European Art History
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
European Art History offers an in-depth exploration of the artistic movements, styles, and major works that have shaped Europe from antiquity to the modern era. This course examines key periods such as the Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Impressionism, and beyond, highlighting influential artists, aesthetic philosophies, and cultural contexts. Through the study of painting, sculpture, architecture, and decorative arts, students will develop an understanding of how European art reflects and influences social, political, and intellectual developments throughout history.
Recommended Textbook
Gardner s Art Through the Ages A Global History Vol 2 14th Edition by Fred S. Kleiner
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24 Chapters
1555 Verified Questions
1555 Flashcards
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Chapter 14: Late Medieval Italy
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) This historian, Giovanni Villani, wrote in the 14 century that this city was, "the daughter and creature of Rome" suggesting a preeminence inherited from the Roman Empire. Which of the following city-states does this phrase describe?
A) Pisa
B) Siena
C) Florence
D) Padua
Answer: C
Q2) The most devastating natural disaster in Europe during the late 1300s was which of the following?
A) mad cow disease
B) the collapse of the linen market
C) the failure of the Medici banks
D) the Black Death
Answer: D
Q3) How did artists sell their work during this period?
Answer: Artists did not have the same degree of freedom as they do today and they rarely created a work without receiving a commission. Generally, a patron contracted the artist for a specific commission.
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Chapter 15: South and Southeast Asia Before 1200
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the meaning of the Shiva Nataraja?
Answer: He is the "Lord of the Dance", he is balanced on one leg atop a dwarf, ignorance, which Shiva stamps out as he dances. He creates the universe to the rhythm of the drumbeat, while the small fire represents destruction, he points to his raised foot as a place of refuge for the worshiper. The worshiper can also find enlightenment at the foot of the god, his hand gesture indicates acceptance, telling the worship to come forward without fear.
Q2) What was the purpose of each structure? What do they have in common stylistically, politically, and religiously?
Answer: Angkor Wat, Cambodia and Bayon, Angkor Thom, Cambodia . Both structures were temples associating the king with the god of the temple at Angkor Wat the temple is dedicated to Vishnu and at the Bayon it is dedicated to Buddha. Both kings, Suryavarman II and Jayavarman VII, used these religious structures to promote themselves as sanctioned by the respective gods to rule. Both structures reflect the verticality preferred by the Khmer kings, and both structures illustrate the marriage of religion and politics.
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Chapter 16: China and Korea to 1279
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Sample Questions
Q1) Korean pottery of the twelfth century was recognized worldwide and highly sought, which of the following is that pottery?
A) cizhou ware
B) stoneware
C) celadon ware
D) earthenware
Answer: C
Q2) The broad range of subject matter, such as musicians on camel or Semitic traders, can be found in the ceramic figural tradition of which of the following?
A) Early Zhou
B) Shang
C) Six Dynasties
D) Tang
Answer: D
Q3) Who was Wu Zeitan?
Answer: She was a Tang empress who underwrote a substantial portion of the Longmen complex. When her consort, the emperor Gaozong died, she declared herself emperor and ruled for twenty-two years. At the age of 82, she was forced to abdicate.
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Chapter 17: Japan Before 1333
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did Japanese clans and kami interact during the Kofun period?
Q2) The commissioning of the Todaiji and its Great Buddha was an imperial attempt to unify and strengthen the country and imperial power. How was this attempt made?
A) By utilizing Kamakura Shogunate to reinforce imperial power
B) By utilizing Tang China allies to reinforce imperial power
C) By utilizing religious authority to reinforce imperial power
D) By utilizing shrewd alliances through marriage to reinforce imperial power
Q3) During the Kamakura period, there was more frequent and positive contact with China. Which of the following developments was brought to Japan as a result of this contact?
A) Tendai Sect of Esoteric Buddhism
B) Shingon Sect of Esoteric Buddhism
C) Dug-pa Sect of the Kargyut-pa School
D) Zen Buddhism
Q4) Describe the innovations in technique and composition found in the Tale of Genji. Consider the Japanese imperial court at this time. How did the court influence this work?
Q5) Explain the role women played in the development of painting during the Heian period. Use examples to support your essay.
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Chapter 18: Native Arts of the Americas Before 1300
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Q1) Describe the impact of the Olmec on subsequent generations in Mexico. How did the Olmec affect the evolution of the visual arts? Use examples to support your essay.
Q2) The modern-day region occupied by the Classic Maya was which of the following?
A) Caribbean coast of South America
B) Belize, southern Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala
C) Southwestern Mexico
D) Valley of Mexico
Q3) Which of the following is not part of the Mesoamerica region?
A) Mexico
B) Guatemala
C) Bolivia
D) Honduras
Q4) Which of the following sites is not located in South America?
A) Chavín de Huántar
B) Tiwanaku
C) Chichén Itzá
D) Cuzco
Q5) Describe the physical layout of Teotihuacán.
Q6) What culture created this image? Why is this scene important?
Page 7
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Chapter 19: Africa Before 1800
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is distinctly African about the Sapi saltcellar?
Q2) How does this figure represent Ife kingship?
Q3) African art serves to elevate and bring distinction to the leader. Which of the following art forms would perform that function?
A) stool
B) staff
C) spear
D) sword
Q4) What is the earliest archaeologically documented example of an equestrian figure in African sculpture?
Q5) Briefly describe the Nok.
Q6) How does this mosque differ from typical Middle Eastern mosques?
Q7) How is Beta Medhane Alem, Lalibela significant to Ethiopia?
Q8) Great Zimbabwe is unusual because it is made of which of the following materials?
A) clay
B) bronze
C) stone
D) wood
Q9) Contrast these two works.
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Chapter 20: Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Northern
Europe
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would support the argument that the Well of Moses created by Claus Sluter did not actually spout water?
A) There was no water source in the Carthusian monastery.
B) Carthusian commitment to silence would preclude any sound making device.
C) The Well of Moses was never finished, so it never worked.
D) The Well of Moses was not the actual device used to spout water.
Q2) Jan van Eyck's Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride contains many symbols. Which of the following is an allusion to God?
A) the dog
B) the bedpost
C) the whisk broom
D) the mirror
Q3) Which of the following episode from Christ's life was NOT included in Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece?
A) Adam and Eve
B) God the Father
C) Deposition
D) Adoration of the Lamb
Q4) How does this work reflect Old Testament and New Testament visual treatments?
Page 9
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Chapter 21: the Renaissance in Quattrocento Italy
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did Donatello shift interest in the depiction of the nude?
Q2) What is the significance of Perugino's Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter?
Q3) How does the renovation of this church by Alberti demonstrate his ideas about Classical form and harmonic relationships between parts?
Q4) How is this portrait significant?
Q5) In what ways does the plan of this building reflect the ideal forms of Renaissance architecture?
Q6) How did Masaccio create a sense of bulk for his figures in the Tribute Money?
A) through modeling with a specific light source outside the picture
B) through modeling with a flat neutral light
C) through modeling with an identifiable light source within the picture
D) through modeling
Q7) Which of the following accounts for the decline in the role Florence played in the support of the arts at the end of the 15 century?
A) death of Lorenzo de'Medici
B) incursion of the French armies
C) death of Masaccio
D) Savonarola's brief span of power
Page 10
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Chapter 22: Renaissance and Mannerism in Cinquecento
Italy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was one of the favorite compositional devices of painters of the High Renaissance?
A) a flat triangle
B) a trapezoid
C)a. pyramid
D) an oval
Q2) Contrast three works each of Leonardo and Michelangelo. How did these two artists impact the art of 16th century Italy and Europe? Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) Increasingly in portraiture, artists of the High Renaissance paid particular attention to the subject's personality and psychic state. This could also be said to describe the portraiture of which of the following artists?
A) Raphael
B) Michelangelo
C) Giulio Romano
D) Cellini
Q4) Contrast the various manifestations of Mannerist painting.
Q5) How does the work of Tintoretto reflect the Counter-Reformation?
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Q6) What features reveal this artist's Mannerist approach?
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Chapter 23: High Renaissance and Mannerism in Northern
Europe and Spain
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Q1) In the 16 century power was focused on the king. This monarch made a concerted effort to elevate his country's cultural profile by inviting esteemed Italian artists to his court. Who was this monarch?
A) Henry VIII
B) Francis I
C) Charles V
D) Elizabeth I
Q2) Spain in the sixteenth century supported which of the following?
A) the Anabaptists
B) Martin Luther
C) the Counter-Reformation
D) John Calvin
Q3) Who painted this and what is being represented?
Q4) Explain the impact Italy had on the work of Dürer. Include in your essay the assimilations as well as the changes, if any, Dürer made. Use examples to support your essay.
Q5) How did patronage affect sixteenth-century French architecture? What were the motivations of the patrons? How did the architecture reflect the court and period? Use examples to support your essay.
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Chapter 24: the Baroque in Italy and Spain
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Q1) One of the distinctive qualities of Francesco Borromini's architecture, visible in the façade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, is ____.
A) the wave-like movement created by concave and convex lines
B) its similarity to Greek temple design
C) the smooth treatment of the wall
D) towers and tracery of Gothic architecture
Q2) Velásquez was the court painter for Philip IV. He accompanied the king to Fraga during the Aragonese campaign. While there he painted Philip's portrait, it is known as the Fraga Philip. Due to the dynastic inbreeding in the Hapsburg line, Philip inherited the Hapsburg jaw. How did Velásquez compensate for this "jaw" in the Fraga portrait?
A) He painted a heavy beard on the king's face.
B) He used a large brimmed hat to shade the king's face.
C) He focused attention of the cloak and baldric worn by the king by making them shimmer.
D) He focused on the mustache of the king.
Q3) How did the worldwide mercantile system change the face of Europe?
Q4) In designing the piazza of Saint Peter's, which objects was Bernini obligated to incorporate into the design and how to did he arrive at a solution?
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Chapter 25: the Baroque in Northern Europe
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is Dutch Baroque uniquely different from Italian Baroque art?
Q2) Wren synthesized the design elements from the Italians, French, and Inigo Jones into a unified monumentality for which of the following churches?
A) St. Paul's, London
B) St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London
C) All Hallows, London
D) St. Dunstan's, London
Q3) In contrast to Catholic religious images Rembrandt's Return of the Prodigal Son can be said to be which of the following?
A) It is a painting of inward turning contemplation.
B) It illustrated lofty theological ideals.
C) It celebrated the celestial triumph of the Roman Catholic church.
D) It consisted of figures in dramatic poses with emphatic gestures
Q4) How does the phrase "controlling nature" reflect the gardens of Versailles?
Q5) Vermeer was known to have used which of the following tools?
A) stencils
B) camera obscura
C) clip targets
D) photo lens
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Chapter 26: Rococo to Neoclassicism: the 18th Century in Europe and America
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Q1) What was the political meaning attributed to David's Oath of the Horatii?
Q2) What is the name of the specific style of Rococo painting that depicted the outdoor amusements and entertainments of the upper classes?
A) fête galante
B) pays bonheur
C) sans souci
D) fête de jour
Q3) A leading advocate of the Enlightenment in France was which of the following?
A) Louis XVI
B) Voltaire
C) Isaac Newton
D) John Lock
Q4) Neoclassicism invoked classical references of patriotism and trust in unshakable authority serving imperial agendas. Which of the following leaders embraced these aspects of Neoclassicism?
A) Thomas Jefferson
B) Napoleon
C) George IV
D) George Washington
Page 15
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Chapter 27: Romanticism, Realism, Photography: Europe and
America, 1800 to 1870
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does Blake's Ancient of Days embody the Romantic spirit?
Q2) Describe the impact of photography on the nineteenth century landscape. How did it affect painting? What were the political implications of the medium? Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) Briefly describe Realism in the United States.
Q4) What did Thomas Eakins believe was a prerequisite for his art?
A) knowledge
B) poetry
C) fortune
D) support
Q5) La Madeleine in Paris was intended for which of the following purposes?
A) a temple of glory for Napoleon's armies
B) a center of the nineteenth-century Jesuit revival
C) a monument to the success of middle-class bankers
D) a monument to the success of French revolutionary leaders
Q6) Timothy O'Sullivan documented which of the following wars?
A) American Civil War
B) War of Spanish Succession
C) Crimean War
D) Boer War Page 16
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Chapter 28: Impressionism, Post-impressionism,
Symbolism: Europe and America, 1870 to 1900
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Q1) What did Whistler mean when he used the term "arrangement" or "nocturne" in reference to his art?
Q2) Which of the following influenced Degas in his technique of using spatial projections and off-center empty space to create illusion and direct the viewer's attention into the picture?
A) 18th century Japanese woodblock prints
B) 16th century German woodcuts
C) 15th century German engravings
D) Mughal miniatures
Q3) Which of the following ideas did Vincent van Gogh attempt to communicate in his Starry Night?
A) Stygian darkness of night
B) birth of a galaxy
C) vastness of the universe
D) myopia of humanity
Q4) How does Louis Sullivan reflect truly modern architecture?
Q5) Contrast the work of Renoir and Laurtrec. How do the subjects styles of the artists reflect nineteenth century French society and the innovations of nineteenth century art? Use examples to support your essay.
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Chapter
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Q1) Compare and contrast the work of Edward Weston and Dorothea Lange. How did each artist respond to the medium of photography as a visual art form? How did their works reflect their respective environments?
Q2) How does the work of Hannah Höch reflect German society of the Weimar Republic years?
Q3) How does this artist's approach to religious subjects differ from conventional treatments?
Q4) Who photographed the rural poor displaced by the Great Depression in the 1930s?
A) Alfred Stieglitz
B) Charles Sheeler
C) Edward Weston
D) Dorothea Lange
Q5) A nonobjective work refers to work that ____.
A) has been abstracted from a natural object
B) has no reference to the external appearance of the physical world
C) is not considered objectionable by anyone
D) has no material form but is merely conceived in the mind
Q7) What is a "Prairie House"? Page 19
Q6) Describe the Armory Show. How did it impact the American art scene of the early 20 century?
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Chapter 30: Modernism and Postmodernism in Europe and America, 1945 to
1980
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Q1) Because of the spontaneous and informal nature of Performance Art, which of the following was the primary medium?
A) the human body
B) newsprint
C) cheap paper
D) cardboard
Q2) Which of the following describes what artists working in the Post-Painterly Abstractionist style believed?
A) Abstract Expressionists had gone too far in removing social references from works of art.
B) Their works should contain no reference to the world outside their own compositions. C) They wanted to express religious feelings through simple forms.
D) They were deeply influenced by the work of African and pre-Columbian cultures.
Q3) Select three works of art or architecture and evaluate their significance. How does each respond to the issues of modernity and post-modernity? How are they relevant? How do they reveal the twentieth and twenty-first centuries?
Q4) How did these artists assert the feminist doctrine?
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Chapter 31: Contemporary Art Worldwide
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Q1) Compare and contrast three different examples of art works that have incorporated text. Discuss the role of text in each of their works in terms of its aesthetic value and message to the viewer.
Q2) How did the public react to Richard Serra's Tilted Arc as public art?
Q3) What heritage does the work of Jeff Koons show?
Q4) Compare and contrast the works of Kehinde Wiley and Marisol Escobar. How do each engage in a dialogue with art works from the past and what is their goal in doing so?
Q5) Hans Haacke's work, ____, demonstrated the connection between art and political and economic interests.
A) MetroMobiltan
B) Perilous Order
C) Ta Tele
D) Homage to Steve Biko
Q6) How is the work of the figural artists in this chapter similar to or different than their predecessors? What issues do they address in their approach to presenting the figure?
Q7) What does this work explore?
Q8) What does this work evoke?
Q9) How does Jenny Holzer respond to Post Modernism?
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Chapter 32: South and Southeast Asia, 1200 to 1980
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Q1) The Lotus Mahal exemplifies the stylistic crosscurrents that typify Indian architecture in the second millennium. Which of the following elements supports this statement?
A) stupa
B) distinctive multilobed arches
C) circular design
D) Buddha in his First Incarnation relief
Q2) What was the sentiment in India during the 19 century toward Western culture?
Q3) Which area of India resolutely resisted Mughal expansion?
A) central India
B) southeastern India
C) northwestern India
D) southern India
Q4) The Portuguese Jesuits presented the Royal Polyglot Bible to whom?
A) Jahangir
B) Akbar
C) Bichitr
D) Muhammad
Q5) How does the 16 century Vietnamese ceramic dish, two mynah birds on a flowering branch, reveal merged Chinese and Vietnamese heritages?
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Chapter 33: China and Korea, 1279 to 1980
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Q1) How does this reflect Chinese prosperity?
Q2) The Korean artist Chong Son was a great admirer of the Chinese Southern School of painting. Which of the following would describe the work of Chong Son?
A) controlled brush strokes
B) rigidly organized
C) expressive
D) precise
Q3) How does the work of the Korean artist Song Su-Nam reflect Abstract Expressionism?
Q4) During the Yuan Dynasty why was bamboo used to symbolize a Chinese gentleman?
Q5) Which of the following is a characteristic of literati painting?
A) polished example of the court style
B) follows the most current trends in painting style
C) appeals to a wide audience
D) personal conversation in pictures and words
Q6) When does the modern period begin for Korea?
Q7) What is the artist attempting to illustrate?
Q8) How does Shen Zhou express the virtue and character of his teacher in Loft Mount Lu?
Q9) Why was it significant that when this work was first exhibited it was anonymous? Page 24
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Chapter 34: Japan, 1336 to 1980
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Q1) Tokugawa rulers banned Christianity and all Westerners except which of the following?
A) Dutch
B) Germans
C) British
D) Americans
Q2) Zen emphasized rigorous discipline and personal responsibility. Which of the following groups showed a greater affinity for Zen teachings?
A) upper echelons of the imperial court
B) upper echelons of the warrior class
C) middle class merchants
D) sea-faring traders
Q3) How did Japanese performance artists incorporate action painting into their performances?
Q4) Briefly describe the function of a Zen temple.
Q5) How does this work reflect Rimpa School style?
Q6) Describe the style of the Katsura Villa.
Q7) What is the link between ukiyo-e and Buddhism?
Page 26
Q8) Briefly describe Japan in the 20 century.
Q9) Who was Ernest Fenollosa?
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Chapter 35: Native Arts of the Americas, 1300 to 1980
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Q1) The Inka imposed not only political and economic controls over the conquered populations but also artistic control as well. Which of the following was an example of their artistic control?
A) specific tattoos could only be used by the conquered B) absolutely no gold could be worn by the conquered C) the conquered had to wear local dress at all times D) the conquered had to pierce their lower lip and insert a silver disk to be worn at all times
Q2) Explain the ideas of sacrifice that lay behind this image.
Q3) How does this figure represent savagery and tenderness?
Q4) Tenochtitlán is laid out on a grid plan that is reminiscent of which earlier culture?
A) Olmec
B) Maya of Copan
C) Teotihuacán
D) Tula
Q5) What was the reaction of Cortés to the shrine of Huitzilopochtli?
Q6) What were the "flowery wars"?
Q7) How did the Inka control their empire?
Q8) What is the origin of Hopi Katsinas?
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Chapter 36: Oceania Before 1980
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Q1) Dynamic forms covered with intricate curvilinear designs are most typical of which of the following peoples?
A) Maori
B) Hawaiians
C) Arnhem Land aborigines
D) Rapa Nui people
Q2) How did the Hevehe cycle assist the Elema in their society?
Q3) How did these images represent their cultures?
Q4) Where is Arnhem Land?
A) central Australia
B) Hawaii
C) Irian Jaya
D) northern Australia
Q5) How did these images represent their respective communities and cultures?
Q6) How does Dilukai (Belau, Caroline Islands) celebrate woman's power?
Q7) Explain the concept of the life force in Oceanic cultures and how it affects the art forms. Use examples to support your essay.
Q8) How do the feather cloaks of Hawaii reflect its hierarchical society?
Q9) What was the purpose of tattoo?
Q10) The Iatmul men's house represents what function to the community? Page 29
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Chapter 37: Africa, 1800 to 1980
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Q1) Which of the following accounts for the partial secularization of the masking tradition in 20 century African societies?
A) increased Christianization of the peoples
B) urbanization of African societies
C) independence of African nations
D) tribal migrations
Q2) Which of the following describes how Mamy Wata appears in the dreams of her devotees?
A) as a small female child
B) as a voluptuously obese woman
C) as a wizened old woman
D) as an exotic temptress
Q3) What are waka sran?
A) masks of the Dead Ancestors, Baule
B) First Ancestors, Dogon
C) people of wood, Baule
D) Female Spirits, Mende
Q4) Describe the use of personal adornment to indicate social status in Africa. How does it reflect cultural values? Use examples to support your essay.
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