Ethics and Critical Thinking Exam Review
Course Introduction
Ethics and Critical Thinking explores the principles of moral philosophy and the fundamentals of logical reasoning, equipping students with the skills to analyze, evaluate, and construct arguments about ethical issues. The course covers major ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, and emphasizes their application to contemporary societal challenges. Through the study of logical fallacies and reasoning strategies, students learn to identify flawed arguments and enhance their problem-solving and decision-making abilities. The course encourages open-minded discussion, fostering the capacity for thoughtful reflection, responsible judgment, and effective communication in both academic and real-world contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Critical Thinking A Users Manual 1st Edition by Debra Jackson
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10 Chapters
215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Recognizing Arguments
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20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The people of Haiti have been in crisis since the earthquake on January 12.
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
Answer: B
Q2) Either banks are too cautious about lending to small businesses or the Federal Reserve is keeping money from the banks.
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
Answer: B
Q3) Mark has been late to work every day since he started working in our department.
A) Argument
B) Explanation
C) Neither an argument nor an explanation
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Analyzing Arguments
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many people advocate cutting free school lunch programs to save money, but that would be a terrible idea. Students cannot learn if they are hungry, and without these programs, many students would not have anything to eat prior to school.
Answer: P1: Students cannot learn if they are hungry.
P2: Without free school lunch programs, many students would not have anything to eat prior to school.
\(\therefore\)Cutting free school lunch programs to save money is a terrible idea. Issue: Whether cutting free school lunch programs to save money is a terrible idea
Q2) "Driving over the speed limit is against the law, and I know you don't want a ticket."
Which of the following claims represents the conclusion of this argument?
A) If you drive over the speed limit, you may get a ticket.
B) You don't want to get a ticket for speeding.
C) You should not drive over the speed limit.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Diagramming Arguments
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25 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gasoline prices will most likely continue to rise throughout the next decade. As a result, the US government ought to encourage drivers to move to electric vehicles, and it also need to encourage auto companies to phase out gasoline powered automobiles.
Answer: This passage contains an argument. The issue is whether the US government ought to encourage drivers to move to electric vehicles. The conclusion is that the US government ought to encourage drivers to move to electric vehicles. The premise is that gasoline prices will most likely continue to rise throughout the next decade. This passage contains another argument. The other issue is whether the US government needs to encourage auto companies to phase out gasoline powered automobiles. The conclusion is that the US government needs to encourage auto companies to phase out gasoline powered automobiles. The premise is that gasoline prices will most likely continue to rise throughout the next decade.
1. Gasoline prices will most likely continue to rise throughout the next decade. As a result, 2. the US government ought to encourage drivers to move to electric vehicles, and 3. it also need to encourage auto companies to phase out gasoline powered automobiles. 11ed2f3d_5a0d_fd71_9f96_3b331355fec0_TB4256_11
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Chapter 4: Detecting Fallacies
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hi, I'm Nick Jonas. Music inspires creativity and keeps kids in school. But there's thousands of kids without musical education. Don't let our music be silenced!-VH1 Save the Music
A) begging the question
B) appeal to ignorance
C) appeal to illegitimate authority
D) ad hominem
E) strawman
F) red herring
G) no fallacy committed
Q2) The Chinese government should encourage freedom of speech, because doing so would be a good idea.
A) begging the question
B) appeal to ignorance
C) appeal to illegitimate authority
D) ad hominem
E) strawman
F) red herring
G) no fallacy committed
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Preparing to Evaluate Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) In view of the fact that high school and college football players are at increased risk of brain damage associated with early onset dementia, most football players are probably at risk of such brain damage.
A) categorical argument
B) truth-functional argument
C) analogical argument
D) inductive generalization
E) causal argument
Q2) Our sales drive began losing steam two weeks ago. This is probably caused by the free prizes given by our competitor, because they initiated this particular free prize promotion at the beginning of last month.
A) categorical argument
B) truth-functional argument
C) analogical argument
D) inductive generalization
E) causal argument
Q3) Pear, plum, and apple trees are like apricot trees. Since pear, plum, and apple trees are good trees to plant for attracting hummingbirds, it's likely that planting apricot trees also attracts hummingbirds.
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Chapter 6: Evaluating Categorical Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shakira is a singer.
Q2) Since a few pizzas are Italian foods, and some Italian foods are expensive, a few pizzas are expensive.
Q3) School buses are the only vehicles exempt from seatbelt laws. So, a few private vehicles are not exempt from seatbelt laws.
Q4) Educated people have good manners, and no one who has good manners can be selfish.
Q5) All S are M.
No P are M.
All S are P.
Q6) Only staff officers are majors. Consequently, since staff officers are never privates, a few privates aren't majors.
Q7) The bill should be paid by whoever bought the item.
Q8) Not everyone who's tall plays basketball. This is because soccer players are tall, and not every soccer player is a basketball player.
Q9) Wherever you go I will follow.
Q10) All P are M
Some S are M
Some S are P
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Chapter 7: Evaluating Truth-Functional Arguments
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You cannot enter the chess tournament unless you are ranked.
A) R ~ C
B) C \(\lor\) R
C) ~ C \(\sqsupset\) R
D) ~ R \(\sqsupset\) ~ C
Q2) Psychologists at the University of Manitoba performed an experiment in which high school students who exercised before school did better in their early morning math class. The exercise was most likely the cause of the improvement in math, given that of the three groups of students in the study, only the students who exercised before math class showed improvement.
Q3) Susan is not going swimming. This is because if Susan goes swimming, then the tide must be going out, and the tide is not going out.
Q4) If managers plan to give themselves a raise, then they will either raise the pay of the analysts or they will ask for more money from investors. Therefore, since they neither raised the pay of the analysts nor asked for more money from investors, managers must not be planning to give themselves a raise.
Q5) \( \begin{array}{l}\mathrm{Q} \vee \sim \mathrm{E} \\\underline{ \sim \mathrm{Q}} \\ \therefore \sim \mathrm{E}\end{array} \)
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Chapter 8: Evaluating Analogical Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Start wearing your bicycle helmet! You would never consider riding in a car without a seatbelt, and riding a bicycle without a helmet is like riding in a car without a seatbelt. Both put your life a risk. Moreover, both are illegal.
Q2) The Crescent City School District has seen improved overall standardized test scores for Middle School students each year for the past five years. We thus have reason to believe, given the similarities between the Crescent City School District and the Windy City School District, that scores have improved in the Windy City School District as well.
Q3) Octopus defend themselves by ejecting ink from their bodies. We can expect, then, that squid also defend themselves by ejecting ink from their bodies. After all, both octopus and squid are mollusks and have blue blood.
Q4) All birds have feathers, and all Archaeopteryx dinosaurs have feathers. Therefore, amazingly, all Archaeopteryx dinosaurs are birds. What a concept!
Q5) Both physicians and school teachers can change people's entire lives. Given that teachers may be paid according to how well their students learn what is being taught, physicians may be paid according to how well their patients do after receiving treatment.
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Chapter 9: Evaluating Inductive Generalizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which inductive generalization is stronger?
A) In a recent survey of 500 people at the Spring Valley mall, the vast majority declared that a college education was a valuable aid to having a good life. Therefore, most Spring Valley residents think that having a college education will help them have a good life.
B) In a recent survey of 25 people at the Spring Valley mall, the vast majority declared that a college education was a valuable aid to having a good life. Therefore, most Spring Valley residents think that having a college education will help them have a good life.
Q2) According to the writers at Fortune, insider trading is inevitable. However, if that were true, then there wouldn't be laws against it, and insider trading is illegal.
Q3) Which inductive generalization is stronger?
A) Our university's women's basketball team has won its last three games. Thus, it seems obvious that the team will repeat as champions this year.
B) Our university's women's basketball team has won its last six games. Thus, it seems obvious that the team will repeat as champions this year.
Q4) I tend to live in the past because most of my life is there.-Herb Caen
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Chapter 10: Evaluating Causal Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which causal argument is stronger?
A) The swim team had better overall results in their last meet. It seems likely that the reason for the good performance was taking a day off from practice right before the meet. This was the only difference between their practice sessions for this meet and other meets-they maintained the same practice schedule every other day in the week. Thus, taking a day off before the meet must have caused the improved swim team performance.
B) The swim team had better overall results in their last meet. It seems likely that the reason for the good performance was taking a day off from practice right before the meet. This was the only difference between their practice sessions for this meet and other meets. Thus, taking a day off before the meet must have caused the improved swim team performance.
Q2) It's clear that Egyptian plain clothes police provocateurs caused the violence in Tahrir Square since the violence in the square resulted from Egyptian police not in uniform.
Q3) The peer educator program has been quite effective in reducing the rate of teen pregnancy in two Illinois high schools. This conclusion follows from the fact that the rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in both schools, and both have new peer educator programs.
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