Environmental Science Question
Bank
Course Introduction
Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment and examines how human activities impact natural systems. This course provides a comprehensive overview of key topics such as ecology, biodiversity, energy resources, pollution, climate change, and sustainable development. Through the integration of scientific principles and real-world case studies, students gain insights into environmental challenges and the strategies used to address them, preparing them to think critically about solutions for a more sustainable future.
Recommended Textbook
Living in the Environment 4th Canadian Edition by G. Miller
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Environmental Problems: an Introduction and Overview
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the percentage of the world's population that does not have adequate sanitation?
Answer: 35
Q2) The consequence of volcanic eruptions and burning coal is ____________________.
Answer: pollution
Q3) What is environmentalism?
A) It is the science of studying the structure and function of nature.
B) It refers specifically to radical acts performed to focus attention on the environment.
C) It is a social movement dedicated to protecting the Earth's life support systems.
D) It is the sum total of everything that has been written about outdoor science.
Answer: C
Q4) What is globalization?
A) a new term for mass immigration into a country
B) a satellite-based communications system
C) worldwide integration of social, economic, and environmental change
D) the ability of all of society to travel worldwide
Answer: C
3
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Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past
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Sample Questions
Q1) The plant cultivation technique of ______________________________ involved cutting down the forests and then burning the underbrush to help fertilize the soil.
Answer: slash-and-burn
Q2) Which step allows the area to renew to soil fertility?
Answer: Step 4
Q3) In which era did the industrial-medical evolution reach Canada?
A) mid 1500s
B) mid 1600s
C) mid 1700s
D) mid 1800s
Answer: D
Q4) The ______________________________ began in England in the mid-1700s and spread to the United States in the 1800s.
Answer: industrial-medical revolution
Q5) The industrial-medical revolution led to both increased air pollution and groundwater depletion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Science, systems, matter, and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is given off by natural radioactivity?
A) delta rays
B) theta particles
C) epsilon particles
D) gamma rays
Answer: D
Q2) What is Earth essentially an open system for?
A) energy
B) matter and energy
C) neither matter nor energy
D) matter
Answer: A
Q3) Which option is most effective for dealing with nondegradable pollutants?
A) Keep them from getting into the environment.
B) Remove them from contaminated air.
C) Remove them from contaminated water.
D) Remove them from contaminated soil.
Answer: A
Q4) NO is an example of a(n)____________________.
Answer: ion
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Ecosystems: What Are They, and How Do They
Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organism lives off remains or wastes of organisms?
A) herbivore
B) omnivore
C) scavenger
D) carnivore
Q2) The ______________________________ involves precipitation,transpiration,evaporation,and condensation.
Q3) The first GIS system was developed in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the lithosphere comprised of?
A) crust and upper mantle
B) core and upper mantle
C) crust and lower mantle
D) core and lower mantle
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the lithosphere?
Q6) Which letter in the diagram is the level that represents the third trophic level?
6
Q7) Bacteria are more important in the ______________________________ than in the carbon or phosphorus cycles.
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Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which process refers to the fact that species belonging to different taxonomic groups might develop a resemblance resulting from adaptation to similar environments?
A) microevolution
B) macroevolution
C) convergent evolution
D) coevolution
Q2) Survival of the fittest means survival of the strongest.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Generalist species tend to have a broad niche while specialist species have a ____________________ niche.
Q4) What might be an example of coevolution?
A) plants and herbivores
B) plants and water
C) plants and wind
D) plants and soil nutrients
Q5) If a species of frogs becomes threatened because they can live only in a narrow range of temperatures,they would be classified as a(n)______________________________.
7
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Chapter 6: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What poses the least threat to desert ecosystems?
A) groundwater depletion
B) overgrazing
C) a nomadic lifestyle
D) irrigation and salinization
Q2) What often arrives after a thunderhead appears in the sky?
A) a high pressure system
B) a stationary front
C) a warm front
D) a cold front
Q3) How many different biomes are found in Canada?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10
Q4) Which biome does NOT belong with the others?
A) northern coniferous forest
B) steppe
C) boreal forest
D) taiga
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the zone containing wider,lower elevation streams?
Q2) In which areas of Canada are freshwater inland wetlands at greatest risk of being lost due to human-related activities?
A) the boreal forest
B) the rocky mountains
C) the prairies
D) the high arctic
Q3) The two types of aquatic life zones on the Earth are freshwater life zones and coastal life zones.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the zone in which most organisms are blind or have poor eyesight?
Q5) What is required for a coral reef to thrive?
A) cold water
B) dissolved oxygen and nutrients
C) cloudy water
D) salinity that fluctuates with the tides
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Chapter 8: Community Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the stage in which perennial weeds and grasses are plentiful?
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of a forest maintained by intermittent fire?
A) It takes up to a decade for new vegetation to grow.
B) Some species release seeds only after exposure to intense heat.
C) Fire burns the tree crowns but not the low vegetation.
D) Large and small trees of this forest tend to have fire-proof bark.
Q3) A new kitten is added to a home with an established older cat.The older cat hisses and swats at the younger kitten in the kitchen where they are fed.Which term refers to the behaviour of the older cat?
A) commensalism
B) predation
C) mutualism
D) competition
Q4) Scientists are studying the effective ____________________ system of sharks to determine why they rarely get cancer.
Q5) ___________________________________ is competition between two members of the same species.
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Chapter 9: Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph that can also be called a dieback?
Q2) How have humans extended Earth's carrying capacity for the human species?
A) by controlling many diseases
B) by using material resources at a sustainable rate
C) by decreasing life span
D) by using energy resources at a reduced rate
Q3) What enhances environmental resistance?
A) the ability to resist disease and parasites
B) a high reproductive rate
C) a specialized niche
D) the ability to compete for resources
Q4) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph representing the number of reindeer that can be sustained indefinitely in a given area?
Q5) What is the biotic potential of a population?
A) It is the current growth rate of a population.
B) It is an expression of how many offspring survive and are able to reproduce.
C) It is the maximum reproductive rate of a population.
D) It can be determined only by studying an age structure diagram.
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Chapter 10: Applying Population Ecology: the Human Population
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Sample Questions
Q1) When generations do nothing more than replace themselves,the _________________________ is columnar,which is a characteristic of a stable population.
Q2) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the population age structure that is strongly inclined to increasing the population size unless death rates rise sharply?
Q3) A low infant mortality rate would increase a country's replacement-level fertility.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an unreliable form of birth control?
A) spermicide
B) a douche
C) a condom
D) a cervical cap
Q5) Briefly explain your answer to the question: is it true that high adult illiteracy is related to greater infant mortality.
Q6) According to the diagram,what is the difference between developed and developing countries?
Q7) According to the graph,which country has the youngest population?
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Chapter 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) National parks occupy about 30% of Canada's land mass.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Second-growth forests are the largest of the three major forest types because of the ecological success of governmental and environmental mandates.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is a characteristic of a forested watershed?
A) very limited ability to absorb pollutants
B) ability to slow water runoff
C) very limited ability to moderate climate
D) ability to speed water runoff
Q4) Conversion of forests and woodlands to agricultural land contributes to the growing problem of ____________________.
Q5) The establishment of public lands by governments helps lessen the impacts that humans have on the Earth's ecosystems.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the aspen parkland in Canada.
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Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a biologist likely to say about the passenger pigeon?
A) It is ecologically extinct.
B) It is locally extinct.
C) It is endangered.
D) It is biologically extinct.
Q2) Biological diversity is an invaluable and irreplaceable resource.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which animal has a role in the propagation of cashews,avocados,and bananas?
A) the hummingbird
B) the bat
C) the bee
D) the manatee
Q4) International treaties help protect wild species,and thus help maintain biological diversity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ______________________________ allows scientists to help species adapt to environmental changes and to produce alternative species.
Q6) What motivates people to smuggle and illegally hunt wild animals?
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Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which country has a significant whaling industry and a market for whale meat?
A) Great Britain
B) Australia
C) the United States
D) Japan
Q2) What percent of wetlands have been lost in southern Ontario?
A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 25
Q3) Asian carp have escaped from ____________________ aquaculture sites and at least two species are headed toward the Great Lakes.
Q4) What is the depletion of the world's marine fish stocks due to overfishing a classic example of?
A) failure of fisheries management plans of individual countries
B) the tendencies of species to become extinct over time
C) the tragedy of the commons
D) failure to adapt new technologies to exploiting fish more efficiently
Q5) What ecological services do wetlands provide?
Q6) What are some ways to rebuild salmon populations?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Food and Soil Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fish ranching involves the raising and selling of fish on a commercial basis and has proven to be economically successful in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which type of agriculture is most characteristic of developed countries?
A) traditional subsistence agriculture
B) traditional intensive agriculture
C) plantation agriculture
D) industrialized agriculture
Q3) What is the greatest importance of elemental iodine to humans?
A) Iodine deficiency can cause goiter, which can lead to deafness.
B) Iodine is useful as a disinfectant.
C) Iodine deficiency can cause kwashiorkor.
D) Iodine deficiency can cause blindness.
Q4) Which type of agriculture is most characteristic of developing countries?
A) plantation agriculture
B) traditional subsistence agriculture
C) traditional intensive agriculture
D) industrialized agriculture
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to a large net pulled behind a boat?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is possible that countries in the Middle East may go to war over water resources.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to an area that replenishes an aquifer by precipitation?
Q3) Shifting displaced fishermen to logging would improve the Aral Sea's ecological/economic situation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A(n)____________________ is a flat tract of land bordering a river,mainly at the lower reaches,and is formed by the flow of water downstream.
Q5) A country is said to be water stressed when the volume of reliable runoff falls below the amount of water withdrawn.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Nova Scotians are the biggest users of fresh water in Canada.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ is mined for the steel industry,usually from open-pit mines such as in Newfoundland and Labrador,Quebec,and British Columbia.
Q2) ____________________ is the waste material found in ore.
Q3) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the process in which rocks can be broken into small pieces?
Q4) Which type of rock includes sandstone and shale?
A) igneous
B) crystal
C) metamorphic
D) sedimentary
Q5) What is ejecta?
A) It is the material released from rifts on the floor of the ocean.
B) It is a substance injected into faults to relieve pressure.
C) It is the depressed region inside the cone of an inactive volcano.
D) It is the debris released from a volcano.
Q6) Diamonds are mined in Yellowknife and zinc is mined in New Brunswick.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Shallow deposits are removed by ____________________ mining.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nuclear fission is not a feasible energy source because of the difficulty of making nuclear plants secure and the difficulty of storing radioactive waste safely.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ____________________ the net energy ratio,the greater the net energy available.
Q3) The world's dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels is affecting the economies of individual nations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Relative to the populations of other nations,the population of the United States uses a far greater proportion of the world's commercial energy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A(n)____________________ has an unstable nucleus that decays until a stable nucleus forms.
Q6) ___________ ______________ are substances made through the conversion of petroleum or coal.
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Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) One way to improve energy efficiency is to offer tax credits for buying efficient houses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Burning solid biomass as a fuel source must be done properly in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An advantage of a micropower system is that it can be used anywhere.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Methanol,like ethanol,is made from corn.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the production characteristics of a biogas digester?
A) It is very efficient, slow, and unpredictable.
B) It is very inefficient, slow, and unpredictable.
C) It is very efficient, fast, and predictable.
D) It is very inefficient, fast, and predictable.
Q6) What are some disadvantages of using wind to produce electricity?
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Chapter 19: Risk,toxicology,and Human Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) What would be most effective for improving healthcare in developing countries?
A) implementing better cooking technology
B) implementing better exercise programs
C) immunizing people against the measles
D) implementing oral rehydration therapy
Q2) What causes malaria?
A) viruses
B) plasmodium parasites
C) bacteria
D) parasitic worms
Q3) What type of exposure would have been experienced by a person who received a lifetime of background radiation from a low-level radioactive dump site?
A) a subacute exposure to radioactive substances
B) a chronic exposure to radioactive substances
C) a subchronic exposure to radioactive substances
D) an acute exposure to radioactive substances
Q4) What is a carcinogen?
Q5) What are some activities that have led to antibiotic resistance?
Q6) Why is biomagnification an environmental problem?
Q7) The Anopheles mosquito is a(n)____________________ for malaria.
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of problem is the issue of acid deposition?
A) It is a national problem.
B) It is a provincial problem.
C) It is a local problem.
D) It is a regional problem.
Q2) Where are the highest levels of acid deposition in the world?
A) the United States
B) China
C) Canada
D) Israel
Q3) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to a substance that is formed from the photolysis of nitrogen dioxide but can also result from stratospheric penetrations?
Q4) What causes the atmosphere to divide into spherical layers?
A) the concentration of oxygen in each layer
B) the temperature changes from variations in absorption of solar energy
C) the concentration of ozone in each layer
D) the density of each layer
Q5) For humans,cigarette smoking is a major source of ______________________________,which is a gas that is poisonous to all air-breathing animals.
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Climate Change and Ozone Loss
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Sample Questions
Q1) The country that is the largest greenhouse gas emitter is
Q2) What would result if warming occurs in the Arctic?
A) The rest of the world would be affected.
B) No methane and carbon dioxide would be released.
C) Sea levels would decrease by seven metres.
D) Bacterial composition and organic matter would increase.
Q3) On what factor does correspondence between climate models and the real world depend?
A) on the design and assumptions of the model
B) on organization
C) on qualifications of data entry personnel
D) on positive feedback
Q4) To help protect the ozone layer,individuals should avoid purchasing products that contain CFCs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The term to describe the reflectivity of the different parts of the Earth's surface is
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Chapter 22: Water Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Large quantities of nitrate and phosphate plant nutrients from runoffs can cause a harmful ___________________________________ that can be red,brown,or green.
Q2) What is one effect of waste heat?
A) decreased water quality
B) oxygen-depleted water
C) algae blooms
D) increased salinity
Q3) What does thermal pollution cause?
A) the lowering of the respiratory rates of aquatic organisms
B) it can kill temperature-adapted organisms by means of thermal shock
C) the raising of the solubility of oxygen in water
D) the improved growth of spawning fish
Q4) How can coastal waters be protected from excess water pollution?
A) by deregulating type and density of coastal development
B) by eliminating discharge of toxic pollutants
C) by installing sea grass beds
D) by promoting no development along shores near oil exploration
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the point at which all the sludge is combined before being dried?
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Pest Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Malaria is carried by the ____________________ mosquito.
Q2) Despite the fact that some species are genetically resistant,DDT still does an excellent job of killing insect pests.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which statement best defines a pest?
A) It is an organism that is immune to pesticides.
B) It is an organism that feeds primarily on spiders.
C) It is an organism that controls the spread of disease.
D) It is an organism that interferes with human activity.
Q4) Which of the following characterizes integrated pest management compared to the use of pesticides alone?
A) Integrated pest management is more expensive than using pesticides.
B) Integrated pest management achieves results sooner than by using pesticides.
C) Integrated pest management requires more expert knowledge about individual pest-crop situations than using pesticides.
D) Integrated pest management is less expensive than using pesticides.
Q5) Rodenticides are used to kill ____________________.
Q6) about ____________________ % of all insects might be considered pests.
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) Using less energy will produce less waste but more pollution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the most likely product of composting?
A) landfill by-products
B) soil conditioner and organic fertilizer
C) manure
D) pure garbage
Q3) What is the best definition of leachate?
A) water contaminated by hazardous waste
B) rainwater contaminated as it percolates through solid waste
C) mixture of methane and CO released from landfills
D) hazardous waste stored in a lake
Q4) The core idea of ____________________ is that nature has already solved many of the problems with which the human population is struggling.
Q5) The ecoindustrial revolution sacrificed ecological concerns for the operational needs of heavy manufacturing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Sustainable Cities
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Sample Questions
Q1) What has been an impediment to the development of mass transit systems in North America?
A) the expansion of trolley systems
B) social stigma about using mass transit
C) expensive transit fairs
D) a tax system that provides benefits to car drivers
Q2) What can smooth uncontrolled growth and move toward more ecologically sound growth?
A) discouraging mixed use zoning
B) taxing buildings rather than land
C) promoting high-density clusters
D) issuing free building permits
Q3) Which city experiences "fecal snow"?
A) Calcutta
B) Rio de Janeiro
C) Sao Paulo
D) Mexico City
Q4) Urban areas grow in two ways: by natural increase,and by
Q5) ____________________ pollution can affect various plant and animal species,such as sea turtles.
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Chapter 26: Economics, environment, and Sustainability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which action would increase the external costs of operating a car?
A) fixing the car's brakes
B) disconnecting the car's air pollution control system
C) tuning the car's motor
D) listening to the car's radio
Q2) A(n)_____________________________________________ includes the harmful indirect or direct costs of goods.
Q3) Sunset businesses would include clear-cut timber harvesting and water well drilling.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some disadvantages of tradable environmental permits?
Q5) What could help governments of developing countries reduce poverty?
A) shifting more of the national budget to aid the rich
B) restricting rights to women
C) redistributing land to large landowners who have shown they use it most efficiently
D) giving rural and urban poor title to their plantings on common lands
Q6) What is meant by the optimum level of resource use?
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Chapter 27: Politics, environment, and Sustainability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the role of a constitution in a constitutional democracy?
A) It increases government's power and authority.
B) It defines environmental laws.
C) It guarantees freely expressed public opinion.
D) It defines the structure of the justice system.
Q2) Environmentalists are often seen as the bearers of bad news and hence are always not received well.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are some of the problems associated with international efforts to deal with global environmental issues?
Q4) What can YOU do to try to make a difference regarding the environmental issues that concern you?
Q5) What is the precautionary principle?
Q6) Which of the following is among the rules for effective grassroots action?
A) Do NOT form alliances with other organizations.
B) Organize for action, not just for study, discussion or education.
C) Concentrate efforts at the international national and global levels.
D) Do NOT limit the number of targets, and hit them all as hard as possible.
Q7) What are the characteristics of a good leader?
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Chapter 28: Environmental World-views, ethics, and Sustainability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Care for life with understanding,love,and compassion: this is part of the planetary management worldview.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ____________________ worldview states that humans are Earth's most important species and they have an ethical responsibility to care for the rest of nature.
Q3) Which of the following describes the relationship between the planetary management,stewardship,and environmental wisdom worldviews?
A) They all believe that humans are the most important species.
B) They all believe that economic growth is unlimited.
C) They agree concerning the management of the Earth's resources.
D) They differ over whether there are physical and biological limits to economic growth.
Q4) What is humanity's greatest danger,according to primatologist Jane Goodall?
A) pessimism
B) apathy
C) faith
D) fatalism
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