Epidemiology in Dentistry
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Epidemiology in Dentistry explores the principles and methods of epidemiology as they relate to oral health and disease. The course focuses on the study of distribution and determinants of dental diseases in populations, including caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and other conditions affecting the oral cavity. Students will learn how to critically evaluate epidemiological research, design dental public health studies, interpret data, and apply findings to prevent and control oral health problems at both individual and community levels. Emphasis is placed on understanding risk factors, measurement indices, public health surveillance, and the development of effective oral health policies and interventions.
Recommended Textbook
Dental Public Health and Research 4th Edition by Christine N. Nathe
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22 Chapters
546 Verified Questions
546 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Dental Public Health: An Overview
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Q1) The identification of which of the following was the first major advancement in public health?
A) Litter in the streets
B) Pesticides on produce
C) Polluted public water well
D) Drug paraphernalia
E) None of the above
Answer: C
Q2) Dental public health functions need to be secured and implemented across all areas to ensure the same level of ________.
A) Coverage
B) Quality
C) Performance
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
Answer: D
Q3) Community oral health has a similar meaning to dental public health.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Prevention Movement
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Q1) Over the past decade, most states have expanded the scope of which type of practice?
A) Dentistry
B) Dental hygiene
C) Dental therapy
D) Community dental health coordinators
Answer: B
Q2) Dental hygienists should work with which target population when aiming community promotional activities at the importance of a healthy diet in oral health?
A) Dentists
B) Physicians
C) Nurses
D) Dieticians
E) Teachers
Answer: D
Q3) Diet plays a major role in the etiology of dental caries.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Dental Care Delivery in the United States
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Q1) A federally qualified health center must serve an affluent patient population in order to qualify for federal subsidies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Providers of dental care in the United States may include ________.
A) Dentists
B) Dental hygienists
C) Denturists
D) Dental therapists
E) All of the above
Answer: E
Q3) The advanced dental hygiene practitioner has been proposed as a solution to access to care issues.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Dental Hygiene Care Delivery in the Global Community
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Q1) In Germany, what program do dental assistants attend to practice dental hygiene?
A) Community college program
B) University program
C) Continuing education courses
D) Technical college program
E) None of the above
Q2) Germany has no internationally recognized dental hygiene schools.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In England, dental assistants are referred to as ________.
A)Dental nurses
B)Dental therapists
C)Switzerland
D)The Netherlands
E)Canada
F)Australia
G)New Zealand
H)Oral health promotion
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Chapter 5: Financing of Dental Care
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Q1) A federal insurance program to pay for medical bills of all people over age 65 is called ________.
A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) CHIPs
D) UCR
E) None of the above
Q2) What is the amount that the insurance entity will pay for covered dental services?
A) Benefit
B) Provider fee review
C) Deductible
D) Prepaid group entitlement
E) None of the above
Q3) What form is used when a dental provider bills for dental procedures rendered?
A) Dental Fee Slip
B) Explanation of Benefits
C) Dental Claim Form
D) Utilization Review Form
E) None of the above
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Federal and State Legislation Affecting Dental Hygiene Practice
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Questions
Q1) Members of the Supreme Court represent which branch of government?
A) Judicial
B) Executive
C) Legislative
D) Administrative
E) None of the above
Q2) Which state branch of the government makes laws for the state?
A) State commission on law
B) Legislative
C) Executive
D) Judicial
E) None of the above
Q3) Organized dental hygiene frequently works to increase access to dental hygiene care provided by registered dental hygienists.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many times a bill will "die" in a committee, only to have the most vital ideas added to a totally different bill.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Advocacy for Dental Care
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Q1) An individual who understands all aspects of the change process and provides help where needed is called a ________
A) Catalyst
B) Solution-giver
C) Resource linker
D) Process helper
E) None of the above
Q2) The attempt to influence or sway others toward a desired position or action is called
A) Ethics
B) Collaboration
C) Lobbying
D) Stimulating
E) None of the above
Q3) The process of working together toward a common goal is called ________
A) Ethics
B) Procedures
C) Collaboration
D) Cooperation
E) All of the above
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Chapter 8: Dental Health Education and Promotion
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Q1) This theory is a macrotheory of human motivation concerned with the functioning of personality within social contexts.
A)Self-determination theory
B)Modeling behavior
C)Empowerment
D)Classical conditioning
E)Operant conditioning
Q2) It is necessary to motivate a population in order to effectively promote value adoption and behavior change.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Maslow's hierarchy of needs is arranged in ________.
A) Lower to higher level needs
B) Alphabetical order
C) Multidimensional fields
D) Psychological steps
E) None of the above
Q4) The last step in the learning ladder is the involvement step.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Lesson Plan Development
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Q1) Which teaching method uses problem-based learning skills?
A) Discussion
B) Inquiry
C) Case reviews
D) Lecture
E) None of the above
Q2) What characteristic(s) is (are) common in effective teachers?
A) Ability to interact
B) Enthusiastic
C) Knowledgeable
D) Flexible
E) All of the above
Q3) Formulating a dental hygiene diagnosis for a group presentation occurs before which stage?
A) Needs activity
B) Qualitative assessment
C) Planning
D) Assessment
E) None of the above
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Target Populations
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Q1) The activity of professionals who work with individuals/communities to enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning is referred to as ________.
A) Cultural diversity
B) Social work
C) Dental hygiene
D) Nursing
E) None of the above
Q2) What age group is interested in obtaining knowledge and continuing to strive for independence?
A) Infants
B) Pregnant women
C) Older adults
D) Elementary school-age children
E) None of the above
Q3) Schoolteachers have influence on students.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Cultural Competency
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Q1) Americans are viewed as ________.
A) A melting pot
B) A salad bowl
C) Jello with fruit
D) Apples and oranges
E) None of the above
Q2) Minority populations are still underrepresented in the health professions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A term used to describe an individual assimilating to another culture by assuming its practices and beliefs is ________.
A) Ethnocentric
B) Acculturate
C) Cross-cultural
D) Cultural diversity
E) All of the above
Q4) Complementary alternative medicine often comes from cultural practices that are different than Western medicine.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Program Planning
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Q1) During which stage does the dental hygienist prioritize needs?
A) Evaluation
B) Assessment
C) Implementation
D) Dental hygiene diagnosis
E) Both A and B
Q2) During which stage does the dental hygienist develop a blueprint?
A) Planning
B) Dental hygiene diagnosis
C) Implementation
D) Evaluation
E) Assessment
Q3) In the first dental hygiene health model, the Fones program planning model emphasized ________.
A) Prevention of illness
B) Culture
C) Assessment
D) Both A and B
E) None of the above
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Program Evaluation
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Q1) The LPA assesses ________.
A) Gingival bleeding
B) Loss of periodontal attachment
C) Loss of gingival attachment
D) Gingival bleeding and inflammation
E) Both A and D
Q2) The Treatment Priority Index assesses ________.
A) Malocclusion
B) Restorative marginations
C) Gingival marginations
D) Both A and B
E) None of the above
Q3) Which teeth are included in the "Ramfjord teeth"?
A) #1
B) #3
C) #12
D) Both B and C
E) All of the above
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Chapter 14: Research in Dental Hygiene
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Q1) Evidence-Based Practice means ________.
A) Using known methods and anecdotes
B) Using known methods with predictable results and scientific method
C) Using known methods with unpredictable results and scientific method.
D) Using known methods with predictable results, anecdotes, and scientific method.
Q2) Place the Steps of the Scientific Method in the correct order. Form an educated guess (hypothesis) of the cause of the problem and make predictions based on the hypothesis.
Check and interpret results.
Name the problem or question.
Report results to the scientific community.
Test hypothesis by doing an experiment or study (with proper controls).
Q3) All of the following is private practice methodology except ________.
A) Identifies chief complain
B) Makes diagnosis
C) Makes observations
D) Imitates treatment intervention
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Chapter 15: Ethical Principles in Research
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Q1) The most compelling ethical dilemma with the Tuskegee Study was which of the following?
A) Did not make the study consent available in all languages
B) Plagiarism of test results
C) Did not offer Curative Treatment that was available
D) Researchers became too close with subjects
Q2) What group is charged with reviewing the ethical implications of a research study?
A) Health access group
B) Institutional review board
C) Ethic study board
D) Bioethics review group
E) Both A and C
Q3) The Nuremberg Code was a result of ________.
A) The absence of research protocol from a university
B) A trial that was run without due process
C) War crimes trials
D) Universal report that was developed in the early 21st century
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Chapter 16: The Research Process
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Q1) Designed to determine the meaning of past events
A)Case report
B)Descriptive approach
C)Case study
D)Historical approach
E)Cohort
Q2) Which study tries to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables?
A) Trend
B) Experimental
C) Correlational
D) Survey
E) All of the above
Q3) Posttest sensitization is the effect of the pretest on the outcome of the study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a posttest-only design, the independent variable is introducing and then the dependent variable is measured.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Biostatistics
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Q1) A histogram uses dots on a frequency table.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Controlled or uncontrolled diabetes is an example of which scale?
A)Scales of measurement
B)Ordinal scale
C)Discrete variable
D)Continuous variable
E)Nominal scale
Q3) The following set of values has two modes: 7, 7, 8, 8, 5.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What requires that critical thinking be used to explain the meaning and application of the findings and identify possible factors that could influence the results?
A) Data analysis
B) Interpretation
C) Data assessment
D) Causality
E) None of the above
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Chapter 18: Oral Epidemiology
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Q1) A relatively low, but constant, level of occurrence of a disease or condition in a population
A)Morbidity
B)Endemic
C)Epidemic
D)Pandemic
E)Validity
F)Index
G)Incidence
H)Epidemiology
I)Prevalence
J)Disease rates
K)Mortality
L)Causality
M)Etiology
N)Risk factors
O)Reliability
P)Surveillance
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Chapter 19: Current Oral Epidemiological Findings
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Q1) Prevent dental caries on pit and fissure surfaces
A)Dental sealants
B)Candidiasis
C)Teenagers
D)Oral cancer
E)Herpes simplex virus
F)Systemic diseases
G)Epidemiology
H)Community water fluoridation
I)Adults
J)Gingivitis
K)Posterior teeth
L)Recurrent aphthous ulcer
M)Anterior teeth
N)Cleft lip/palate
O)Dental caries
P)Endemic
Q2) Significant health disparities exist in different ethnic groups.
A)True
B)False
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Evaluation of Scientific Literature and Dental
Products
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Q1) PubMed is a reliable source to find research reports and is from the ________.
A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Dental Museum
C) National Library of Medicine
D) National Library of Dentistry
E) All of the above
Q2) A study should be randomized if at all possible.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following parts of a research report should include a detailed description of the research instruments, equipment, procedures, and method of data analysis?
A) Methods and materials
B) Literature review
C) Introduction
D) Results
E) Conclusion
Q4) The number of examiners should be fairly large to ensure calibration.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Careers in Dental Public Health
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Q1) Dental hygienists may be commissioned into the U.S. Public Health Service with which qualifications?
A) Bachelor's degree
B) Certificate
C) Associate's degree
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above
Q2) The COSTEP program is part of which agency?
A) Institute of Medicine
B) Bureau of Prisons
C) National Civil Corps
D) Public Health Service
E) None of the above
Q3) A dental hygiene student may be eligible for the COSTEP program.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A dental hygienist may work as a researcher with the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Strategies for Creating Dental Hygiene
Positions in Dental Public Health Settings
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Q1) Which stage(s) is (are) used to create a dental hygiene program?
A) Implementation
B) Dental hygiene program
C) Assessment
D) Evaluation
E) All of the above
Q2) Assisting patients in reimbursement mechanisms
A)Promotion
B)Distribution plan
C)Product
D)Price
Q3) Most states allow the public ample access to dental hygienist providers in a variety of settings.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Resolving conflicts is a mandatory management skill for the dental hygienist.
A)True
B)False
Page 24
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