Ethnography Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Ethnography is a qualitative research method grounded in anthropology and sociology, focused on the systematic study of people and cultures through direct observation, participation, and immersive engagement in their everyday lives. This course introduces students to the principles, techniques, and ethical considerations of ethnographic fieldwork, emphasizing the collection and analysis of qualitative data such as interviews, field notes, and cultural artifacts. Through a blend of theoretical readings and hands-on research projects, students will learn how to craft ethnographic accounts that illuminate the lived experiences, social interactions, and belief systems of diverse communities, ultimately gaining deeper insight into the complexities of human behavior and societal structures.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 3rd Edition by Nancy Bonvillain
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a subfield of anthropology?
A) archaeology
B) social psychology
C) cultural anthropology
D) biological anthropology
Answer: B
Q2) What is the term for the aspect of cultural anthropology involved with observing and documenting people's way of life?
A) research
B) fieldwork
C) ethnology
D) ethnography
Answer: D
Q3) The Spanish colonization of South America in the sixteenth century A.D. is an example of __________.
A) culture change
B) civilization
C) globalization
D) comparative perspective
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
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Q1) Complex culture change, both internal and external, based on industrialism and a transnational market economy is called __________.
A) globalization
B) social evolution
C) culture history
D) modernization
Answer: D
Q2) __________ help to reduce, but do not eliminate, conflict and disagreement in societies.
A) Contracts
B) Laws
C) Cultural models
D) Cultural Skills
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is a naturalized concept in western societies?
A) That men and women are absolutely opposed gender sets.
B) That collective action is always beneficial.
C) That all persons wish to acquire greater wealth.
D) That Christianity is the only true religion.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Studying Culture
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Q1) Most early anthropologists during the 19<sup>th</sup> century __________.
A) conducted ethnographic fieldwork
B) ignored the accounts of travelers and missionaries
C) were unilinear evolutionists
D) were interpretive in their analyses of cultures
Answer: C
Q2) In response to the usual tendency to present peoples in anthropological writings as "others," anthropologists have in many cases turned to presenting __________ between themselves and the person in their research as their form of writing.
A) contests
B) dialogues
C) cooperation
D) contracts
Answer: B
Q3) In anthropology, fieldwork means __________.
A) having people answer questionnaires
B) compiling census data
C) conducting polls
D) living and interacting with the group of people under study
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Language and Culture
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Q1) Using the terms symbolism, displacement, and productivity, discuss what makes human language different from other, animal, communication systems.
Q2) Language change is constant and natural as __________.
A) languages borrow words from other languages
B) people lack education
C) new words and expressions are invented or discarded
D) people become more educated
Q3) What is a language family? Cognates? Loanwords? How does historical linguistics use these concepts to understand language change and the social reasons for it over time?
Q4) What steps did the Oakland Board of Education take in 1996 to improve the standard English reading comprehension of African-American students? Why was their statement on their policy mistaken? What was the outcome?
Q5) Learning Lodge participants believe language is essential for the survival of a tribe. Why?
A) without a language to speak there is no culture
B) people within the tribe will not be able to communicate without language
C) indigenous languages are important for the public to learn
D) Culture is based on language
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Chapter 5: Learning Ones Culture
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Q1) Culture as a whole is a __________ system.
A) symbolic
B) linguistic
C) relativistic
D) sociological
Q2) Age is an important factor for children because __________.
A) they cannot understand their status
B) they are more constrained than adults in behaviors they are allowed
C) they must live at home
D) they must always be accompanied by an adult
Q3) How do people in Inuit and Yoruba societies respond to mental illness? What do they recognize as mental illness? How are these two things different from the understanding of mental illness in the United States?
Q4) Compare and contrast the independent self with the interdependent self. Provide an example of a culture in which each of these self-concepts are stressed.
Q5) How do different attitudes about nursing, weaning, and sleeping arrangements affect young children? How are differences in these practices compatible with the needs of the cultures that employ them?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Making a Living
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Q1) Although certain key resources may be considered to be owned by a person or family in foraging societies, for example acorn groves by the Miwoks of California, owners
A) must grant formal requests by others to use the resource
B) must provide for the upkeep of the resource or risk loss of ownership
C) cannot sell any of the resource to others
D) must distribute excess foods from the resource with others when it is available
Q2) In pastoral societies, __________ tend to be individually owned while __________ is communally owned by family members.
A) dwellings, livestock
B) wives, land
C) animals, land
D) females, livestock
Q3) Explain what is meant when pastoralism is called a combined subsistence strategy. Give examples.
Q4) What is a leveling mechanism? What is its purpose? Give two examples of leveling mechanisms from foraging societies and one from pastoral societies.
Q5) What are some of the worldwide effects of industrialized agriculture?
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) Which of the following is an important difference between consumer spending in the developed, versus the developing, world?
A) Developing nations produce goods for much less than developed nations so consumers pay less.
B) When prices are scaled to incomes, there is little difference between consumer spending in the developing and the developed world.
C) Developing nations usually lack an industrial base so they pay more for imported goods than developed nations do.
D) Developed nations produce goods for much less than developing nations so consumers pay less
Q2) In contrast to developing countries, developed countries have only about __________ of children in the workforce.
A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 12%
Q3) Compare and contrast subsistence strategies among foraging, pastoral, horticulture, and agricultural societies.
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Chapter 8: Kinship and Descent
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Q1) A Mohawk household usually consisted of __________.
A) an elder man, his sons and their wives and children, and unmarried sons and daughters
B) an elder woman, her husband, their daughters and daughters' families, and the couples' unmarried sons
C) a nuclear family of a single married couple and their children, as well as possibly the man's grandparents
D) a woman and her sisters along with their families
Q2) In societies where __________ is the kinship system, individuals often choose the descent group that will advantage them the most in resources or power.
A) double descent
B) ambilineal descent
C) parallel descent
D) unilineal descent
Q3) All marriages obey some rules of both endogamy and exogamy. What do these two terms mean? What rules of endogamy and exogamy are common in the United States? Consider both formal and informal rules.
Q4) Using Aboriginal Australians as an example, explain totems in kinship systems.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) What is one reason that sororal polygyny might be preferred when a man will have multiple wives?
A) it reduces the costs of weddings
B) it expands kinship alliances among more families
C) it reduces the domestic workload of women
D) it reduces friction among wives at home
Q2) Castes are not __________ normally.
A) endogamous
B) polygamous
C) exogamous
D) clans
Q3) Discuss different explanations for the universal incest taboo. What do most anthropologists believe?
Q4) Why might a man in traditional Kwakwaka'wakw society designate a part of a son's or his own body as female and marry it to another man?
A) to form the strongest possible political alliance
B) to gain access to use rights to the "husband's" land
C) to allow wealth and titles to be inherited if the man had no daughters
D) to have a homosexual relationship publicly recognized
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Chapter 10: Gender
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Q1) Which of the following assumptions regarding the "man the hunter" model is likely false?
A) Bipedalism developed to free the hands for tool use.
B) Males were the primary hunters.
C) Males and females lived together in social groups.
D) Human ancestors ate meat.
Q2) How has the gendered division of labor changed for the Inuit people of the arctic?
A) there are no longer male- or female-typical jobs
B) women have higher-paid positions than men
C) wage labor positions are now available for both men and women
D) they maintain their traditional division of labor, but forage with advanced technology
Q3) The term __________ is now often used instead of berdache.
A) Two-Spirit
B) Man-Woman
C) homosexual
D) transvestite
Q4) Distinguish between the concepts of gender and sexuality, using transvestites and third-gender roles to explain your answer.
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Chapter 11: Equality and Inequality
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Q1) Contrast functionalist and Marxist explanations for social inequality. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each explanation?
Q2) Many thousands of untouchables have converted to __________ as a protest against their treatment under the caste system.
A) Hinduism
B) Islam
C) Christianity
D) Buddhism
Q3) When American people suffer downward mobility, they __________.
A) go against current ideologies
B) continue to follow prevailing ideologies
C) blame the system, rather than themselves, for failure
D) blame their economic hardship on immigration and other government policy
Q4) What is a stratified society? What political and economic systems tend to be correlates to stratification?
Q5) Explain the distinctions among prestige, ascribed status, and achieved status, giving examples of each.
Q6) Explain the concept of a ranked society using the Samoans as your example.
Q7) Discuss the situation of Burakumin as an outgroup in Japan.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Q1) According to the Short Woman narrative, how do the Cheyenne deal with wrongdoers?
A) they are banished from the community
B) they are publicly chastised for a year
C) they must give half of their food to the community
D) they are tried by a jury of their peers
Q2) Northwest Coastal Native American societies used __________ as a way of demonstrating chiefly generosity.
A) caucuses
B) celebratory feasts
C) rodiyaner
D) amhara
Q3) Which branch of anthropology would be concerned with how groups elect their leaders?
A) social anthropology
B) symbolic anthropology
C) political anthropology
D) economic anthropology
Q4) Describe the transition of Tongan society from chiefdoms to a kingdom. What role did outsiders play? What role did Tongans play?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Conflict and Conflict Resolution
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Q1) The Semai of Malaysia view men and women __________.
A) as good and evil polar opposites
B) as occupying male public and female domestic spheres
C) as being the same in terms of social personality
D) as behaving according to different rules of morality
Q2) __________ are rewards and punishments expressed through praise, ridicule, gossip, and the like.
A) Formal sanctions
B) Dominance hierarchies
C) Informal sanctions
D) Negative sanctions
Q3) Explain the role of conflict and the avoidance of conflict in dominance hierarchies among primates.
Q4) Participation in tribal warfare tends to be based on __________.
A) whether a person is in their period of military service
B) voluntary association
C) conscription
D) patriotism
Q5) In what ways did colonization and trade affect patterns of warfare among North American indigenous societies?
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Chapter 14: Religion
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Q1) Explain rites of passage in terms of Van Gennep's three step process by using an example from a society with which you are familiar.
Q2) What were cargo cults? What were the rituals and practices of cargo cults in general and what assumptions underlay them? What happened to cargo cults?
Q3) __________ is the most potent and sacred of all Dine symbols of life.
A) Blood
B) Corn
C) The eagle
D) The raven
Q4) What roles do different types of religious practitioners play in administering to the physical and psychological needs of the ill?
Q5) What social purposes do religious rituals serve? What personal purposes do they serve?
Q6) Western Apache girls undergo the nai'es ceremony at what point?
A) marriage
B) first menstruation
C) first pregnancy
D) the death of their mother
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Incan quipus were almost certainly used __________ but also may have had artistic dimensions as well.
A) as storage boxes
B) for record keeping
C) as alters
D) as temporary shelters
Q2) Often ethnic songs can be used to __________.
A) increase tension through competition
B) reduce tension through competition
C) entertain others
D) create individuality
Q3) Aesthetic conventions are __________.
A) biological
B) cultural
C) universal
D) apply only to paintings
Q4) Discuss how art is viewed in American society by comparing and contrasting art found at MOMA with that found at the National Gallery.
Q5) What are the commonalities and differences between oral and written literature?
Page 17
Q6) How have global commerce and tourism affected the arts of the Diné?
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Chapter 16: Colonialism and Cultural Transformations
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a land-grabbing tactic utilized by European colonizers?
A) Using the procedural legality of signing treaties with native leaders and establishing reservations.
B) Giving Native Americans full financial compensation for their land territories.
C) Resorting to intimidation and threat of military force, while offering no justification for their actions.
D) Forcing native representatives to sign land-cession agreements in exchange for debt forgiveness.
Q2) A consequence of the enormous native loss of life due to conquest and disease in Spanish America was __________.
A) an economic depression caused by lack of labor
B) a shift to agriculture and away from mining
C) the importation of African slaves
D) land grants to any Spaniards who would settle in the Spanish Americas
Q3) Discuss the political, economic, and social impacts of the slave trade on Africa. How do these issues affect modern-day Africa?
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18
Chapter 17: Living in a Global World
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Q1) Before Belgian colonial rule, the Hutus and Tutsis of Rwanda were not ethnic groups but __________.
A) clans
B) distinct tribal groups
C) political strata
D) linguistic groups
Q2) Most workers for multinational corporations in Malaysia are not union members because __________.
A) unions are illegal
B) unions rarely are able to improve working and wage conditions for workers
C) unions accept only males, but most workers are female
D) three years of steady employment are required for union membership but most workers are hired on six-month contracts
Q3) An important element of the created ethnic identity of Takari is __________.
A) a West African ancestry
B) Hausa ancestry
C) Islam mixed with animist beliefs in possession and spirits
D) fundamentalist Islam
Q4) What are the promises and dangers to indigenous peoples of ecotourism?
Q5) Why did the genocide in of 1994 occur in Rwanda?
Page 19
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