Ethnography and Culture
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Ethnography and Culture explores the fundamental methods and theories used to study cultures through direct engagement and immersive observation. The course introduces students to ethnographic research techniques, including participant observation, interviews, and fieldwork, while examining the ethical, practical, and interpretive challenges of representing other cultures. Students will learn how cultural norms, beliefs, and practices are recorded and analyzed, and will critically reflect on the role of the ethnographer in constructing knowledge. By engaging with classic and contemporary ethnographies, students will gain insights into the diversity of human experience and the importance of cultural context in understanding social life.
Recommended Textbook
Human Evolution and Culture Highlights of Anthropology 8th Edition by Carol R. Ember
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?
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Q1) A cultural anthropologist who spends a year or so living with,talking to,and observing people whose customs he or she is studying is known as a(n)__________.
A) ethnographer
B) archaeologist
C) ethnohistorian
D) linguistic anthropologist
Answer: A
Q2) How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?
A) It is broader in scope, both geographically and historically.
B) Anthropology has a more narrow focus on the cultural "other."
C) It has existed as a discipline longer than most other social sciences.
D) Anthropology has a less scientific approach than other disciplines.
Answer: A
Q3) Anthropologists are becoming more and more specialized. Does this specialization complement or weaken the historically unique anthropological perspective?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1.Explain the ways anthropologists are becoming more specialized,and why
2.Discuss the relationships between anthropologists and other scientists
3.Take a position (complements or weakens)and justify it
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Chapter 2: Research Methods in Anthropology
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Questions
Q1) Choose either ecological anthropology,interpretive anthropology,or Boasian anthropology.Describe what sorts of questions an anthropologist following this theoretical perspective would be interested in if they were to study the social life of American university students.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1.Appropriately define the focus of the chosen theoretical perspective
2.Give specific examples of what one might study,and explain why these topics are of interest
Q2) What should be taken into account when using ethnographic information from multiple cultures?
A) You should make sure that all of the information was gathered in the same time period.
B) It is important that all information was collected by the same anthropologist.
C) It is necessary for all of the cultures to live in the same type of environment.
D) You must ensure that all of the ethnographies are written from the same theoretical perspective.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Genetics and Evolution
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Q1) Which of these is a core principle of natural selection?
A) differential reproductive success
B) decreasing biodiversity
C) linear progression
D) increasing body size
Answer: A
Q2) Why do brothers and sisters not look exactly alike?
A) Each fertilized egg gets a random assortment of genes from the mother and the father.
B) While the egg cells all contain identical genetic material, the sperm cells have a great deal of variation.
C) Siblings have the same genetic combination, but their different environments when growing up cause them to look differently.
D) Boys tend to get more genetic material from their father, and girls tend to get most of their genetic material from their mother.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) Height,in a population,is determined by what two major influences?
A) heredity and environment
B) heredity and social class
C) social class and emotions
D) emotions and environment
Q2) Race is a highly controversial topic when applied to human differences.Why is it so controversial?
Q3) Which of these illnesses is due to an abnormality of the red blood cells?
A) sickle-cell anemia
B) Hodgkin's disease
C) Alzheimer's
D) HIV/AIDS
Q4) __________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.
A) Acclimatization
B) Coordination
C) Accustomization
D) Mutation
Q5) What factors-genetic,cultural,and environmental-account for variations in height?
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Chapter 5: Primates: Past and Present
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Q1) What other development around the end of the Cenozoic plays an important role in early primate evolution?
A) the emergence of angiosperm
B) the transition from dinosaurs to birds
C) the disappearance of mammoths
D) the dispersal of human populations
Q2) Which of the following animals is a prosimian?
A) lemur
B) baboon
C) spider monkey
D) chimpanzee
Q3) Which of these is a special dietary adaptation of the colobines?
A) they have an extended gut to help them digest leaves
B) they have modified incisors to help them gouge trees for sap
C) they have very long tongues so they can reach nectar inside flowers
D) they have developed immunity to most plant toxins
Q4) None of the Middle or Late Miocene apes seem to be particularly good candidates for the ancestor of the hominins.What evidence would be needed to identify a possible ancestral ape for our lineage?
Q5) List and explain the key traits that are characteristic of the order Primates.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The First Hominins and the Emergence of Homo
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Q1) The face of A.afarensis and other australopithecines juts forward due to
A) the presence of large teeth and jaws
B) their unusually small nose
C) their exceptionally large eye sockets
D) the position of the foramen magnum
Q2) Homo erectus dates from __________ million years ago.
A) 1.8
B) 3.8
C) 2.8
D) 4.8
Q3) The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.
A) food sharing
B) vegetarianism
C) bipedalism
D) pair bonding
Q4) Discuss how archaeologists know that something is a tool.What information can be determined from which methods? What areas of hominin lifestyles remain speculative?
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Chapter 7: The Emergence of Homo sapiens and the Upper
Paleolithic World
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Q1) How do anthropologists know that Native Americans originally came from Asia?
A) The two groups share biological features, such as tooth forms and blood type.
B) Both groups of people tend to have black hair and dark eyes.
C) There was no path available for migration other than the one from Asia.
D) Native Americans have many traditions and stories that relate to Asian culture.
Q2) How do we know that Paleo-Indians hunted mammoths?
A) One mammoth skeleton was found with multiple projectile points in it.
B) The Paleo-Indians painted caves with artistic depictions of mammoths.
C) Chemical analysis of their teeth indicates that mammoth meat was a part of their diet.
D) They had religious rituals involving the mammoth spirit.
Q3) How can archaeologists estimate the size of Upper Paleolithic settlements?
A) They consider the number of huts and hearths within each hut.
B) They count the number of bones in the community grave site.
C) They look at the size of the toolmaking sites at each community.
D) They consider the types of animals in the area and the number of people they could support.
Q4) How has our understanding of the relationship between Neandertals and humans changed over time?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Food Production and the Rise of States
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Q1) What is the relationship between states and food production?
Q2) The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.
A) Indus
B) Yangtse
C) Nile
D) Niger
Q3) Which modern type of home best approximates the homes in the city of Teotihuacán?
A) an apartment block
B) a suburban house
C) a mobile home
D) a country estate
Q4) By about __________ b.c.,archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations can be seen.
A) 3500
B) 4500
C) 5500
D) 2500
Q5) What are the consequences of state formation?
Q6) What is the relationship between broad-spectrum collecting and sedentarism?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Culture and Culture Change
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Q1) The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society,either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.
A) acculturation
B) stimulus diffusion
C) unconscious invention
D) enculturation
Q2) How does the everyday usage of the term "culture" differ from its academic definition?
A) The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired.
B) The academic definition reflects traits that are only possessed by a segment of the population.
C) The common usage deals only with patterns that have been passed down for generations.
D) The academic definition is narrower than the common usage.
Q3) Explain how cultural constraints regulate cultural norms by giving specific examples of both direct and indirect cultural constraints common to your own culture.
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Chapter 10: Communication and Language
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Q1) Pauses,shrugs,vocal communication,and facial expressions all contribute to __________.
A) paralanguage
B) metalanguage
C) symbolic language
D) body language
Q2) Which feature is shared by all creole languages?
A) the use of double negatives
B) a restricted set of color terms
C) an inclusion of gendered nouns
D) the use of a past tense
Q3) If a language has a basic color term for "yellow" it is most likely also to have a color term for __________.
A) red
B) orange
C) brown
D) green
Q4) Do you believe that grammar is universal? Support your answer with information learned from the study of pidgin,creole,and children's acquisition of language.
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Chapter 11: Economics
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Q1) All societies divide labor by what two factors?
A) gender and age
B) productivity and gender
C) class and productivity
D) age and class
Q2) Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?
A) Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.
B) Land is too expensive to own, so most foragers are forced to rent land.
C) Private ownership has historically led to too much conflict, so they abandoned the practice.
D) Foragers do not usually have a measuring system to equitably distribute the land.
Q3) Critically discuss the costs and benefits of having a market exchange economy.What advancements can be gained from this economic system? What social institutions are lost?
Q4) What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?
Q5) Give specific examples of how you,personally,have recently participated in generalized reciprocity,balanced reciprocity,redistribution,and market exchange.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Q1) What is the difference between power and prestige?
A) Power is the ability to make others do what they do not want to do, while prestige is being awarded particular respect or honor.
B) Prestige is the ability to make others do what they do not want to do, while power is being awarded particular respect or honor.
C) Power is having a higher economic status than others in your community, while prestige is having a more elite heritage.
D) Prestige is having a higher economic status than others in your community, while power is having a more elite heritage.
Q2) Before the caste system in Rwanda was overthrown,which was seen as the undesirable caste?
A) Twa
B) Hutu
C) Tutsi
D) Baganda
Q3) Does industrialization increase or decrease social inequality? Support your answer.
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Chapter 13: Sex and Gender
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Q1) According to the __________ theory,men tend to do more dangerous work because the loss of men is less disadvantageous reproductively than the loss of women.
A) expendability
B) economy-of-effort
C) compatibility-with-child-care
D) strength
Q2) To whom does the term transgender apply?
A) people who do not feel their assigned gender fits them well
B) anyone who is attracted to members of the same sex
C) men who dress in feminine clothing
D) women who take on aggressive, high-power jobs
Q3) How do we define status when discussing relative status of men and women? Discuss the use of this term,and the difficulties in comparing status cross-culturally.
Q4) How do the Chipewyan women combine hunting with the restrictions of child care?
A) They avoid hunting moose after their fourth or fifth month of pregnancy.
B) Only unmarried women hunt.
C) They hunt only small animals, like birds and rabbits, while breast-feeding.
D) Only post-menopausal women join in the hunts.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Marriage, Family, and Kinship
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Q1) Bride price occurs all over the world but is particularly common in __________.
A) Africa
B) East Asia
C) Europe
D) South America
Q2) In a unilineal descent system,an individual __________.
A) belongs to only one line of descent
B) belongs to two distinct lines of descent
C) may belong to multiple lines of descent
D) changes his or her line of descent several times throughout his or her life
Q3) Why does sexual competition appear to be higher among humans than other primates?
A) Unlike most other primates, human females are sexually receptive throughout the year.
B) Humans are more likely than other primates to live in multi-male, multi-female social groups.
C) Humans are particularly aggressive primates and more likely to compete through physical means.
D) There is a lower female to male ratio in human communities than in most other primate groups.
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Chapter 15: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) Which of these societies is an exception to the pattern that foraging societies are organized at the band level?
A) Northwest Pacific Native Americans
B) Aché in South America
C) !Kung in southern Africa
D) Inuit in Canada and the United States
Q2) In contrast to band societies,groups with tribal organizations tend to be __________.
A) food producers
B) egalitarian
C) nomadic
D) stratified
Q3) In the United States,leaders are generally __________.
A) wealthier than other citizens
B) from an impoverished background
C) from a minority ethnic group
D) former military commanders
Q4) Pre-colonial American societies had examples of both chiefdoms and states. Explain how you would distinguish between the levels of political organization,and give an example of each from the Americas.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Religion and Magic
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Q1) Outline the ways in which people interact with the supernatural.
Q2) How do morality-based religions and collective rituals influence a society?
A) They increase compassion and acts of kindness in groups of unrelated individuals.
B) They increase compassion and acts of kindness among kin groups.
C) They minimize antisocial behavior in groups of unrelated individuals.
D) They minimize antisocial behavior among kin groups.
Q3) What feature do fundamentalism movements in various religions have in common?
A) the quest for purity and traditional values in what is seen as an impure world
B) the shunning of modern elements, such as television, mobile phones, and the Internet
C) a belief that the end of the world is nearing, and that followers must prepare others for it
D) a willingness to participate in violence in order to convert new members to their faith
Q4) Analyze the different explanations put forth to explain the universality of religion.
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Chapter 17: The Arts
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Q1) Consider the forms of body decoration and adornment common to your own culture. What purposes might an anthropologist say that this body art fulfills?
Q2) When Westerners notice the change over time in the art of less complex societies,it is usually with a concern to __________.
A) whether the art is traditional or "tourist art"
B) whether the art was produced through fair trade practices
C) where the art was created, and by whom
D) the price of the piece, and its potential future value
Q3) The way a society __________ is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials.
A) views its environment
B) raises its children
C) plans for the future
D) divides its labor
Q4) The oldest known pieces of art to date are __________.
A) engravings from South Africa
B) statues from Germany
C) cave paintings in France
D) beads from the Indus Valley
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Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) According to several national studies conducted since 1975,physical violence and serious assaults on __________ decreased,while serious assaults on __________ did not.
A) children and wives; husbands
B) wives and husbands; children
C) husbands; children and wives
D) children; wives and husbands
Q2) The homicide rate is usually related to what social factor?
A) income inequality
B) high divorce rate
C) low literacy rate
D) economic downturn
Q3) What is the major cause of China's Hwang River floods?
A) deforestation
B) burst dams
C) farming on floodplains
D) too few dams
Q4) What social factors increase the likelihood of family violence?
Q5) How does homelessness in the United States compare to homelessness in other parts of the world?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) What criticism has been aimed at anthropologists acting as advocates for people who have been relocated?
A) Critics are concerned that the advocates only represent one point of view.
B) Some argue that the anthropologists are romanticizing indigenous lifestyles.
C) Critics believe that the anthropologists have unreasonable expectations.
D) Some feel that the advocates are too politicized to be effective.
Q2) Which of the following is a museum position typically filled by anthropologists?
A) collection manager
B) marketing director
C) financial manager
D) volunteer director
Q3) Why is the ritual aspect of many ethnomedical traditions so perplexing to Westerners?
A) There is an assumption in biomedicine that the mind is fundamentally different from the body.
B) We have no such rituals in our culture, and so do not understand why they are important.
C) There is evidence that ritual actually worsens the outcome of treatment.
D) Western cultures believe that the less fuss you make over an illness, the faster it will go away.
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