tax burden off the peasants.
C) were based on the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.
D) gave Louis the large surplus in the treasury needed to carry out his wars.
E) could best be described as laissez-faire.
Q3) Louis XIV's wars
Q4) Why did England move toward a limited monarchy while places like Prussia, Austria, and Russia moved toward a more robust and absolutist monarchy?
Q5) John Locke
Page 23
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Q1) Nicolaus Copernicus
Q2) Scholars devoted to Hermeticism
A) believed that the world was a very recent creation still imperfect.
B) credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature.
C) saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
D) retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic.
E) a and d
Q3) The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that
A) it was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it.
B) the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
C) the earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise.
D) it could not be revealed according to God's will.
E) the world was flat.
Q4) Antoine Lavoisier
Q5) Isaac Newton had little to do with the invention of the calculus.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Maria Sibylla Merian
Page 24
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Beatrice Williams.
C) Mary Astell.
D) Princess Amelia of Austria.
E) Maria Cavendish.
Q2) Immanuel Kant
Q3) Johann Sebastian Bach
A) was best known for his cantatas and motets.
B) became a close German confidant of Voltaire.
C) produced religious music as a way to worship God.
D) was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century.
E) wrote Messiah.
Q4) In her Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that since women had been unfairly subjected to males for so many millennia, women should temporarily be given special legal rights and privileges in excess of those of males in compensation of their long servitude.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International
Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian
A) general.
B) courtier.
C) architect.
D) musician.
E) composer.
Q2) Catherine the Great of Russia
A) followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B) instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C) weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D) successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
E) established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.
Q3) partitions of Poland
Q4) beggars and prostitutes
Q5) War of the Austrian Succession
Q6) "banknotes"
Q7) Catherine II the Great
27
Q8) What was "enlightened" about enlightened despotism? And was not so enlightened?
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed
A) free or affordable food for the poor.
B) equality under the law for all French men.
C) equality under the law for all French men and women.
D) nothing.
E) the right to vote for all French men.
Q2) Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?
A) Much autonomy was given to the provincial departments as the previous system of prefects was overhauled.
B) His "new aristocracy" was actually little different from the old, as it was based on privilege and wealth.
C) His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.
D) As a devout Catholic, he reestablished Catholicism as the official state religion.
E) He abolished most of the civilian bureaucracy, preferring to govern by military rule.
Q3) the taille
Q4) Thermidorean Reaction
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Industrialization began on the continent first in
A) Spain and Italy.
B) Belgium, France and Germany.
C) Russia and Sweden.
D) Sweden and Denmark.
E) Russia.
Q2) Do notions of "class," whether of the worker, the employer, the middle, the upper, or the lower do more to confuse historical understanding than to actually explain the era of the Industrial Revolution?
Q3) coal and coke
Q4) domestic servants
Q5) James Watt and the rotary engine
Q6) cotton industry
Q7) factory acts
Q8) steamboats
Q9) the Great Famine
Q10) the workhouse Page 29
Q12) the London Working Men's Association
Q13) agricultural revolution
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850
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Q1) Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was
A) child labor laws.
B) the preservation of law and order.
C) an emphasis on individual freedom.
D) the buildup of a nation's military.
E) the creation of a socialist community.
Q2) The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that
A) the poor were entitled to decent levels of support.
B) the rich had a moral obligation to support the poor.
C) if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.
D) levels of state support for social welfare programs should be indexed to the cost of living.
E) indoor relief was better than outdoor relief.
Q3) Congress of Vienna
Q4) Joseph de Maistre and conservatism
Q5) Reform Act of 1832
Q6) Thomas Malthus
Q7) Britain's Tories and Whigs
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) Baron Haussmann and Paris
Q2) Dual Monarchy
Q3) An overall result of the Crimean War was
A) the reinforcement of the Concert of Europe until World War I.
B) continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades.
C) increased involvement for Great Britain in continental affairs.
D) the destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification.
E) to lead to the breakup of the Holy Alliance.
Q4) Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
Q5) The American Civil War of 1861-65
A) was ended by the Missouri Compromise.
B) was highly destructive due to the equal balance of forces between North and South.
C) was a clear precursor of "total war" in the twentieth century.
D) did not completely eradicate slavery in all of the states due to local referendums on the question.
E) led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.
Q6) Michael Faraday
Q7) Dmitri Mendeleyev
Page 32
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Graham Bell
Q2) Russification
Q3) "day-trippers"
Q4) cartels
Q5) internal combustion engine
Q6) Which one of the following was not a part of the emergence of the late nineteenth century "mass society"?
A) the extension of voting rights to the lower classes.
B) diminishment of the conditions of the lower classes.
C) a better standard of living for the lower classes.
D) mass leisure.
E) the "weekend" became established as a time of fun.
Q7) The mass society of the late nineteenth century primarily benefited the middle classes, with the lower classes reaping few if any rewards.
A)True
B)False
Q8) white-collar jobs
Q9) Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel
Q10) Thomas Cook
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Q1) In Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, the process that drives unwanted thoughts into the unconscious is known as
A) self-gratification.
B) neural dysfunction.
C) animal drives.
D) repression.
E) id erasure.
Q2) Max Planck and quanta
Q3) How do the philosophical trends of the late nineteenth century compare to the same era's artistic achievements?
Q4) The continent of Africa was largely spared from the imperial ambitions of the European nations during the period after 1880, as the West focused instead upon the societies and states of Asia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social Darwinism and Herbert Spencer
Q6) Boxer Rebellion
Q7) Leo XIII's De Rerum Novarum
Q8) Triple Entente Page 34
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) What was the state that was a thorn in Austria-Hungary's side and a primary cause of World War I?
A) Slovenia
B) Bulgaria
C) Greece
D) Italy
E) Serbia
Q2) The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the
A) Serbians.
B) Russians.
C) Irish.
D) Turks.
E) Armenians.
Q3) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Q4) Treaty of Versailles
Q5) "dictated peace"
Q6) Second Battle of the Marne
Q7) conscription
Q8) Rasputin Page 36
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included
A) a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic.
B) the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations.
C) an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente.
D) increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs.
E) the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.
Q2) Aryanism
Q3) What were the causes of the Great Depression? How did the European states respond to the Great Depression?
Q4) Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy were
A) coerced into factory work to aid industrial production.
B) regarded as equal to men in social status.
C) largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers.
D) aided by the government's emphasis on birth control.
E) required under pain of imprisonment to join the Black Shirts.
Q5) Ernest Rutherford and the atom
Q6) Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War
Q7) "Woman into the home"
Q8) the New Deal Page 38
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World War
Ii
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Q1) Arthur Harris
Q2) Allied Strategic Bombing Survey
Q3) Battle of Britain
Q4) Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Q5) J. Robert Oppenheimer
Q6) To the British, "appeasement" meant
A) cozying up to Hitler.
B) trying to satisfy the demands of their allies.
C) giving in to the demands of the dissatisfied to make them content.
D) becoming the proxy for American overseas interests.
E) finding a way to mollify Stalin long enough to join Hitler in a war of conquest.
Q7) Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Q8) Allied bombing raids on German civilians
A) contrary to expectations, produced stubborn resistance from the German people.
B) destroyed the average German's will to fight.
C) were only done to retaliate for German bombing.
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D) occurred mostly by accident when bombing strategic targets.
E) never occurred.
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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Q1) The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s included all of the following except A) race riots in the Los Angeles district of Watts.
B) the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation in public schools in 1954.
C) the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
D) saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools.
E) the civil rights leadership of Martin Luther King.
Q2) As president of France, Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War was to A) closely align France with the Warsaw Pact nations.
B) make France the "third" nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course.
C) let American policy guide France and other European nations.
D) make France the leading European power in NATO.
E) join the non-aligned third-world nations.
Q3) Sputnik I
Q4) Nikita Khrushchev
Q5) the birth-control pill
Q6) Compare and contrast Stalin's policies with those of Khrushchev's.
Q7) Berlin Wall
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Q1) "Eurocommunism" was most successful in
A) the Soviet Union.
B) France.
C) Poland.
D) Italy.
E) East Germany.
Q2) France's Francois Mitterrand
Q3) By the mid-1960s, what was the primary concern of the United States?
A) inflation
B) drugs
C) China
D) global warming
E) the Soviet Union
Q4) The Soviet Union's Yuri Andropov's most significant accomplishment was his support of Mikhail Gorbachev, a young reformer.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Is "Americanization" the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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Q1) Which of the following artists was a Neo-Expressionist?
A) Jean-Michael Basquiat.
B) Pablo Picasso
C) Jackson Pollock
D) Andy Warhol
E) Allan Kaprow.
Q2) Boris Yeltsin
Q3) A continuing problem roiling Canadian politics for the past several decades has been
A) whether to always give support to United States foreign policy.
B) the demand by many French-speaking Canadians that the province of Quebec become independent of the rest of Canada.
C) the desire by many Canadians that Canada become a republic and several all ties with the British monarchy.
D) whether to nationalize Canada's sizeable oil and gas reserves.
E) whether to change from a parliamentary system of government and adopt instead the US presidential model.
Q4) Maastricht Treaty
Q5) fall of the Berlin Wall
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