Ethnography Review Questions
Course Introduction
Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures from the inside out, employing qualitative research methods such as participant observation, interviews, and field notes to gain a deep, nuanced understanding of social practices, beliefs, and everyday experiences. This course explores the principles, methodologies, and ethical considerations of ethnographic research, teaching students how to design their own studies, collect and analyze data, and present their findings effectively. Through readings, case studies, and hands-on projects, students will develop the skills necessary to critically engage with diverse communities and to appreciate the complexities of culture in a globalized world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 3rd Edition by Nancy Bonvillain
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17 Chapters
1573 Verified Questions
1573 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jane Goodall is famous for her years of research on __________.
A) gorillas
B) the Inuit
C) chimpanzees
D) the Nuer
Answer: C
Q2) The clothing people wear, including bell bottom jeans, is an example of __________.
A) culture
B) material culture
C) symbolic culture
D) materialism
Answer: B
Q3) There are currently how many speakers of the Eyak language?
A) zero
B) six
C) twenty-seven
D) one
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Tibetan narrative describing the origin of the Tibetan people and two ethnic groups who live near them tells us that __________.
A) Tibetans regard themselves as people of courage and kindness
B) Tibetans dislike their neighbors, the Chinese and Tartars
C) Tibetans bury their dead in coffins
D) Tibetans regard themselves as being descended from a different founder than the Chinese and Tartars
Answer: A
Q2) By the 1950's, Kroeber and Kluckhohn had found more than __________ definitions of culture in anthropological literature.
A) 20
B) 50
C) 100
D) 150
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Studying Culture
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93 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A field of cultural anthropology that focuses on studying the lives of people living in cities or urban neighborhoods.
A) interpretive anthropology
B) reflexive anthropology
C) ecological anthropology
D) urban anthropology
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
A) relationships between members of households within a community
B) descriptions of food gathering techniques
C) sources of income
D) information about how people trace their genealogical relationships
Answer: C
Q3) One limitation to gathering information that is almost impossible to overcome is the __________ of the anthropologist.
A) language ability
B) gender
C) nationality
D) age
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Language and Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies have shown that __________ are more likely to assume a dominant posture.
A) women
B) teenagers
C) adults
D) men
Q2) The study of the internal structure of words and the combination of meaningful units within the word.
A) morphology
B) phonology
C) phonemics
D) phonetics
Q3) In many countries around the world, including Switzerland, students learn multiple languages in school with little difficulty, but in the United States many African-American students have historically had difficulty learning standard English. What is the idea of cultural resistance and how might this explain the difficulty?
Q4) What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Why have the most extreme versions of the hypothesis been rejected while milder versions are commonly accepted?
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Chapter 5: Learning Ones Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) What has research with the Kpelle of Liberia revealed about the relationship between culture and cognition?
Q2) Much vocational training in non-industrial countries takes place through __________.
A) children attending short cooperative programs
B) informally, by watching older siblings and adults
C) primary school only
D) apprenticeships
Q3) In early societies, __________ were the only children sent to schools.
A) boys
B) girls
C) children of the elite
D) children of peasants
Q4) The Western model of education is based strongly on __________.
A) group learning
B) individual achievement
C) students' supreme authority
D) homeschooling
Q5) How is gender identity structured in the Western world? Give a few examples.
Page 7
Q6) What is an initiation rite and what does it serve? Give an example.
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Chapter 6: Making a Living
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the basis of social etiquette in most foraging societies.
A) Conflict avoidance
B) Family cohesiveness
C) Contact avoidance
D) Communal sharing
Q2) The gathering together and then reallocation of food and resources to ensure everyone's survival is called __________.
A) reciprocity
B) a leveling mechanism
C) redistribution
D) subsistence
Q3) Horticulturalists try to produce enough surplus to __________.
A) be a buffer against a bad year
B) sell on the local market
C) last for three to four bad years
D) shift to full agriculture
Q4) How does the gender distribution of labor and the ability to own property affect gender relations across cultures and subsistence strategies?
Q5) What are some of the worldwide effects of industrialized agriculture?
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a market economy, money can be used to turn nonmaterial items such as labor into __________.
A) material items
B) commodities
C) class systems
D) social divisions
Q2) The __________ of the Pacific Northwest is an example of a redistributive network.
A) fur trade
B) potlatch
C) moka
D) market day
Q3) In capitalism, workers are dependent on __________ to organize and produce goods and services, sell their labor for wages or salaries, and produce a surplus value that the owners retain as profit.
A) consumers
B) owners
C) laborers
D) partners
Q4) List and explain the general features that characterize industrial agriculture.
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Chapter 8: Kinship and Descent
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are named groups of people who believe that they are relatives even though they may not be able to trace their actual relationships with all members of their group.
A) Lineages
B) Fictive kin
C) Patriclans
D) Clans
Q2) The __________ system gives separate kin terms to all kin relationships.
A) Omaha
B) Sudanese
C) Hawaiian
D) Crow
Q3) In patrilineal descent groups, women bear children for their husband's lineage and are __________ members of their own descent group.
A) the prime
B) important
C) secondary
D) temporary
Q4) What are unilineal descent systems? How do they vary from bilateral descent systems?
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Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do anthropologists define households? Families? (EVALAUTE)
Q2) Marriage between a widower and his deceased wife's sister.
A) serial monogamy
B) sororate
C) levirate
D) ghost marriage
Q3) How do levirate and sororate marriages differ? What are the benefits of these systems to family members?
Q4) Why did the Innu of Quebec practice polygyny?
A) The low status of women meant they were treated like property.
B) Trapping and warfare resulted in a population imbalance and a lack of men.
C) The Innu religion taught that it was preferred.
D) The Innu did not practice polygyny.
Q5) A period of months or years before or after marriage during which the husband performs labor for his wife's parents.
A) bridewealth
B) dowry
C) brideservice
D) courtship
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Chapter 10: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is defined as the care and sustenance of people who will be able to contribute productively to society.
A) Care giving
B) Childcare
C) Welfare
D) Social reproduction
Q2) In foraging societies, women's status __________.
A) is always higher than in non-foraging societies
B) is higher if they hunt
C) is higher in cases where they provide a greater percentage of caloric intake
D) is almost always very inferior to men's status
Q3) Provide an overview of Chinese gender relations from the traditional relations of the nineteenth century to the present.
Q4) Yanomamo women are dominated by men because __________.
A) strict religious doctrines demand male dominance
B) women have so many children to care for
C) women are excluded from all important aspects of food production
D) none of these
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Chapter 11: Equality and Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most powerful means of maintaining a social stratification in a society is
A) the use of military force
B) ideology
C) legal systems
D) threats
Q2) Which group of people has the highest poverty rates in the US?
A) African-Americans
B) Whites
C) Native Americans
D) Asians
Q3) What is race? How is race integrated into systems such as class and caste?
Q4) Define upward and downward mobility. Using the recent US economic downturn as an example, explain how downward mobility intersects with issues of class and race.
Q5) Marxist theories of social stratification rely on __________.
A) maximization of benefits for all members of society
B) internal conflicts between interest groups
C) the role of merit-based advancement in society
D) the role of external forces
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Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chiefdoms are stratified societies organized by __________.
A) semi-divine leaders
B) reciprocal economic functions that are unequal in benefits
C) warfare and conquest
D) kinship
Q2) The tendency for groups to split into opposing groups over political differences, or __________, can lead to turmoil, violence, and even revolution.
A) culture wars
B) rebellion
C) factionalism
D) class warfare
Q3) Which of the following traits are only found among state-level societies?
A) collaborative labor
B) bureaucrats help organize projects
C) large population aggregations
D) complex social organizations
Q4) Describe the transition of Tongan society from chiefdoms to a kingdom. What role did outsiders play? What role did Tongans play?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the Eastern Pomos, taking resources from someone else's land was NOT considered theft as long as which of the following was true?
A) permission was granted
B) it was not observed by an outsider
C) they were not plant resources
D) distant kin were the offenders
Q2) Participation in tribal warfare tends to be based on __________.
A) whether a person is in their period of military service
B) voluntary association
C) conscription
D) patriotism
Q3) Although polygynous and polyandrous marriage systems often cause jealousies and competition between co-spouses, in __________ marriage systems co-wives often become friends and allies.
A) matrilocal
B) patrilineal, patrilocal
C) arranged
D) matrilineal, matrilocal
Q4) Describe how conflicts are resolved in Semai society in Malaysia.
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are religious practitioners who acquire spirit power to diagnose the spirit cause of illness and effect cures.
A) Shamans
B) Diviners
C) Healers
D) Mediums
Q2) Which of the following is best described as a taboo?
A) Avoiding the ghosts of dead ancestors.
B) Performing certain rituals only on certain occasions.
C) Avoiding certain foods at certain times such as during pregnancy.
D) Failing to perform the correct rituals for honoring dead ancestors.
Q3) A funeral pyre is also known as __________.
A) a gathering after a funeral
B) an above-ground cremation
C) a waste of time
D) a cemetery
Q4) What are revitalization movements? Explain the distinctions between nativistic, messianic, and millenarian movements.
Q5) Discuss globalization's influence on the global spread of fundamentalism.
Q6) How are Islam, Christianity, and Judaism different from one another?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Sample Questions
Q1) A traditional Zuni performance sets stories off as __________.
A) artistic events
B) ceremonies
C) rituals
D) formal speeches
Q2) Toraja society is __________, and tourism has led to competition among formerly harmonious segments of society.
A) ranked
B) egalitarian
C) heterogeneous
D) non-violent
Q3) Although a national market for Navajo goods brought some prosperity, the Navajo also became __________.
A) uninterested in maintaining their ethnic identity
B) more interested in producing non-Navajo art
C) unable to afford materials for artistic goods as prices increased
D) vulnerable to market fluctuations in prices
Q4) What are the connections between art and ritual? How are the two mutually reinforcing? Why do you think such connections are so strong between art and ritual?
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Chapter 16: Colonialism and Cultural Transformations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ system in the Spanish colonies granted the use of land and the labor of any indigenous people on it to soldiers, priests, and settlers.
A) Peonage
B) Hacienda
C) Feudal
D) Encomienda
Q2) Originally residing in __________, the Lakota were a loose alliance of nations at the time of their first contact with French traders.
A) South Dakota
B) Quebec
C) Minnesota
D) Michigan
Q3) How have post-colonial governments generally dealt with indigenous peoples? What do you think are the reasons for this? How can indigenous people re-gain their rights?
Q4) Summarize the Spanish strategies used to conquer and administer colonies in the Americas to their economic advantage. How did the issues of landholdings, mining, intermarriage, and the mission system affect these strategies?
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Chapter 17: Living in a Global World
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are cultural or ethnic groups who have become minorities in their native lands due to migrations of other peoples into their territories or due to the historical configuration of a nation-state made up of diverse groups.
A) Minorities
B) Racial minorities
C) Cultural minorities
D) Ethnic minorities
Q2) In Sudan, Hausa immigrants recruited to work plantations, created the ethnic identity __________ in part in order to escape the disparaging ethnic label
A) Fellata, Takari
B) Joama, Fellata
C) Takari, Fellata
D) Takari, Joama
Q3) Women are preferred employees in maquiladora factories because __________.
A) they need to provide for their children
B) they have flexible schedules
C) they are willing to accept lower wages
D) they are more educated on average than men
Q4) What are the reasons for continuing increases of rural to urban migration?
Page 19
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