Epidemiology Test Bank
Course Introduction
Epidemiology is the study of how diseases and health-related events are distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution. This course explores key concepts such as disease incidence and prevalence, measures of association, study designs (including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies), and strategies for disease prevention and control. Students will learn to apply epidemiological methods to investigate outbreaks, understand risk factors, assess the effectiveness of health interventions, and inform public health policy decisions. Through lectures, case studies, and practical exercises, students will gain critical skills in interpreting data and drawing evidence-based conclusions about patterns of health and disease in diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
Gordis Epidemiology 6th Edition by Celentano
ScD MHS
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19 Chapters
150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) This historic character observed that childbed fever mortality was more common among women treated by physicians and medical students compared with women treated by midwives.Based on his observations,he implemented a hand wash policy that resulted in a decrease in mortality.Name the character that we are talking about.
A) John Snow
B) Edward Jenner
C) D.A. Henderson
D) Leon Gordis
E) Ignaz Semmelweis
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
A) Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year
B) Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
C) Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy
D) Sexual education program in elementary schools
E) Increasing taxes for buying cigarettes
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most accurate definition of the incubation period (of an infectious disease)?
A) The time of onset of clinical illness or the onset of recognizable symptoms
B) The interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness (the onset of recognizable symptoms)
C) The time of invasion by an infectious agent
D) The time between initiation of infection and first shedding or excretion of the agent
E) The period between exposure and the onset of infectiousness
Answer: B
Q2) What is the name of the occurrence of a clearly higher than expected number of cases of a disease within a limited geographical region?
A) Pandemic
B) Epidemic
C) Endemic
D) Zoonosis
E) Attack rate
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: The Occurrence of Disease: Idisease
Surveillance and Measures of Morbidity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the most accurate definition?
A) Active surveillance often gathers disease data from all potential reporting health care providers.
B) Passive surveillance provides stimulus to health care providers in the form of individual feedback or other incentives.
C) Sentinel surveillance is a type of surveillance based on selected population samples chosen to represent the relevant experience of particular groups.
D) Active surveillance is continuous analysis, interpretation, and feedback of systematically collected data, generally using methods distinguished by their practicality, uniformity, and rapidity rather than by accuracy or completeness.
E) Passive surveillance is an observational investigation, usually descriptive, in which information is systematically collected.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Occurrence of Disease: II Mortality and Other Measures of Disease Impact
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),during the Ebola outbreak of 2014 in West Africa,there were a total of 14,124 Ebola cases in Sierra Leone and 3,956 deaths due to Ebola.What was the case fatality rate in that country?
A) 3.5%
B) 22%
C) 28%
D) 3,956
E) 14,124
Q2) For a disease such as seasonal influenza,which is less fatal and of short duration?
A) Incidence rates and mortality rates will be similar.
B) Mortality rates will be much higher than incidence rates.
C) Incidence rates will be much higher than mortality rates.
D) Incidence rates will be unrelated to mortality rates.
E) None of the above.
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6
Chapter 5: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
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14 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about specificity is the most accurate?
A) The probability that a diseased person (case) in the population tested will be identified as diseased by the test.
B) The probability that a person without the disease (noncase) in the population tested will be identified as nondiseased by the test.
C) The probability that a person identified as diseased by the test will be a diseased person (case) in the population.
D) The probability that a person identified as nondiseased by the test will be a person without the disease (noncase) in the population.
E) The probability that a diseased person (case) in the population tested will be identified as nondiseased by the test.
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Chapter 6: The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following table describes the survival of patients treated from disease X from 2015 to 2017 followed for 3 years (assuming no loss to follow-up).If a person is treated and using all the information from the table,what is the probability of surviving 3 years after treatment? \(\begin{array}{r}
\text { Number alive at the end of year }\quad \\
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { Year of treatment } & \text { Number of patients treated } & \quad 1 \text { year } & \quad 2 \text { year } &\quad 3 \text { year } \\
\hline 2015 & 100 & 67 & 42 & 30 \\
\hline 2016 & 50 & 31 & 18 & \\
\hline 2017 & 75 & 52 & & \\
\hline \text { Totals } & 225 & 150 & 60 & 30 \\
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}\)
A) 0.29
B) 0.33
C) 0.61
D) 0.67
E) 0.71
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Chapter 7: Observational Studies
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12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term most accurately describes the following definition? "The observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group,reference group)." [Porta M,ed.A Dictionary of Epidemiology.New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.]
A) Ecologic study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case-control study
D) Cohort study
E) Randomized trial
Q2) A researcher study of Baltimore neighborhoods showed that those with lower median household income experience a higher teen pregnancy rate.After reading this,someone concludes that a teenager with low income is more likely to get pregnant.What is the name of this mistaken conclusion?
A) Selection bias
B) Information bias
C) Confounding
D) Ecologic fallacy
E) Group misinterpretation
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9
Chapter 8: Cohort Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the most accurate characteristic of cohort studies?
A) It is an efficient study designs for studying rare disease.
B) The temporality of the exposure preceding the outcome is hard to determine.
C) The incidence rate of disease in the exposure group is compared directly to the incidence rate of disease in the unexposed group.
D) The exposure and outcomes are captured at the same time.
E) The participants are randomly allocated to exposure and nonexposure categories.
Q2) In which of the following study designs is possible to calculate incidence rate?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Case-control
C) Cohort
D) Case-series
E) Report of a case
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Chapter 10: Assessing Preventive and Therapeutic
Measures: Randomized Trials
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a clinical trial,sometimes patients agree to receive an intervention but later decide to stop taking the medication.Moreover,some patients who were assigned to placebo decide to stop taking the placebo pill and buy the drug on their own (even when they do not know that they are taking a placebo pill).When this happens,researchers typically do the analysis according to the original assignment of the treatment regardless of the actual treatment received.What is the name of this procedure to analyze the data?
A) Randomization
B) Intention-to-treat analysis
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Analysis as treated
E) Mediation analysis
Q2) Participants in a clinical trial might report different symptoms when they know they are part of the intervention group instead of the control group.To avoid that,researchers use the following:
A) Confounding
B) Randomization
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Masking
E) Effect modifiers
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Chapter 11: Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Epidemiologists decided to investigate the effect of sunscreens on sunburns.They ran an epidemiologic study to see the association of sunscreens and sunburns.Overall,460 people have enrolled in the study.Investigators randomly allocated 230 people to the treatment group (sunscreens) and 230 to the control group (placebo).They exposed those 460 people to the high mountain trail on a sunny day.At the end of the study,30 people developed sunburns in the sunscreen group and 130 people developed sunburns in the placebo group.What type of study design is this?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Prospective cohort study
C) Case-control study
D) Randomized trial
E) Case-control study.
Q2) What is the primary purpose of randomization?
A) To prevent bias in the assignment of treatment
B) To provide a probability basis for statistical testing
C) To ensure the same number of people are randomized to each group
D) To ensure that the subjects not to know which group they are assigned to
E) To guarantee the comparability of the different treatment groups
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Chapter 12: Estimating Risk: Is There an Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following information summarizes the exercise status and obesity status in a case-control study.What are the odds of regular exercise in the obesity group? Use the following table to answer the question. Exercise Status by Obesity Status \[\begin{array}{r}
\text { Obesity status }\\
\text { Exercise status } \begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline& \text { Yes } & \text { No } \\
\hline \text { Yes (regular exercise) } & 7 & 27 \\
\hline \text { No (no exercise) } & 43 & 73\\
\hline \end{array}\end{array}\]
A) 0.16
B) 0.26
C) 0.37
D) 0.44
E) 0.59
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Chapter 13: More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following is a measure of the strength of association,typically used in case-control studies to measure the association between exposure and disease:
A) Incidence rate
B) Population attributable fraction
C) Attributable fraction
D) Prevalence
E) Odds ratio
Q2) In a cohort study of smoking and myocardial infarction in City A,the number of myocardial infarctions were 250 cases among 7,000 smokers and the number of myocardial infarctions were 150 cases among 20,000 nonsmokers.What is the relative risk of smoking in this cohort study?
A) 0.5
B) 1.7
C) 3.5
D) 4.8
E) 7.5
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Epidemiologic Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cardiorespiratory fitness,measured as VO max in mL/kg/min (maximum oxygen consumption),is associated with increased longevity.Recent evidence suggests that higher fitness increases the life span.Those with a low VO max have a life expectancy after 60 years of 7 years,those with moderate VO max of 15 years,and those with a high VO max have a life expectancy after 60 of 23 years.Which of the causal criteria is illustrated with this example?
A) Temporal relationship
B) Strength of association
C) Replicability of findings
D) Specificity of association
E) Dose-response effect
Q2) Temporal relationship is a necessary criterion to establish causality.Which of the following epidemiologic study design allows to evaluate temporal relationship?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Case-control
C) Transversal
D) Cohort
E) Literature review
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Sample Questions
Q1) This table shows incidence rates (per 100,000) of groups exposed to neither risk factors or to one or two risk factors for lung cancer.What is the expected value of incidence rate X on asbestos exposure group among smokers in additive scale? Incidence Rates of Lung Cancer by Asbestos and Smoking Exposure Status \[\begin{array}{r}
\text { Smoking status }\quad\\ \text { Asbestos exposure } \begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline& \text { Yes } \quad \quad& \text { No }\quad\quad \\
\hline \text { Yes (regular exercise) } & 2.0 & 2.6 \\
\hline \text { No (no exercise) } & 4.0 & x\\
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}\]
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Page 16
Chapter 16: Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental
Factors in Disease Causation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A total of 1,500 pairs of adult twins,600 monozygotic and 900 dizygotic,were studied to estimate the concordance for a childhood cancer.In the 600 monozygotic twins,40 of the pairs were concordant for the disease,60 of the pairs were discordant for the disease,and neither twin had the disease in the remaining 500 pairs.In the 900 dizygotic twins,30 of the pairs were concordant for the disease,120 of the pairs were discordant for the disease,and neither twin had the disease in the remaining 750 pairs.What is the most reasonable conclusion to be drawn from these data?
A) Genetic factors are unimportant in the etiology of childhood cancer.
B) The data suggest a potentially important genetic component.
C) The incidence of childhood cancer within monozygotic twins is higher than dizygotic twins.
D) The prevalence of childhood cancer within dizygotic twins is higher than monozygotic twins.
E) Environmental factors are the major determinants of child food cancer.
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Chapter 17: Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services
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Sample Questions
Q1) The government of Country A decided to introduce a new treatment strategy for disease X.It was decided that,starting in January 1,2019,all patients diagnosed with disease X in public hospitals would receive the new treatment.Researchers were asked to evaluate the new treatment.Which of the following designs is the best approach to evaluate the new treatment?
A) Randomized clinical trial
B) Case-control study
C) Cross-sectional survey
D) Before-after study
E) Case-series
Q2) According to the healthy people 2020,the following is an indicator of access to health services:
A) Persons with a usual primary care provider
B) Persons with a diagnosed diabetes whose A1c is greater than 9%
C) Adolescents with a major depressive episode in the past 12 months
D) Knowledge of serostatus among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons
E) Adult cigarette smoking
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Chapter 18: Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the model of the Natural History of Disease,the period of time between the onset of signs and symptoms of disease and its ultimate outcome (cure,control,or death) is known as
A) preclinical phase.
B) clinical phase.
C) clinical horizon.
D) incubation period.
E) latent period.
Q2) The following is a reason for an apparent lack of benefit from a screening program:
A) The available treatments are not effective even when administered early in the disease progression.
B) The clinical phase of disease is long and usually ends with the death of the patient.
C) The usual diagnosis of disease happens very late in the disease progression.
D) The preclinical phase of disease is very long.
E) The current therapies are very effective when administered in the preclinical phase of disease.
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19
Chapter 19: Epidemiology and Public Policy
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Q1) The same epidemiologic question regarding the effectiveness of a treatment can be addressed by several studies.Often,there are inconsistencies between such studies.What can be done when such discrepancies are found?
A) Trust the study done by senior researchers.
B) Trust the study with bigger sample size.
C) Conduct a systematic review with a meta-analysis.
D) Trust the study that makes more sense.
E) None of the previous.
Q2) What is the name of the chart that is typically used to depict the results of a meta-analysis?
A) Forest plot
B) Pie chart
C) Box plot
D) Manhattan plot
E) Bar chart
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Chapter 20: Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A challenge in epidemiologic research that explores the effect of race on cardiovascular disease is that
A) measuring race is hard because is a poorly understood concept and its validity is questionable.
B) measuring race requires DNA testing.
C) there are too many human races.
D) race is usually not associated with health outcomes.
E) cardiovascular disease is not well defined.
Q2) To abide with the ethical principle of autonomy,epidemiologic research requires
A) epidemiologists to provide financial incentives.
B) to obtain participant's consent before collecting any information.
C) to investigate only participants who are in excellent health.
D) share participant's information with any institution.
E) that only one researcher is able to access the data collected.
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