Environmental Science Question
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Course Introduction
Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. This course covers topics such as ecosystem dynamics, energy flow, biodiversity, natural resources, pollution, and the impact of human activities on the environment. Students will gain an understanding of environmental issues, examine strategies for sustainable development, and analyze policies aimed at conserving and managing the Earths resources. The course combines theoretical knowledge with practical approaches to address current environmental challenges, fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills for informed decision-making.
Recommended Textbook
Scientific American Environmental Science for a Changing World 2nd Edition by Jeneen InterlandI
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Page 2
Chapter 1:
Literacy
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Q1) Which of the following is characteristic of a sustainable ecosystem?
A) It makes the most of renewable energy.
B) It uses matter conservatively. (It recycles or reuses so nothing is wasted.)
C) It keeps populations in check.
D) It depends on local biodiversity.
E) All of the above
Answer: E
Q2) Which factors make up the triple bottom line?
A) human, natural, and solar factors
B) international, national, and local factors
C) social, economic, and environmental factors
D) agricultural, financial, and environmental factors
E) solar energy, water, and air factors
Answer: C
Q3) What does an environment include?
Answer: An environment includes the biological (living) and physical (nonliving) surroundings in which any given living organism exists.
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Chapter 2: Science Literacy and the Process of Science-
Science and the Sky: Solving the Mystery of the Disappearing Ozone
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Q1) Explain what the precautionary principle is and how it was applied during the formation of the Montréal Protocol?
Answer: The precautionary principle is acting in the face of uncertainty when there is a chance that serious consequences might happen. The Montréal Protocol used the precautionary principle to outline a series of deadlines for reducing the production of CFCs before definitive studies were published explaining the harmful effects of CFCs on ozone.
Q2) What is a correlation, and how does it differ from a cause-and-effect relationship? Give an example of each and note what type of study can provide that information. Answer: In an observational study, data can provide a correlation between, for example, the presence of CFCs and ozone depletion. Both occur together and it suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. An experimental study, where variables can be directly manipulated and controlled, can be used to test a cause-and-effect relationship, for example, showing that elevated UV exposure increases the incidence of skin cancer in lab rats.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Information Literacy:toxic Bottles on the Trail of
Chemicals in Our Everyday Lives- Human Populations and Environmental Health
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Q1) Which common logical fallacy presents extraneous information that does not directly support the claim but that might confuse the reader/listener?
A) red herring
B) false dichotomy
C) appeal to ignorance
D) ad hominem attack
E) hasty generalization
Answer: A
Q2) Explain the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary information sources. Provide an example of each type.
Answer: Primary sources present new and original data or information, including novel scientific experiments and first-hand accounts of any given observation. An example would be a peer-reviewed journal article. Secondary sources come from reputable sources and present and interpret information from primary sources. An example would be a textbook on environmental science. Tertiary sources are those that present and interpret information from secondary sources. Tertiary sources may be accurate; however, they may introduce errors because they do not rely on the primary source for facts. Many blogs, websites, and even news shows are examples.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Human Populations- One Child China Grows Up:
a Country Faces the Outcomes of Radical Population Control
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Q1) The percentage increase of a population size over time is known as its ________.
A) population momentum
B) crude birth rate
C) life expectancy
D) growth rate
E) total fertility rate
Q2) Japan's population is fairly stable and is represented by an age structure diagram that looks like ________.
A) a pyramid
B) an inverted pyramid
C) a column
D) a circle
E) a square
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a reason why the global growth rate surged as a result of the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s?
A) greater use of vaccines
B) access to cleaner water
C) improved nutrition
Page 6
D) improvements to the educational system
E) All of the above contributed to the surging growth rate.
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Page 7
Nightmare: Human Health Is Intricately Linked to the
Environment- Consumption and the Environmental
Footprint
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Q1) What are the variables that a public health epidemiologist has to take into account when devising a plan to mitigate a health threat?
A) economic
B) environmental
C) cultural
D) only A and B
E) A, B, and C
Q2) In a vector-borne disease, the _______ directly causes the disease.
A) vector
B) pathogen
C) human
D) host
E) water
Q3) Which of the organisms listed below causes disease in humans?
A) fungi
B) bacteria
C) viruses
D) worms
E) All of the above.
Page 8
Q4) Why do you think 75% of all emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic?
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Page 9
Carpet Company
Takes a Chance on Going Green
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Q1) Discuss how the ecosystem service of pollination benefits humans.
Q2) What are the differences and similarities between environmental and ecological economics?
Q3) A linear economic model would include which of the following items?
A) recyclable products
B) crude oil as an energy source
C) cow manure
D) reclaimable waste
E) All of the items listed above would fit that description.
Q4) Which statement is correct?
A) Traditional economics discounts short-term benefits and costs more than it does long-term ones.
B) Natural and human resources are infinite.
C) In a closed-loop system, models of production follow a linear sequence.
D) Linear systems are sustainable in business and economic models.
E) Mainstream economics assumes that economic growth will increase forever.
Q6) What are assumptions of mainstream economics that fall short? Page 10
Q5) Refer to Infographic 6.5. Why is it important to consider the cost to an ecosystem when purchasing a product as well as considering the price of the object or service?
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Chapter
Teeming With Trash- Ecology
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Q1) When e-waste is improperly recycled, toxic metals can be released; this can include
A) lead
B) mercury
C) chromium
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) Refer to Infographic 7.8. What are the three required steps of recycling? Which step drives the entire process and is therefore most important?
Q3) Many states in the United States have "take back laws" which require manufacturers to take back some of their products (such as computers) after the consumer has finished with it. How does this encourage companies to rethink their product design?
Q4) It has been shown that a bottle deposit, a center for returning and recycling bottles and cans, significantly reduces the amount of plastic or glass bottles and aluminum cans that end up in a landfill. Not all states have a bottle deposit. What would be the benefits of having a bottle deposit in all states?
Q5) Refer to Infographic 7.3. Describe the pros and cons of a waste-to-energy incinerator.
Page 12
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Chapter 8: Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycling- Engineering
Earth: an Ambitious Attempt to Replicate Earths Life
Support Systems Goes Awry
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Q1) Populations that have a _______ range of tolerance and are _______ genetically diverse have a greater chance of surviving a change to their environment.
A) narrow; more
B) narrow; less
C) broad; more
D) broad; less
E) small; less
Q2) When an oak tree undergoes photosynthesis, it is essentially __________.
A) adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
B) removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
C) adding nitrogen to the atmosphere
D) removing nitrogen from the atmosphere
E) All of the above are correct.
Q3) The specific role a species plays in its community is its ___________.
A) habitat
B) community
C) niche
D) physical environment
E) address
Q4) If no new matter enters the system, how can Earth continue to exist? Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 9: Population Ecology- the Wolf Watchers:
Endangered Gray Wolves Return to the American West
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Q1) Human populations have exceeded the natural carrying capacity of the Earth. Pick the factor(s) that allows us to increase the carrying capacity for humanity.
A) fossil fuel-based agriculture
B) advancements in healthcare
C) habitat destruction
D) biotechnology
E) all of the above
Q2) The minimum viable population is _____________.
A) the smallest number of individuals that allows the population to survive long term
B) the smallest number of populations required to make up an ecosystem
C) the same number of individuals for each population
D) the smallest area required for a mating ritual
E) the smallest flock size that would protect against predators
Q3) Why is weather considered to be a density-independent factor?
Q4) How does maintaining the top-down regulation by wolves help in providing for diverse fish and amphibian communities in Yellowstone?
Q5) Why would a clumped distribution be an advantage for a bee-pollinated plant?
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Everglades Reveals the Intricacies of a
Threatened Ecosystem- Biodiversity and Evolution
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Q1) The United States has some of the strictest laws on the harvesting of timber. Timber companies, however, have realized that even though they are required to replant after harvesting, they can just plant pine trees. What problems does this cause, and how would you change the regulation?
Q2) Along the southeast coast, an important part of the Gullah culture (African American descendants of slaves brought through South Carolina and Georgia) has been the weaving of sawgrass and other marsh grass baskets (called sweetgrass baskets). How could you use your knowledge of ecological succession in wetland habitats to maintain sawgrass communities as a natural and cultural resource?
Q3) The concept of the trophic pyramid reflects ________________.
A) the fact that each transfer of energy as you move up the food web results in a loss of about 90%
B) the fact that each transfer of energy as you move up the food web results in a loss of about 10%
C) the fact that biomass increases as you move up the food web
D) the number of decomposers found in a system
E) none of the above
Q4) Why are invasive species so damaging to ecosystems?
Q5) Why are decomposers and detritivores essential members of any ecosystem? Page 16
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Chapter 11: Evolution- a Tropical Murder Mystery: Finding the Missing Birds of Guam
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Q1) Which of the following can make a difference in how quickly natural selection can produce a change in a population?
A) level of genetic diversity
B) size of the population
C) reproductive rate and generation time
D) strength of the selective pressure
E) All of the above can make a difference.
Q2) ________ are stretches of DNA that influence traits of an individual.
A) Proteins
B) Imprints
C) Genes
D) Founders
E) Constraints
Q3) Compared with the background rate of extinction, currently ___________.
A) species are going extinct much faster than in the past
B) the rate of extinction is more than 100 times higher
C) humans are greatly enhancing the rate of extinction
D) Both A and C are correct.
E) All of the above answers are correct.
Q4) What are four observations that natural selection is based on?
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Chapter
Ingredient Is Wreaking Havoc on Wildlife Across the Globe
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Q1) If new ecosystems can replace collapsed ecosystems, why are people still concerned with ecosystem destruction?
A) They are not concerned.
B) New ecosystems typically do not form fast enough to prevent ecosystem services loss.
C) The new ecosystem will be just like the old and will collapse again.
D) The same species will not repopulate the new ecosystem.
E) It costs a lot of money to replace ecosystems.
Q2) Why is palm oil a good alternative to other edible oils?
A) Palm oil plantations produce more oil per acre than other oil crops.
B) Palm oil is cheaper.
C) Palm oil is healthier than other edible oils containing trans fats.
D) Palm oil can be sustainably farmed.
E) All of the above are correct.
Q3) Habitat fragmentation can lead to the same loss of biodiversity as habitat destruction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation.
Q5) What is the connection between endemic species and endangered species? Page 19
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Page 20
Chapter 13: Reserving Biodiversity- a Forest Without
Elephants: Can We Save One of Earths Iconic Species-
Water Resources
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Q1) Refer to Table 13.2. Which conservation method do you think would benefit an endangered species whose habitat is being destroyed?
Q2) What are some limits to the single-species conservation approach?
A) Typically, only cute animals are recipients of this approach.
B) It does not take the entire ecosystem into account.
C) The genetic altering of keystone species does not always produce a more fit species for that ecosystem.
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.
Q3) What are some techniques employed by ecosystem conservationists?
A) reforestation
B) remediation
C) landscape conservation
D) monitoring of indicator species
E) all of these answers
Q4) In ecosystem conservation, the indicator species are also protected under single-species conservation efforts.
Page 21
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
14: Freshwater Resources- Toilet to Tap: a
California County Is Employing a Controversial Method to -
Supply Drinking Water
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Q1) To make wastewater ___________, or clean enough for consumption, it is put through a process called reverse osmosis.
A) sanitary
B) desalinated
C) effluent
D) intrusive
E) potable
Q2) Which of the following lists the path of water correctly?
A) surface -> soil -> water table -> aquifer
B) surface -> saturated zone -> soil -> aquifer -> water table
C) surface -> water table -> soil
D) lake -> soil -> aquifer -> water table
E) infiltration -> soil -> aquifer -> water table
Q3) What are some potential impacts of global warming on aquifers?
Q4) Why is deforestation a problem in regards to the Earth's freshwater supply?
Q5) Refer to Infographic 14.2. Explain the steps and processes in the water cycle as water moves from the ocean to the atmosphere to land and back to the ocean.
Q6) Explain how the choice of crops or ornamental plants to plant can help conserve waters. Page 22
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Chapter 15: Water Pollution-
Zone, Far Upstream- Food Resources
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Q1) If water flows more slowly through watershed areas, will this increase or decrease the amount of pathogens found in the water that eventually flows into the ending river or lake?
Q2) Point source pollution describes pollution sources that are always located immediately next to the contaminated water, thus making them easy to identify.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why are point source pollution sources considered easier to "fix" than nonpoint source pollution sources?
Q4) Discuss some ways that human alteration of watersheds has affected the quality of surface water and the quantity of groundwater.
Q5) Which crop releases the most nitrogen into the soil?
A) oats
B) corn
C) alfalfa
D) rye
E) Plants do not release nitrogen into the soil.
Q6) Discuss the pros and cons of using drainage pipes for agricultural fields.
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Genetically Engineered Food Help End Hunger
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Q1) What are some of the major concerns associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Q2) Describe how traditional selective breeding, where farmers attempt to produce offspring with valuable traits by breeding parents with those traits, is different from creating organisms with valuable traits using genetic engineering.
Q3) What percentage of the global population is undernourished?
A) 2%, 140 million people
B) 8%, 561 million people
C) 12%, 842 million people
D) 19%, 1.3 billion people
E) 23%, 1.6 billion people
Q4) What was the Green Revolution, and was it successful? Discuss pros and cons of this approach on the environment.
Q5) Do GMOs raise or lower the overall crop biodiversity?
A) raise
B) lower
C) Biodiversity remains the same.
Q6) Why are low-tech farming methods more accessible to women farmers?
Q7) Why is there no clear answer to the problem of malnutrition in Africa?
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Chapter 17: Agriculture- Farming Like an Ecosystem:
Creative Solutions to Feeding the World- Conventional Energy: Fossil Fuels
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Q1) Which factor(s) contribute(s) to the emergence of pesticide-resistant crop pest populations?
A) lack of genetic diversity in the pest population
B) the ability of individual pests within a population to survive exposure to the pesticide and reproduce
C) organic farming techniques
D) the ability of pesticide reapplication to kill all pests in a population
E) All of these answers are factors that contribute to the emergence.
Q2) Refer to Infographic 17.3. Describe how application of chemical pesticides encourages the emergence of pesticide-resistant pest populations.
Q3) Which of the following is an advantage of sustainable farming for the farmer/environment?
A) The soil is not degraded.
B) There is less potential for water pollution.
C) Beneficial insects are not killed.
D) All of these answers are advantages.
E) None of these answers is an advantage.
Q5) Refer to Infographic 17.6. Which methods increase soil fertility, and why? Page 26
Q4) What are some potential hazards to using biological methods of pest control?
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Chapter
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT associated with surface mining?
A) safer
B) greater damage to ecosystem
C) more alteration to landscape
D) greater expense
E) easier and simpler
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with mountaintop removal mining?
A) This type of surface mining causes permanent, irreversible changes to the landscape.
B) Runoff from the mined area can deliver sulfur and other toxic compounds to streams downstream.
C) The reduction in forested areas can lead to increased frequency and severity of flooding.
D) While having environmental impacts, it leads to greater employment for residents.
E) None of these answers is correct.
Q3) Refer to Infographic 18.6. Discuss some of the health affects of mining and using coal to generate electricity.
Q4) How are mountaintop removal mines typically "reclaimed"?
28
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Chapter 19: Oil and Natural Gas- the Bakken Oil Boom: Is Our Next Big Fuel Source Our Dirtiest- Air Pollution:
Consequences of Using Fossil Fuels
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Q1) The Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster threatened the lives of numerous species and the livelihoods of communities living along the Gulf of Mexico.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What process allows for primary production of oil from a well?
A) significant pressure on the oil from millions of tons of rocks pressing down and Earth's heat
B) drilling of injection wells
C) water pumping through injection wells into the ground
D) injection of carbon dioxide or steam into the reservoir
E) use of hydraulic technologies in the well
Q3) What is the sequence used for extracting oil from the petroleum reservoirs?
Q4) The largest concentrations of oil shales are found in ______________.
A) Canada
B) Russia
C) Saudi Arabia
D) the United States
E) Venezuela
Q5) Explain why it is difficult to determine how long oil reserves will last. Page 29
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution- the Youngest Scientists: Kids on the Frontlines
of Asthma Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a consequence of acid deposition?
A) reduced nutrient uptake by plants
B) acidified lakes
C) dying forests
D) released aluminum from soils
E) all of these answers
Q2) ________ is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases in the United States and other developed nations and a major cause of childhood disability.
A) Arthritis
B) Heart disease
C) Lung cancer
D) Asthma
E) None of these answers
Q3) Air pollution can cause which of the following conditions?
A) ground-level ozone
B) water pollution
C) asthma
D) property damage
E) all of these answers
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Chapter 21: Climate Change- When the Trees Leave:
Scientists Grapple With a Shifting Climate- Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
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Q1) Refer to Temperature and Atmospheric CO Concentration from the Vostok Ice Core graph in Infographic 21.7. The relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide is complex. Explain the relationship between these two variables (1) as Earth comes out of a glacial period (ice age) and increases in carbon dioxide lag temperature increases by hundreds of years, and (2) in reference to the recent warming over the last hundred years where increased carbon dioxide release is preceding the warming.
Q2) Explain how clouds can participate in both positive and negative feedback loops.
Q3) Long-term patterns or trends of meteorological conditions in a given area refer to its
A) weather
B) variability
C) forecast
D) climate
E) albedo
Q4) How would applying the precautionary principle now to carbon dioxide emissions help to avoid, or at least lessen, some of the more serious outcomes of a changing global climate?
Page 32
Q5) Describe the difference between weather and climate. Provide an example for each.
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Chapter
Nuclear Energy Overcome Its Bad Rep
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Q1) Nuclear energy is considered to be a "clean energy" because of all but which of the following?
A) Sulfur dioxide is not produced.
B) NO compounds are not released.
C) Much less CO (therefore, fewer greenhouse gases) are released.
D) Particulates are not released.
E) Less hot water is produced than by conventional power plants.
Q2) ___________________ is a nuclear reaction that occurs when a neutron strikes the nucleus of an atom and breaks it into two or more parts.
A) Nuclear fusion
B) Nuclear fission
C) Radioactive decay
D) Cold fusion
E) Cold fission
Q3) How can nuclear waste best be disposed of?
Q4) What are the similarities and differences between uranium-238 and uranium-235?
Q5) Explain why nuclear power plants require a vast amount of water.
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Q6) Refer to Infographic 22.3. Explain why the mining of uranium ore is hazardous for the miners.
Chapter 23: Sustainable Energy for Stationary Sources-
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Q1) What alternative energy resources did Samsø choose to use in order to become a green community?
A) geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind
B) solar energy, wind, and biomass
C) geothermal energy, solar energy, and biomass
D) geothermal energy, solar energy, biomass, hydro energy, and wind
E) hydro energy, solar energy, and wind
Q2) What makes solar energy an unreliable energy source?
A) Photovoltaic cells have a lot of moving parts that produce noise.
B) Sunlight is intermittent, especially in high-latitude locations.
C) It has expensive start-up costs.
D) A, B, and C are correct.
E) B and C are correct.
Q3) What factors make wind energy imperfect as an energy source?
A) Wind is intermittent.
B) Wind turbines are expensive to build.
C) Wind turbines can create noise.
D) Some people think turbines are an eyesore.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) How is electricity produced in a dry steam geothermal power plant? Page 34
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Chapter 24: Urbanization- the Ghetto Goes Green: in the Bronx, Building a Better Backyard
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Q1) What did Stanford University law student Michael Wara discover about the effectiveness of the cap-and-trade program on reducing greenhouse gas emissions? What explanation did he propose for this surprising result?
Q2) What was the Kyoto Protocol, and how was compliance enforced?
Q3) The era of modern environmental policy had begun by:
A) 1849.
B) 1880.
C) 1923.
D) 1969.
E) 1996.
Q4) Describe how the emissions trading policy, known as cap-and-trade, is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Q5) Which of the following groups provide input toward how best to curb emissions and slow global warming?
A) scientists
B) environmental activists
C) policy makers
D) political leaders
E) all of these answers
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Chapter 25: Environmental Policy
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Q1) Which of the following is normally a consequence of urban/suburban sprawl?
A) loss of farmland
B) wildlife loss
C) ecosystem disruption
D) large ecological footprint
E) all of these answers
Q2) Among a variety of groups with an interest in a sustainable future, an emerging consensus is that the future lies in ____________________.
A) returning to our rural roots
B) cities and smart urban development
C) suburban and exurban development
D) A, B, and C
E) none of these answers
Q3) Which of the following factors requires urban areas to use more fossil fuel than rural areas?
A) dependence on food and resource inputs from outside the city
B) concentrated wastes that have to be transported away
C) traffic congestion and the lack of available parking
D) A, B, and C
E) none of these answers
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Chapter
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Q1) In addition to the waste produced by each of the steps outlined in Infographic 26.5 for mining rare earth minerals, what other environmental problems are often caused by large industrial mines?
Q2) Which of the following correctly characterizes indium?
A) It is considered a renewable resource.?
B) Its radioactivity provides a constant supply of electric power.
C) It is environmentally hazardous to mine.
D) It has been replaced in most electronic devices by carbon nanotubes.
E) It is common in nature.
Q3) What characterizes a metal? List some examples of everyday products that contain metals.
Q4) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding rare earth minerals?
A) They are tightly bound to one another.
B) They are scattered diffusely through the ores that contain them.
C) They are always rare.
D) They tend to be attached to lots of radioactive substrate.
E) They do not occur in concentrated deposits.
Q5) Why is global demand for all types of minerals rising, and why is it critical to develop alternatives to minerals that are currently used in so many everyday products?
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Chapter 27: Learned After the Fact
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Q1) Which of the following processes contribute to the process of desertification?
A) overgrazing by livestock
B) global warming
C) soil erosion
D) A, B, and C
E) none of these answers
Q2) Human activity has caused the degradation of grasslands. How has grassland degradation in turn affected humans?
Q3) What factors lead to the maintenance of grassland ecosystems in a given area?
A) the amount of precipitation
B) the presence of grazing animals
C) periodic wildfires
D) A, B, and C
E) none of these answers
Q4) Which two processes are essential to soil formation?
A) soil erosion and overgrazing
B) decay of organic material and soil erosion
C) decay of organic material and weathering of parent material
D) weathering of parent material and overgrazing
E) desertification and weathering of parent material
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Chapter 28: Optional Chapters Available in Launchpad
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Q1) The forest biome that you would expect to find in a cool location with mild precipitation and a short growing season would be __________________.
A) deciduous
B) boreal
C) coniferous
D) tropical
E) none of these answers
Q2) Which statement is correct?
A) Fire suppression prevents destruction of forests in the long run.
B) Deforestation causes little change in the water supply of an area.
C) Subsistence farming can help prevent mass scale deforestation.
D) Roads going through forested areas have little effect on deforestation because people use them solely for transportation.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Why might forest management be considered a "wicked problem"?
Q4) Refer to Infographic 28.2. What microclimate exists in the emergent tree layer, and how would this affect the species dwelling there?
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Chapter 29: Mineral Resources and Mining
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Q1) Refer to Infographic 29.6. What does the white area on this coral indicate? Discuss the possible causes and the ecological impact of this phenomenon.
Q2) It is estimated that ______ of all ocean species spend some portion of their life in a coral reef.
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 90%
Q3) The ocean is so vast it is hard to imagine that human activities could harm it. However, the evidence of human impact is unmistakable. Discuss the nature of marine ecosystem destruction from pollution and overfishing.
Q4) Which factor in the ocean is key in determining environmental conditions?
A) space
B) depth
C) predators
D) pressure
E) biota
Q5) What are the causes of algal blooms, and how do algal blooms affect coral reefs?
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Chapter 30: Rare Earth Elements: a Bevy of Unfamiliar
Minerals Are Crucial for Our Everyday
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Q1) According to Infographic 30.2, in 2005 China's annual per capita meat consumption was:
A) 5000 kilograms/year.
B) 125 kilograms/year.
C) 60 kilograms/year.
D) 20 kilograms/year.
E) The information cannot be determined from this infographic.
Q2) By some estimates, 17 to 34 acres worth of grain crop are required to produce a ton of beef (about four cows). This same amount of land could have been used to grow food to feed ____________ more people than the ton of beef can feed.
A) 1 to 2 times
B) 5 to 10 times
C) 10 to 20 times
D) 30 to 40 times
E) 90 to 100 times
Q3) What are some advantages and disadvantages to feeding cattle grains instead of grass?
Q4) Do sustainable animal rearing methods address the disadvantages of CAFOs?
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Q5) List and describe several ethical issues involved with raising animals in CAFOs.
Chapter
Soil and Grassland Resources
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Q1) Refer to Infographic 31.3. What can cause a marine food pyramid to look like the one shown in the figure? What effects can it have on the fishing industry and on the ability of top-trophic-level fish to recover?
Q2) How can recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) address the environmental challenges posed by net pen and open pond aquaculture? What constrains RAS, given all these advantages?
Q3) Which statement about fish is FALSE?
A) In poorer nations, the cost of fish is cheaper compared with meat and poultry.
B) More than 15% of the world's population relies on fish as their main source of protein.
C) Even though fish is a popular protein choice, humans consume more beef, pork, and chicken than fish.
D) Many trendy diets are based on fish consumption.
E) The FDA recommends that Americans consume two servings of fish per week.
Q4) Compare and contrast fishing and open-water aquaculture. Discuss the benefits and challenges of both approaches in obtaining fish protein for our diets.
Q5) How is aquaculture similar to a tree plantation?
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Chapter 32: Restoring the Range: the Key to Recovering the
Grasslands May Be a Surprising One
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Q1) What are some advantages and disadvantages of using algae for biofuel?
Q2) What has recently become an attractive alternative to using grains (corn) or sugarcane to make bioethanol? Briefly describe what sources are used and why its production efficiency is currently an issue.
Q3) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels in terms of air pollution, relative to fossil fuels.
Q4) Which of the following choices is commonly used in the United States to produce biodiesel?
A) corn
B) sugarcane
C) soybeans
D) switchgrass
E) beets
Q5) Use Infographic 32.5 to describe the production of grain ethanol and cellulosic ethanol. Why is it more challenging to produce ethanol from plants with high cellulose content compared with producing it from grain?
Q6) What are some of the concerns regarding the use of crops in biofuel production?
Page 44
Q7) Describe how many U.S. states are rewarding energy efficiency as it pertains to our mobile fuel needs.
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