Course Introduction
Epidemiology Solved Exam Questions
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. This course introduces fundamental concepts and methods used in epidemiologic research, including the measurement of disease frequency and association, study design, outbreak investigation, bias, confounding, and causality. Students will learn how to critically evaluate epidemiological literature, design basic epidemiological studies, and use quantitative and qualitative approaches to understand the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations.
Recommended Textbook
Gordis Epidemiology 6th Edition by Celentano
ScD MHS
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
19 Chapters
150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/2188
Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43564
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
A) Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year
B) Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
C) Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy
D) Sexual education program in elementary schools
E) Increasing taxes for buying cigarettes
Answer: B
Q2) Over the past century,a marked decline in the mortality rates of many infectious diseases has been observed.Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed decline in mortality rates from common infectious diseases?
A) Development of penicillin
B) Development of insulin
C) Development of vaccines
D) Improvement in social conditions
E) Worse sanitation and unsafe water
Answer: D
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
3
Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43565
Sample Questions
Q1) Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito bite.This mode of transmission is called
A) direct.
B) single exposure.
C) multiple exposure.
D) mosquitosis.
E) vector.
Answer: E
Q2) The population of Oriol City in June 2018 was 612,437.According to the Oriol City's health department,there were 329 new cases of Raven's disease during 2018.Counting those new cases,by December 31 it was estimated that there were 6580 persons with Raven's disease in Oriol City.What was the incidence rate of Raven's disease in 2018?
A) 26 per 100,000 population
B) 33 per 100,000 population
C) 54 per 100,000 population
D) 1074 per 100,000 population
E) 5000 per 100,000 population
Answer: C
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
4
Chapter 3: The Occurrence of Disease: Idisease
Surveillance and Measures of Morbidity
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
7 Verified Questions
7 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43566
Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that the incidence of all types of cancer remains constant in a given country.However,thanks to new treatments,the survival of cancer patients increases.What do you expect to happen to the prevalence of cancer in that country?
A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) Remain constant
D) Cannot be determined
E) Duplicate
Answer: A
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
5
Chapter 4: The Occurrence of Disease: II Mortality and Other Measures of Disease Impact
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43567
Sample Questions
Q1) For a disease such as seasonal influenza,which is less fatal and of short duration?
A) Incidence rates and mortality rates will be similar.
B) Mortality rates will be much higher than incidence rates.
C) Incidence rates will be much higher than mortality rates.
D) Incidence rates will be unrelated to mortality rates.
E) None of the above.
Q2) The mayor of Baby City is interested in comparing the infant mortality rate (infants are defined as babies younger than the age of 12 months) of Baby City with the infant mortality rate of Adult City.He argues that the age distributions of these cities are very different and therefore asks you to calculate the age-adjusted infant mortality rate.What is the best approach?
A) Use direct adjustment.
B) Use indirect adjustment.
C) Calculate the standardized mortality ratio.
D) Explain that no age adjustment is needed when comparing with age-specific mortality rates.
E) Use the World Health Organization standard population to calculate an adjusted rate.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 6
Chapter 5: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43568
Sample Questions
Q1) A diagnostic test with a very high sensitivity but very low specificity has the following problem:
A) It will miss a big proportion of true cases (label them as negatives).
B) It will correctly identify all negative cases.
C) It will label a big proportion of healthy people as sick (false-positives).
D) It will be very expensive to administer.
E) Specificity is the single most important characteristic of a test.
Q2) Which of the following statement about positive predictive value is the most accurate?
A) Positive predictive value is a fixed characteristic of the test. It will not change over the person, place, and time.
B) Positive predictive value is affected by the sensitivity of the test only.
C) Specificity will not affect the positive predictive value.
D) Positive predictive value is the probability that a diseased person (case) in the population tested will be identified as diseased by the test.
E) None of above.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
7
Chapter 6: The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
7 Verified Questions
7 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43569
Sample Questions
Q1) The following table describes the survival of patients treated from disease X from 2015 to 2017 followed for 3 years (assuming no loss to follow-up).If a person is treated and using all the information from the table,what is the probability of surviving 3 years after treatment? \(\begin{array}{r}
\text { Number alive at the end of year }\quad \\
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { Year of treatment } & \text { Number of patients treated } & \quad 1 \text { year } & \quad 2 \text { year } &\quad 3 \text { year } \\
\hline 2015 & 100 & 67 & 42 & 30 \\
\hline 2016 & 50 & 31 & 18 & \\
\hline 2017 & 75 & 52 & & \\
\hline \text { Totals } & 225 & 150 & 60 & 30 \\
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}\)
A) 0.29
B) 0.33
C) 0.61
D) 0.67
E) 0.71
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Observational Studies
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43570
Sample Questions
Q1) Which term most accurately describes the following definition? "A study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health outcomes) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population <u>at one particular time</u>." [Porta M,ed.A Dictionary of Epidemiology.New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.]
A) Ecologic study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case-control study
D) Cohort study
E) Randomized trial
Q2) A researcher study of Baltimore neighborhoods showed that those with lower median household income experience a higher teen pregnancy rate.After reading this,someone concludes that a teenager with low income is more likely to get pregnant.What is the name of this mistaken conclusion?
A) Selection bias
B) Information bias
C) Confounding
D) Ecologic fallacy
E) Group misinterpretation
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 9
Chapter 8: Cohort Studies
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
7 Verified Questions
7 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43571
Sample Questions
Q1) The main difference between a cohort study and a randomized trial is that
A) cohort studies are longitudinal and randomized trials are cross-sectional.
B) only clinical trials can evaluate the effect of a drug.
C) randomized trials are experimental and cohort studies are observational.
D) clinical trials are observational and cohort studies are experimental.
E) at the beginning of a clinical trial, participants are free of disease, and cohort studies start with patients with a disease.
Q2) The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) is a research study of normative aging started in the 1950s.Volunteers,free of chronic conditions,are recruited and followed every 4,2,or 1 year(s) until their death.What type of study design is this?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Ecologic
C) Randomized trial
D) Retrospective cohort
E) Prospective cohort
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
10
Chapter 10: Assessing Preventive and Therapeutic
Measures: Randomized Trials
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43572
Sample Questions
Q1) In a clinical trial,sometimes patients agree to receive an intervention but later decide to stop taking the medication.Moreover,some patients who were assigned to placebo decide to stop taking the placebo pill and buy the drug on their own (even when they do not know that they are taking a placebo pill).When this happens,researchers typically do the analysis according to the original assignment of the treatment regardless of the actual treatment received.What is the name of this procedure to analyze the data?
A) Randomization
B) Intention-to-treat analysis
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Analysis as treated
E) Mediation analysis
Q2) Participants in a clinical trial might report different symptoms when they know they are part of the intervention group instead of the control group.To avoid that,researchers use the following:
A) Confounding
B) Randomization
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Masking
E) Effect modifiers
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 11
Chapter 11: Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
2 Verified Questions
2 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43573
Sample Questions
Q1) Epidemiologists decided to investigate the effect of sunscreens on sunburns.They ran an epidemiologic study to see the association of sunscreens and sunburns.Overall,460 people have enrolled in the study.Investigators randomly allocated 230 people to the treatment group (sunscreens) and 230 to the control group (placebo).They exposed those 460 people to the high mountain trail on a sunny day.At the end of the study,30 people developed sunburns in the sunscreen group and 130 people developed sunburns in the placebo group.What type of study design is this?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Prospective cohort study
C) Case-control study
D) Randomized trial
E) Case-control study.
Q2) What is the primary purpose of randomization?
A) To prevent bias in the assignment of treatment
B) To provide a probability basis for statistical testing
C) To ensure the same number of people are randomized to each group
D) To ensure that the subjects not to know which group they are assigned to
E) To guarantee the comparability of the different treatment groups
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 12: Estimating Risk: Is There an Association
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43574
Sample Questions
Q1) The following information summarizes the exercise status and obesity status in a case-control study.What are the odds of regular exercise in the obesity group? Use the following table to answer the question. Exercise Status by Obesity Status \[\begin{array}{r}
\text { Obesity status }\\
\text { Exercise status } \begin{array} {|l|l|l|}
\hline& \text { Yes } & \text { No } \\
\hline \text { Yes (regular exercise) } & 7 & 27 \\
\hline \text { No (no exercise) } & 43 & 73\\
\hline \end{array}\end{array}\]
A) 0.16
B) 0.26
C) 0.37
D) 0.44
E) 0.59
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 13: More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43575
Sample Questions
Q1) A politician asks an epidemiologist how many cases of coronary heart disease can be prevented if they manage to eliminate the exposure to smoking in city A.The epidemiologists explain that,if they eliminate smoking,they could prevent 22% cases of coronary heart disease.What measure of association was used to answer this question?
A) Population attributable risk
B) Odds ratio
C) Relative risk
D) Incidence rate
E) Risk ratio
Q2) In a cohort study of smoking and myocardial infarction in City A,the number of myocardial infarctions were 250 cases among 7,000 smokers and the number of myocardial infarctions were 150 cases among 20,000 nonsmokers.What is the attributable risk (risk difference) of smoking?
A) 2.8 per 1,000
B) 3.6 per 1,000
C) 7.5 per 1,000
D) 28.2 per 1,000
E) 35.7 per 1,000
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 14
Epidemiologic Studies
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
6 Verified Questions
6 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43576
Sample Questions
Q1) Lack of physical activity is a known factor associated with colon cancer.However,colon cancer develops even among active individuals.Moreover,several individuals who perform very little levels of physical activity never develop colon cancer.Hence,in the causal relationship between physical inactivity and colon cancer,the lack of physical activity is
A) necessary and sufficient.
B) sufficient but not necessary.
C) necessary but not sufficient.
D) neither necessary not sufficient.
E) confounded.
Q2) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are known to be a cause of cervical cancer.In most cases,HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems.However,the worldwide HPV prevalence in cervical carcinomas is 99.7%.This indicates that HPV-negative carcinoma is extremely uncommon.In this case,HPV is which of the following?
A) A necessary and sufficient cause
B) A necessary but not sufficient cause
C) A sufficient but not necessary cause
D) Neither necessary nor sufficient
E) None of the above
Page 15
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43577
Sample Questions
Q1) Investigators think that income might be a confounder in the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and cardiovascular disease.They conduct a case-control study and they match cases and controls based on income.They find that Hispanics are more likely to have cardiovascular disease as compared with non-Hispanics.What would you conclude about income as a potential confounder in this association?
A) Income is a confounder.
B) Income is not a confounder.
C) Income is an effect modifier.
D) Income is not associated with cardiovascular disease.
E) Income is not associated with ethnicity.
Q2) In a case-control study,a researcher found no association between exposure to A and disease B.Later she found out that there was a misclassification when measuring exposure to A,in both cases and controls.What is a potential explanation for the results (no association) of this case-control study?
A) Nondifferential misclassification
B) Differential misclassification
C) Selection bias
D) Confounding
E) Effect-modification
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 16
Chapter 16: Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors
in Disease
Causation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
6 Verified Questions
6 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43578
Sample Questions
Q1) The following suggests environmental factors causing a disease:
A) Monozygotic twins getting the same disease
B) Family history of disease
C) Early development
D) A rapid change in the trends of disease over time
E) Biologic brothers adopted by different families getting the same disease
Q2) A total of 1,500 pairs of adult twins,600 monozygotic and 900 dizygotic,were studied to estimate the concordance for a childhood cancer.In the 600 monozygotic twins,40 of the pairs were concordant for the disease,60 of the pairs were discordant for the disease,and neither twin had the disease in the remaining 500 pairs.In the 900 dizygotic twins,30 of the pairs were concordant for the disease,120 of the pairs were discordant for the disease,and neither twin had the disease in the remaining 750 pairs.What is the concordant rate,in monozygotic twins,of the disease in twin pairs with at least one affected member?
A) 0.1
B) 0.4
C) 0.6
D) 0.7
E) 1.5
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17
Chapter 17: Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
7 Verified Questions
7 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43579
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the most accurate definition of efficiency?
A) A measure of a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions.
B) The process of testing a vaccine in a community where some of individuals do not want to be vaccinated.
C) The process of testing a new drug in a community where individuals have various compliances of drug intake.
D) The process of estimating the best effort of intervention or procedure.
E) The effects or end results achieved in relation to the effort expended in terms of money, resources, and time.
Q2) According to the healthy people 2020,the following is an indicator of access to health services:
A) Persons with a usual primary care provider
B) Persons with a diagnosed diabetes whose A1c is greater than 9%
C) Adolescents with a major depressive episode in the past 12 months
D) Knowledge of serostatus among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons
E) Adult cigarette smoking
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
18
Chapter 18: Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43580
Sample Questions
Q1) A recent study found that screening for disease X led to increased survival.In the study,those who were screened were generally younger,healthier,and more aware of their health than those who were not screened.This makes it hard to evaluate whether the improvement in survivorship was due to the screening program or due to the characteristics of those who are screened.What is the name of this issue when evaluating the effect of a screening program?
A) Lead time bias
B) Overdiagnosis bias
C) Selection bias
D) Misclassification bias
E) Length-biased sampling
Q2) In the model of the Natural History of Disease,the period of time between the onset of signs and symptoms of disease and its ultimate outcome (cure,control,or death) is known as
A) preclinical phase.
B) clinical phase.
C) clinical horizon.
D) incubation period.
E) latent period.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 19
Chapter 19: Epidemiology and Public Policy
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43581
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is not an accurate description of epidemiology in health policy?
A) A major role of epidemiology is a basis for developing policies that may affect human health.
B) One of the roles of epidemiology in public health policy is for risk assessment.
C) Some researchers use systematic review or meta-analysis to synthesize the literature regarding a specific health topic.
D) Epidemiology is the only relevant scientific discipline in the process of risk assessment.
E) Journals that may not want to publish the studies report no association will increase the publication bias.
Q2) What is the name of the chart that is typically used to depict the results of a meta-analysis?
A) Forest plot
B) Pie chart
C) Box plot
D) Manhattan plot
E) Bar chart
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 20
Chapter 20: Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/43582
Sample Questions
Q1) What of the following is an obligation that researchers have with study participants?
A) Provide a financial incentive to participate in the study.
B) Provide free treatment for any condition the subjects have.
C) Communicate the study results clearly.
D) Enroll all family members of the participants if they want to be part of the study.
E) Provide free diagnostic procedures, even if those are not related with the study.
Q2) One difference between epidemiology and other scientific disciplines,regarding the impact of their findings,is that
A) epidemiologic findings are not prone to falsification.
B) epidemiology is the only science that deals with humans.
C) epidemiologic findings have immediate policy implications for clinical practice and public health.
D) epidemiologic findings are not prone to misinterpretations.
E) epidemiologic findings are the easiest to understand.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
21