Essentials of Nutrition Exam Review
Course Introduction
Essentials of Nutrition provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of human nutrition. The course explores the structure, function, and sources of major nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, as well as their roles in maintaining health and preventing disease. Students will learn about digestion, absorption, and metabolism, dietary guidelines, energy balance, and the impact of nutrition throughout the human lifespan. Emphasis is placed on critically evaluating nutritional information, making informed dietary choices, and understanding current issues in nutrition science and public health.
Recommended Textbook
Nutrition An Applied Approach 5th Edition by Janice
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30 Chapters
1904 Verified Questions
1904 Flashcards
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Page 2
J. Thompson
Chapter 1: Nutrition: Linking Food and Health
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89 Verified Questions
89 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the group given a specific treatment or intervention during an experiment called?
A) the experimental group
B) the control group
C) the double-blind group
D) the study population
Answer: A
Q2) One of the earliest developments in the field of nutrition linking nutritional deficiency to illness was the discovery that eating citrus fruits prevents A) pellagra.
B) cancer.
C) scurvy.
D) strokes.
Answer: C
Q3) Nutrigenomics is an ancient specialty area of nutritional research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Designing a Healthful Diet
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provided on the Nutrition Facts panel,the percent daily values (%DVs)section tells the consumer how much one serving of the food or beverage contributes to the recommended overall daily intake of nutrients.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) MyPlate cannot be used to create a healthful eating plan for vegetarians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The USDA Food Patterns recommends that a healthful diet contain foods from which of the following groups?
A) carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
B) nuts and legumes, fats, and dairy
C) grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and protein
D) starches, meats and meat substitutes, vegetables, fruits, milk, and fats
Answer: C
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The presence of any bacteria in the large intestine indicates a disordered condition that can be fatal if left untreated.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What is the cephalic phase?
A) earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food
B) phase in which the semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine
C) phase in which the majority of absorption occurs, primarily occurring in the small intestine
D) final phase of digestion in which the large intestine and rectum prepare the undigested components of food for elimination
Answer: A
Q3) Reflux of gastric juice into the lower esophagus always causes heartburn.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Carbohydrates: Plant-Derived Energy Nutrients
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be the BEST choice for someone trying to reduce added sugar intake?
A) cranberry juice
B) half a cup of sliced strawberries
C) caramel apple yogurt
D) canned pears in heavy syrup
Q2) Foods in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in that food are known as
A) enriched.
B) fortified.
C) genetically modified.
D) processed.
Q3) The condition in which infected pockets form on the wall of the large intestine is known as
A) celiac disease.
B) Crohn's disease.
C) colon cancer.
D) diverticulosis.
Q4) Identify your own AI for fiber and at least three ways you can incorporate more fiber into your diet.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Fats: Essential Energy-Supplying Nutrients
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Sample Questions
Q1) What role do polyunsaturated fatty acids play in the brain and spinal cord?
A) They regulate calcium levels within normal ranges.
B) They help transmit information between cells.
C) They act as carriers, enabling active transport of nutrients into cells.
D) They block the production of vessel-clogging cholesterol.
Q2) If the label on a package of refrigerator rolls indicates that the product contains partially hydrogenated oils,it will almost assuredly contain trans fats.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A stick margarine made from partially hydrogenated corn oil will almost certainly have more trans fatty acids than butter.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the role that fats play in the structure of a cell and its primary functions.
Q5) Explain the relationship between lipids and fats.Are sterols fats? Why or why not?
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Chapter 6: Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body
Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) To conserve body protein for its vital functions and not use it to provide energy,you should
A) eat adequate amounts of carbohydrate and fat.
B) obtain at least 40% of your total energy from protein.
C) engage in strength training at least three times a week.
D) eat meat daily.
Q2) What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body?
A) the body's need for a protein
B) the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell
C) the number of essential amino acids available
D) the combination of proteins consumed in the diet
Q3) Sheldon consumes mostly fruits,legumes and other vegetables,grains,nuts,and seeds,but he often eats eggs,yogurt,and cheese as well.Once or twice a week,he eats a meal containing meat,poultry,and/or fish.Sheldon consumes a
A) vegan diet.
B) macrobiotic diet.
C) plant-based diet.
D) lacto-ovovegetarian diet.
Q4) Explain the roles of pepsin and proteases in the chemical digestion of proteins.
Q5) Discuss the health benefits associated with becoming a vegetarian.
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Chapter 7: Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte
Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) We consume the majority of our dietary chloride from fruits and vegetables.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Phosphorus is a negatively charged electrolyte.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Congestive heart failure and kidney disease are risk factors for hypernatremia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe four primary roles that water plays in the proper functioning of the body.
Q5) Water moves freely in and out of cells.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The water that comes from lakes,rivers,and reservoirs is characterized as what kind of water?
A) surface
B) ground
C) spring
D) distilled
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Chapter 8: Nutrients Essential to Key Body Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Excessive consumption of vitamin A supplements can be highly toxic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A free radical is highly unstable because it has an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define coenzymes and describe their primary functions.Give two examples of how the B-vitamins act as coenzymes during energy metabolism.
Q4) The most potent form of vitamin E is
A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) beta-tocopherol.
C) delta-tocopherol.
D) gamma-tocopherol.
Q5) Only the retina's rod cells,and not its cone cells,require retinal.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The acid form of vitamin A is retinal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Nutrients Essential to Healthy Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the MOST abundant mineral in our body?
A) calcium
B) iron
C) phosphorus
D) fluoride
Q2) A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton?
A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis
D) kyphosis
Q3) Excessive zinc supplementation has been shown to reduce immune function.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Consuming excessive amounts of calcium supplements can lead to mineral imbalances.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How does bone serve as a "calcium bank" for the body?
Q6) Explain the link between inadequate consumption of vitamin C and bleeding gums.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Achieving and Maintaining a Healthful Body Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ghrelin is a(n)
A) gastric hormone that stimulates appetite.
B) intestinal hormone that raises insulin concentrations.
C) hormone produced by adipose cells that decreases appetite.
D) liver enzyme that promotes the excretion of fat.
Q2) The energy we expend to maintain respiration and circulation is known as the energy cost of physical activity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A person with which of the following BMI values has the highest increased risk for premature mortality?
A) 40 kg/m²
B) 30 kg/m²
C) 25 kg/m²
D) 18.5 kg/m²
Q4) Because vitamins and minerals have no energy value,they can be disregarded when calculating a day's total energy intake.
A)True
B)False
12
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Chapter 11: Nutrition and Physical Activity: Keys to Good Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most athletes consume sufficient dietary protein to support their physical activity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When does the body experience the highest rates of glycogen storage?
A) 8 hours prior to exercise
B) during high-intensity exercise
C) 4 to 6 hours after exercise
D) 24 hours after exercise
Q3) Because carbohydrate loading is not associated with adverse effects,it is recommended for most athletes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The increase in muscle strength and size that occurs with strength training is known as
A) atrophy.
B) hypertrophy.
C) flexibility.
D) resistance.
Page 13
Q5) Discuss the health benefits of regular physical activity.
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what you are buying when you buy certified organic foods.
Q2) On food packaging,the use by date is the
A) last date on which a product can be sold and still maintain its quality during normal home storage.
B) last date that a food will maintain its best flavor and quality.
C) last date on which a food is recommended for consumption.
D) date on which the food should be frozen or discarded.
Q3) Which of the following would NOT help reduce exposure to bisphenol A (BPA)?
A) reducing consumption of canned foods
B) using plastics marked with recycling codes 3 or 7 when microwaving foods
C) avoiding use of scratched plastic containers
D) using stainless steel containers for storing food and beverages
Q4) In which of the following foods would Clostridium botulinum be MOST likely to flourish?
A) an open jar of pasta sauce left unrefrigerated
B) raw honey
C) raw eggs, stored on the counter
D) unwashed lettuce
Page 14
Q5) Identify and explain two reasons that foodborne illness is of increasingly critical concern in the United States.
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Chapter
Challenge of Good Food
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a benefit of school gardening programs?
A) teach children about nutrition and cooking
B) expose children to new fruits and vegetables
C) produce healthful foods for school cafeterias
D) decrease corporate investment in sustainable agriculture
Q2) Currently,the world's population is
A) about 970 million.
B) about 7 billion.
C) about 9.7 billion.
D) about 70 billion.
Q3) Which of the following is a simple food strategy you can follow to help preserve natural resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
A) carbohydrate loading
B) high-protein diet
C) fish Fridays
D) meatless Mondays
Q4) About 1 in every 100 children in the United States experiences hunger.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Nutrition Through the Lifecycle: Pregnancy and the
First Year of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infants over 6 months of age may safely be given cow's milk.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Colostrum,which is rich in protein,micronutrients,and antibodies,is replaced by mature milk in about
A) 1 to 2 days.
B) 2 to 4 days.
C) 4 to 6 days.
D) 6 to 9 days.
Q3) During pregnancy,what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?
A) none
B) one drink a month
C) one drink a week
D) one drink a day
Q4) Discuss the benefits of exercise during pregnancy and the precautions required.
Q5) Identify and describe the main components of a healthy diet for pregnant women.
Q6) Once the placenta has formed,the fetus's and mother's blood supplies will mix.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Identify the hormones that regulate lactation and describe their functions. Page 16
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Chapter 15: Nutrition Through the Lifecycle: Childhood to Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding supplements for elderly individuals is TRUE?
A) Older adults have an increased need for dietary fiber to promote regular bowel function; therefore, it is recommended that they consume a fiber supplement.
B) Older adults who do not receive regular and adequate exposure to sunshine may benefit from taking a vitamin D supplement.
C) Supplemental vitamins C and E are critical for reducing oxidative stress.
D) Calcium requirements are higher for adults over age 70 than for any other age group.
Q2) The CDC defines class 2 obesity in children as having a BMI-for-age at or above what percentile?
A) 85th
B) 95th
C) 120% of the 95th
D) 140% of the 95th
Q3) The fluid needs of adolescents are higher than those of children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare the benefits and risks of feeding a vegan diet to a young child.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: New Frontiers in Nutrition and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prebiotics contribute to health by
A) stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial GI flora.
B) adding lipids to the lining of the GI tract.
C) adding protein and liquid to the GI tract to increase its activity.
D) decreasing lipid metabolism.
Q2) The microorganisms in the gastrointestinal (GI)tract benefit our health by A) serving as "tags" in diagnostic tests for digestive diseases.
B) enable us to digest food and absorb nutrients that otherwise would be unavailable.
C) promoting the inflammatory response.
D) synthesizing all four of the fat-soluble vitamins.
Q3) Which of the following would provide the most effective dose of live and active bacterial cultures?
A) 1 teaspoon of inulin
B) 1 cup of yogurt
C) 1 cup of tofu
D) 1 cup of wine
Q4) Epigenetic factors actually change the structure of our DNA.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Healthful Eating Patterns
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Sample Questions
Q1) About what percentage of Americans has at least one chronic disease related to an unhealthful eating pattern and low levels of physical activity?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 50%
Q2) How does the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine's Power Plate differ from MyPlate?
A) Power Plate calls for more servings of dairy.
B) Power Plate includes only plant-based foods.
C) Power Plate recommends refined grains.
D) Power Plate recommends chicken and fish rather than tofu and legumes.
Q3) The Mediterranean diet is rich in phytochemicals,probiotics,and prebiotics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Power Plate is high in dietary fiber.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Disorders Related to Specific Foods
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you believe you have nonceliac gluten sensitivity,you should
A) stop eating gluten-containing foods immediately.
B) ask your doctor for a blood test to check for celiac disease.
C) ask your doctor for a skin or blood test to check for wheat allergy.
D) increase your consumption of gluten-containing foods to see if your symptoms worsen.
Q2) Food intolerances usually occur because
A) the person's small intestine does not produce enough of a digestive enzyme needed to break down the offending food.
B) the person's immune system produces antibodies against a food component, usually a protein, as if it were harmful.
C) the person's immune system provokes inflammation of the villi of the small intestine whenever the person consumes the offending food.
D) the person's neuromuscular system prompts waves of backwards peristalsis in response to consumption of the offending food.
Q3) Celiac disease is linked to specific gene markers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Diabetes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Currently insulin therapy is the only treatment for type 1 diabetes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Type 2 diabetes shares many of the same symptoms as type 1 diabetes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Losing as little as 10 to 30 pounds can reduce or eliminate the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A glucometer is a device for measuring blood glucose levels.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is associated with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes?
A) lack of any symptoms
B) obesity
C) being prone to ketosis
D) constant hunger
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Chapter 20: Cardiovascular Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) One out of every ten deaths from coronary heart disease is due to smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fatty streaks in blood vessels indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Blood triglyceride levels are decreased by
A) regular exercise.
B) a diet high in added sugars.
C) regular blood pressure screening.
D) a high-cholesterol diet.
Q4) Plaque minimizes the accumulation of cholesterol at the sites of damaged blood vessels.
A)True
B)False
Q5) High blood levels of HDL-cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Vitamins and Minerals: Micronutrients With
Macro Powers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ultra-trace minerals are required in amounts less than 1 mg per day.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The human body can synthesize small amounts of which two fat-soluble vitamins?
A) vitamin B and vitamin C
B) vitamin D and vitamin K
C) vitamin E and vitamin A
D) thiamin and niacin
Q3) Which of the following were once referred to as accessory factors?
A) coenzymes
B) binding factors
C) vitamins and minerals
D) supplements
Q4) Which of the following,found in high-fiber foods,inhibits the absorption of iron and zinc?
A) heme
B) oxalic acid
C) phenol
D) pyridoxine
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Chapter 22: Alcohol
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Sample Questions
Q1) Irregular breathing,cold and clammy skin,and loss of consciousness are all signs of A) alcoholic hepatitis.
B) alcohol dependence.
C) fatty liver.
D) alcohol poisoning.
Q2) If someone passes out after a night of hard drinking,he or she should be left alone to "sleep it off."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Women absorb a greater percentage of a given alcohol intake as compared to men of the same size.
A)True
B)False
Q4) On average,a healthy adult can metabolize the equivalent of how many drinks per hour?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
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Chapter 23: Cancer
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Sample Questions
Q1) The site in which cancer develops,the aggressiveness of the cell type,and the stage at which the cancer is detected all influence a cancer patient's clinical A) promotion.
B) prognosis.
C) progression.
D) praxis.
Q2) A physician who specializes in the treatment of patients with cancer is called A) an oncologist.
B) a radiologist.
C) an internist.
D) a rheumatologist.
Q3) Cooking meat at high temperatures can result in the formation of A) nitrates.
B) phytoestrogens.
C) heterocyclic amines.
D) nitrosamines.
Q4) Approximately half of all cancers are strongly hereditary. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Osteoporosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cindy is 63 years old and at risk for osteoporosis.Which of the following nutrients would be the MOST important to consume in adequate amounts to preserve bone mass?
A) calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride
B) omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A, D, E, and K
C) omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, and vitamin D
D) protein, calcium, and vitamin D
Q2) Which of the following would be good advice to offer someone who is planning to take a calcium supplement?
A) Select a calcium carbonate supplement as it contains the most calcium per dose.
B) Select a calcium supplement that provides at least 1,000 mg calcium per pill.
C) Look for a calcium supplement that is labeled "natural" and is made from oyster shell or bone meal.
D) Take your calcium supplement on an empty stomach to increase absorption.
Q3) There is a strong genetic component in bone mineral density.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Obesity
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an effective long-term treatment for obesity?
A) regular, vigorous exercise and a nutritious, reduced-Calorie diet
B) gastric bypass
C) gastric banding
D) liposuction
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a reason that bariatric surgery fails to achieve long-term weight loss for most people?
A) chronic diarrhea and vomiting
B) inability to maintain reduced consumption over time
C) gradual enlargement of the stomach pouch
D) loosening of staples or gastric bands
Q3) A common side effect of prescription weight-loss medications that reduce appetite and increase feelings of fullness is
A) daytime sleepiness.
B) increased heart rate.
C) kidney failure.
D) liver damage.
Q4) Inflammation is one of the nine cardiometabolic risk factors.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 26: Disorders Related to Body Image, Eating, and Exercise
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Q1) The loss of tooth enamel seen in bulimia nervosa is due to the insufficient intake and excessive loss of calcium.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of bulimia nervosa?
A) frequent episodes of extreme overeating followed by purging
B) frequent and uncompensated episodes of extreme overeating
C) restrictive eating pattern
D) intense fear of weight gain
Q3) Body dysmorphic disorder is a psychiatric condition.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT associated with binge-eating disorder?
A) purging
B) obesity
C) depression
D) low self-esteem
Q5) Many people with bulimia nervosa maintain a normal weight.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 27: The Safety and Effectiveness of Dietary Supplements
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Q1) A dietary supplement would NOT contain
A) vitamins and minerals.
B) herbs or other botanicals.
C) amino acids.
D) aspirin.
Q2) Which of the following herbs is associated with the risks of high blood pressure,irregular heartbeat,and heart attack?
A) chamomile
B) ephedra
C) willow bark
D) kava
Q3) The FDA must find a supplement unsafe before it can remove the supplement from the market.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Dietary supplements are NOT substitutes for a healthful diet.
A)True
B)False
Page 30
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Chapter 28: Malnutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mariela was raised in such extreme poverty that undernourishment stunted her growth.Now,as an adult,she is able to afford adequate food,and is in fact obese.This situation is referred to as
A) the nutrition paradox.
B) the overnutrition dilemma.
C) the fetal origins of adult disease theory.
D) epigenetic programming.
Q2) The three micronutrient deficiencies of greatest concern in impoverished countries are
A) calcium, iron, and thiamin.
B) folate, vitamin D, and iodine.
C) iron, iodine, and vitamin A.
D) vitamin E, iron, and calcium.
Q3) All nations around the world have been exposed to a nutritional transition over the past 30 years.
A)True B)False
Q4) Zinc deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. A)True B)False
31
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Chapter 29: The Fetal Environment
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Q1) The offspring of Dutch mothers who experienced wartime famine during their first trimester showed an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research into the fetal origins of adult disease suggests that
A) maternal nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy have no effect on the fetus.
B) the harmful effects of prenatal exposure to famine can be reversed if followed by high nutrient intakes shortly after birth.
C) prenatal exposure to famine affects the health of the offspring as well as the health of their children.
D) low birth weight among babies exposed to famine in utero reduces cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood.
Q3) Some of the earliest evidence for the fetal origins theory came from A) France.
B) South Africa.
C) Japan.
D) the Netherlands.
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Chapter 30: Searching for the Fountain of Youth
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A drawback of Calorie restriction is that
A) it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
B) it may result in infertility.
C) many people who follow it complain of frequently feeling hot.
D) it is not thought to be effective in women.
Q2) Intermittent fasting (IF)involves
A) reducing one's average energy intake.
B) avoiding all empty-Calorie foods every other day.
C) consuming no Calories at least one day of each week.
D) altering one's pattern of food intake.
Q3) Antioxidant supplements have not been shown to slow aging and may actually be harmful.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following has been linked to human growth hormone (HGH)supplements?
A) joint and muscle pain
B) increased longevity
C) lower blood cholesterol levels
D) reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes
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