Ethnographic Methods
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Course Introduction
Ethnographic Methods explores the foundational techniques and approaches used to study cultures and social groups through immersive fieldwork. This course covers key aspects such as participant observation, in-depth interviewing, field note-taking, and ethical considerations associated with qualitative research. Students learn how to design and conduct ethnographic studies, analyze cultural patterns, and present findings in written and oral forms. Through readings, case studies, and hands-on projects, participants gain practical skills in interpreting the complexities of everyday life within diverse communities.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology A Global Perspective 8th Edition by Raymond Scupin
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although anthropologists study the unique features of diverse cultures, they also recognize the fundamental similarities among all peoples in the world.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A study of the garbage people throw away may reveal more about their lifestyles than surveys and interviews because:
A) Garbage is easier to analyze than survey data.
B) People will often lie about their bad habits.
C) Fieldwork in garbage dumps is less expensive.
D) Surveys and interviews are done by sociologists.
Answer: B
Q3) Interconnected hypotheses that offer general explanations for natural or social phenomena are called:
A) paradigms
B) theories
C) deductive methods
D) inductive facts .
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Human Evolution
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Q1) The theory of natural selection was arrived at simultaneously and independently by two different scholars.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Origin myths account for the ways in which supernatural forces and beings fashioned the world and all the living things.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The Cro-Magnon skeletal remains have been identified as a distinct race of human beings.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Scientific evidence indicates that the earliest hominids were not bipedal.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of symbols?
A) They are rooted deeply in genetic structure.
B) They are different for everyone.
C) They cannot be easily identified.
D) They are arbitrary but meaningful units we use to represent reality.
Answer: D
Q2) Real culture __________.
A) consists of what people say they do
B) consists of people's actual behavior
C) is the same as ideal culture
D) is impossible to document
Answer: B
Q3) Archaeologists are primarily concerned with interpreting and explaining past societies by examining the material culture remains left by a people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Process of Enculturation: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Claude Lévi-Strauss, in a book entitled The Savage Mind (1966), proposed that:
A) people in small-scale societies have different thought patterns than urban dwellers
B) it is impossible to compare logical systems of primitive and civilized societies
C) there is a universal, logical structure to all human cognition, regardless of culture
D) the thought systems of traditional, indigenous people are superior to our own
Q2) A condition known as "Arctic hysteria" is most common during:
A) long summer months when mosquitoes are most numerous
B) cold, dark winter months in small communities
C) periodic epidemics, when child mortality is high
D) long-distance canoe treks in search of game
Q3) An example of one way in which humans can make decisions to ignore or override basic needs would be:
A) telling a lie
B) abstaining from sex
C) running a marathon
D) sleeping late
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Chapter 5: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Semantics is the study of the meaning of symbols, words, phrases, and sentences in a language.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Scientists who study the behavior of animals in their natural setting are called:
A) behaviorists
B) naturalists
C) eco-researchers
D) ethologists
Q3) The concept of arbitrariness is in reference to how abstract words are as symbols.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Language is a system of symbols with standard meanings.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Could Neandertals speak in the same way as anatomically modern human beings?
Q6) Would it be possible to have a culture without a language?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Anthropological Explanations
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Q1) Anthropologist Franz Boas was a powerful advocate for unilineal diffusion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The view that society consists of institutions that serve vital purposes for its people is known as:
A) functionalism
B) structuralism
C) servitude
D) utilitarianism
E) beneficientism
Q3) Compare and contrast the perspectives of the neo-evolutionists, cultural ecologists, cultural materialists, and Marxists. Are these theoretical views similar in any manner, or are they mutually exclusive and contradictory in nature?
Q4) The term "functionalism" in anthropology refers to the notion that:
A) Ethnographers are competent observers of human culture.
B) Some societies are "functional" while others are "dysfunctional."
C) Cultural practices function to fulfill specific needs in a given society.
D) Culture is transmitted through functions like rituals and ceremonies.
Q5) How would a cultural materialist explain why Muslims don't eat pork?
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Chapter 7: Analyzing Sociocultural Systems
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Q1) Religion appears to be a cultural universal, although specific practices and beliefs vary significantly from culture to culture.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The two major types of families found throughout the world are the extended family and the nuclear family.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Part of the challenge for anthropologists in doing field research is adjusting to a different society and gaining a much better perspective of one's own society.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Both sex and gender are biologically determined.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the difference between legitimate and illegitimate political power? Give an example of each.
Q6) What are the benefits and limitations of conducting cross-cultural research?
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Chapter 8: Band Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do you perceive as some of the basic differences between your religious beliefs and those of foragers outlined in the text? Are there any similarities, or are the beliefs too disparate?
Q2) The term "hunter and gatherer" evokes for anthropologists a society:
A) whose economic, social, and political unit is the band
B) that exists as a large, sedentary community
C) that is organized as a tribe with a powerful chief D) that subsists on domesticated plants and animals
Q3) Anthropologist Richard Lee has estimated that the traditional !Kung San spent between days each week finding food.
A) 2 to 3
B) 4 to 5
C) 5 to 6
D) 6 to 7
Q4) Is private ownership of land a universal concept that applies to all societies across the world? How much variation in "ownership" is found among forager groups?
Q5) Reciprocity occurs only in egalitarian, non-stratified societies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Tribes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important belief underlying the practice of having a widow marry one of her brothers-in-law is that:
A) Her family should not have to return the bride price.
B) The rights of the deceased husband must be preserved.
C) All men should have more than one wife.
D) Widows should never have to live alone.
Q2) It has been suggested that the status of women in tribal societies:
A) is related to how much they contribute to the subsistence activities of the group
B) is correlated with the fact that they are the physically weaker sex and are easily exploited
C) increases when they are menstruating
D) is determined by age
Q3) The most common form of polyandry is , in which brothers share a wife.
A) risk taking
B) sibling polyandry
C) fraternal polyandry
D) levirate
E) sororal polygyny
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Chapter 10: Chiefdoms
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Q1) Food storage can directly affect political economy because:
A) Accumulation of surplus within households results in differences in social status.
B) Storage reduces the need to be economically productive.
C) It is essential for the survival of foraging societies dependent upon unreliable resources.
D) Food was a principal commodity in long-distance exchange.
Q2) Archaeologist Timothy Earle has challenged the hypothesis by Elman Service that chiefdoms arose through regional symbiosis. Earle suggests that the key factor in the evolution of chiefdoms was the:
A) exchange of limited, high prestige goods among local descent groups
B) development of a lineage organization that controlled access to the land
C) degree of political and economic control that was held over productive resources and labor
D) domestication of animals
E) rise of religious elite that eventually took control of the economy of a region
Q3) What was the role of supernatural forces in legitimizing the power of the chief? Illustrate your answer with specific concepts from ethnographic case studies.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Agricultural States
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following, which is NOT a stated reason for the collapse of state-level societies?
A) an innate, inevitable aspect of society
B) depletion of key resources
C) human mismanagement
D) climate change
E) people tired of repressive governments
Q2) Despite the domination by the state or landlords, the peasantry developed norms that emphasized community cooperation in production, distribution, and consumption. This system involved sharing food and labor with one another in a reciprocal manner to provide a form of social and economic security so that individual peasant families would not perish. This system is known as:
A) negative reciprocity
B) a moral economy
C) the Serf Social Security System
D) the reciprocal-surplus mode
E) the serf self-sufficiency system
Q3) What are the current theories concerning Aztec warfare? Discuss the unique position human sacrifice held in the Aztec religion.
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Chapter 12: Industrial States
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Q1) Since statuses are fixed in industrial states, individuals in these societies are unable to move into different social classes from which they were born.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Nationalism is a strong sense of loyalty to nation-states based on shared language, values, and culture.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define the term "feminism." What are the goals of feminists in industrialized states? Do you agree with these goals? Why or why not?
Q4) One of the most distinctive features of law in industrial societies is the proliferation of public and procedural law, referred to as:
A) tort law
B) administrative law
C) habeas corpus
D) litigation law
E) "sue anyone for anything" law
Q5) How does industrialization affect the family, kinship, marriage, and divorce?
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Chapter 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies
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Q1) What governmental policies contributed to the decline of Native American populations in the U.S.?
Q2) Bedouins, such as the Al-Murrah tribe of Saudi Arabia, are traditionally pacifists.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the principal beliefs of the Ghost Dance movement was that:
A) white people would go away
B) indigenous people would go to battle against ghosts
C) the world would come to an end
D) Hawaii would be ruled again by traditional chiefdoms
Q4) "Ethnocide" refers to the physical extermination of a particular group of people.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Mbuti Pygmies have adapted well to a lifestyle based on mining and farming.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the principal elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's "world-systems theory"? How has it been used in anthropology?
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Chapter 14: Globalization in Latin America, africa, and the Caribbean
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Q1) The most serious health problem faced by indigenous populations of the New World in the 16th century was:
A) infectious disease
B) malnutrition
C) alcoholism
D) mental illness
Q2) The typical Yoruba household consists of a man, his wife, and their unmarried children.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ethnologist Oscar Lewis undertook a cross-cultural study of poverty by studying slum dwellers in:
A) Mexico and Puerto Rico
B) Nigeria and Pakistan
C) Peru and Thailand
D) China and Afghanistan
Q4) The Afrikaners and the Boers of South Africa came from England.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia
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Q1) "Zionism" refers to:
A) the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
B) the concept of a Sunni Muslim "holy war"
C) Islamic fundamentalism as practiced in Egypt and Ethiopia
D) the movement to liberate the Middle East from European control
Q2) Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of an unsuccessful, violent rebellion against the Dutch colonial rule in Indochina.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam, was born in A.D. 570 in the city of:
A) Jerusalem
B) Babylon
C) Cairo
D) Mecca
Q4) The population of the People's Republic of China contains approximately 30 percent minorities.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intermarriage is one example of biological assimilation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "Nuyoricans" are Cuban immigrants who fled the Castro regime and settled in Florida.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During the period 1901-1920, most legal immigrants into the United States were from:
A) Latin America
B) Southern and Eastern Europe
C) Northern and Western Europe
D) Asia
Q4) Anthropologists have helped dismiss the notion of clearly bounded, racially-distinct populations of humans.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Two-thirds of African Americans subsist at or below the poverty level.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Contemporary Global Trends
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Q1) The Green Revolution has been successful in every part of the world where it has been implemented.
A)True
B)False
Q2) With the removal of government-controlled price restraints in Russia, the costs of food and other basic commodities went down.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the demographic transition theory? Do you think this model applies to all cultures in the world?
Q4) Thomas Malthus predicted that populations would grow much slower than the production of food and other resources needed to sustain the population.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to the demographic transition model, populations go through three stages of change in fertility and mortality rates.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 18: Applied Anthropology
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Q1) Researchers estimate that pot hunters may destroy up to 98% of sites predating the year 2000 by the middle of this century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In order to tolerate practices such as racism, child abuse, spouse abuse, homicide, torture, human sacrifice, and the mass murder (genocide) of Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals by the Nazis, one would have to abide strictly by the principle of:
A) lost causes
B) misplaced perceptions
C) ethical relativism
D) moral turpitude
E) immoral tolerance
Q3) Examine the concepts of cultural relativism and ethical relativism. Can an anthropologist be involved in applied anthropology and adhere to either of these principles or views? Are there any problems associated with an ethical relativist perspective?
Q4) Is there such a thing as universal human rights?
Q5) What is cultural resource management?
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