Environmental Science
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, and the impact of human activity on natural systems. The course covers topics such as ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, natural resource management, energy use, pollution, climate change, and sustainable development. Students will develop analytical and problem-solving skills by examining case studies and current environmental issues, learning to evaluate scientific data and propose solutions for mitigating environmental problems. Through laboratory and fieldwork, students gain practical experience in environmental assessment, monitoring, and policy analysis.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Marine Biology 4th Edition by George Karleskint
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20 Chapters
2050 Verified Questions
2050 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Science and Marine Biology
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73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a scientific theory to enjoy broad acceptance by the scientific community it must:
A) be based on numerous observations.
B) have one or more hypotheses that have been tested and accepted.
C) be supported by an important scientist.
D) both a and b
E) both b and c
Answer: D
Q2) Not science
A)using observation to test hypothesis
B)non-observable or testable hypothesis.
C)using controlled experiments to test hypothesis
D)an explanation for a particular observed event
E)an explanation for a body of observations over time
Answer: B
Q3) Experimental variable
A)a trial without the experimental variable
B)variable being altered
C)a trial that contains the experimental variable
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) predator
A)herbivore
B)carnivore
C)producer
Answer: B
Q2) Salinity
A)Limiting nutrient
B)Water movement
C)Twilight zone
D)Solute concentration
Answer: D
Q3) Regions above or below the optimal range of an environmental variable are called:
A) zones of stress.
B) tolerance zones.
C) optimal range areas.
D) None of the above.
E) b and c only.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Geology of the Ocean
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What makes rift communities unique?
Answer: Rift communities are unique because they seemingly do not rely on energy from the sun as the primary source of energy powering the synthesis of high energy organic compounds. These communities rely on the chemosynthetic primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria.
Q2) Mountainous coastlines tend to be associated with narrow continental shelves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Abyssal plain
A)rise up from abyssal plain
B)once above the seasurface
C)flat expanse
Answer: C
Q4) Shelf break
A)landscape change between components of the continental margin
B)transition to the deep ocean floor
C)shallow extensions of the continents
D)gentle slope beyond the shelf break
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Water, Waves, and Tides
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Sample Questions
Q1) The charges on a water molecule are distributed equally.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Water can mingle with other elements because it is a:
A) heating agent.
B) solvent.
C) solid.
D) vapor.
E) nonpolar molecule.
Q3) Surface tension allows water molecules to do all the following except:
A) transmit light energy.
B) resist evaporation.
C) form a tight surface layer.
D) support small organisms.
Q4) The designation of winds is referenced from
A) the direction from which they are coming.
B) the direction towards which they are going.
C) folk lore.
D) the need to throw horses overboard.
E) the direction in relation to the observer's path of travel
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Biological Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Genetic information is translated into ____, which direct(s) the chemical activity of an organism.
A) DNA
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) proteins
E) inorganic material.
Q2) Structural proteins
A)muscle
B)biological catalysts
C)semi-rigid body parts of animals
Q3) An organic molecule comprised of linked similar units is called:
A) a sugar.
B) a protein.
C) a polymer.
D) an enzyme.
E) a monomer.
Q4) What processes gave rise to the reproductive isolation between Caribbean and Pacific marine organisms on either side of Central America? Discuss both biotic and abiotic processes in your answer.
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Chapter 6: Marine Microbes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Icosahedral
A)icosahedral heads with helical tails
B)protein subunit of the capsid spiral around the central core of the nucleic acid
C)capsid with twenty triangular faces
Q2) The frustule of diatoms is made of:
A) cellulose.
B) calcium carbonate.
C) silica.
D) protein.
E) starch.
Q3) Binal
A)icosahedral heads with helical tails
B)protein subunit of the capsid spiral around the central core of the nucleic acid
C)capsid with twenty triangular faces
Q4) Describe the symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and their hosts. How do both benefit from the relationship?
Q5) Describe the feeding behavior and biology of amoeboid protozoans.
Q6) What is diatomaceous earth? How is it used commercially?
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Chapter 7: Multicellular Primary Producers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Springtime vegetative growth in seagrasses is primarily due to metabolism of starch stored in the:
A) roots.
B) leaves.
C) rhizomes.
D) turions.
Q2) In colder regions, some macroalgae die off in winter, but others termed ____ live for at least 2 years.
A) perennials
B) annuals
C) eurythermals
D) stenothermals
E) biannuals.
Q3) Photosynthetic pigments of algae are found in cells within:
A) chloroplasts.
B) nuclei.
C) cell walls.
D) mitochondria.
E) vacuoles.
Q4) Outline at least 3 ecological roles of mangroves.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Lower Invertebrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cnidarians have an incomplete gut (having only one opening) called the:
A) nematocyst.
B) coelom.
C) gastrovascular cavity.
D) pseudointestine.
E) spongeocoel.
Q2) The Cnidarians possess:
A) a water vascular system.
B) bi-lateral symmetry.
C) stinging cells.
D) spicules.
E) setae.
Q3) Flatworms can reproduce:
A) asexually.
B) sexually.
C) by reciprocal copulation.
D) all of the above
Q4) What are the three classes of cnidarians and how do they differ from each other?
Q5) What are the advantages of radial symmetry to a sessile or slow moving organism?
Page 10
Q6) Name the three animal phyla that feed and respire with a lophophore.
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Chapter 9: Higher Invertebrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) The opening of the shells of some gastropods is protected by the:
A) parapodia.
B) setae.
C) operculum.
D) head.
E) cerata
Q2) Krill
A)Photophore
B)Chelicerae
C)Mandibles
Q3) Most large crustaceans exchange gases through their exoskeletons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The molting process is a means for arthropods to:
A) remove winter coat.
B) slough off attached anemones.
C) grow.
D) develop a new color pattern.
E) attract mates.
Q5) Describe the method by which nautiloids regulate their buoyancy.
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Chapter 10: Marine Fishes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shark
A)moving caudal fin side-to-side
B)wave travels along the edge of pectoral fins
C)pectoral fins flap up and down
D)eel-like undulation of body
Q2) About 2/3 of a shark's brain is used for:
A) control of body movement.
B) processing electrical currents from the water.
C) olfaction.
D) vision.
E) processing water pressure differences.
Q3) Marine bony fishes have blood that is just as salty as seawater.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are 2 pieces of anatomical evidence that lead ichthyologists to consider that sturgeons are a fairly old group of fishes?
Q5) Ovoviparity
A)development in mother's uterus without an egg
B)egg released outside of body
C)egg hatched in mothers uterus
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Chapter 11: Reptiles and Birds
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108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Penguins and alcids are ecological equivalents. Describe what is meant by ecological equivalency and explain why you think it may arise.
Q2) Cormorants
A)Aerial pursuit
B)Pursuit diving underwater with feet as propulsion
C)Surface plunging
D)Pursuit diving underwater with wings as propulsion
Q3) A structure found within penguins that is used for storing food for feeding the young is called the:
A) crop.
B) salt gland.
C) gular pouch.
D) amnion.
E) cloaca.
Q4) An adaptation of the marine iguana for cold water is
A) rete marible to keep exchange heat.
B) blubber to keep heat in.
C) dark skin to absorb the sun's heating radiation.
D) increased metabolism.
Q5) What are 3 adaptations of penguins for living in the sea?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Marine Mammals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Myoglobin is a protein found in the muscles of cetaceans that:
A) stores energy.
B) stores oxygen.
C) maintains buoyancy.
D) maintains heat.
E) stores ATP.
Q2) Spy Hopping
A)establishing dominance
B)marking position
C)looking around
Q3) The melon of dolphins and other toothed whales is used for:
A) storage of food.
B) protecting the brain.
C) focusing sound pulses.
D) receiving sound pulses.
E) producing sounds.
Q4) Sea Otter
A)Fur
B)Fur and fat
C)Blubber
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Intertidal Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tide pools offer refuge to intertidal animals because they are not subject to wild fluctuations in temperature and salinity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Supralittoral
A)intertidal zone
B)maritime zone
C)splash zone
Q3) Sea urchins living in the rocky intertidal zone use the following method to overcome wave shock:
A) creating burrows in which they live.
B) having a low profile.
C) using spines to dissipate the energy of the wave.
D) all of the above
Q4) Upper midlittoral
A)acorn barnacles
B)mussels
C)periwinkles
Q5) What are at least 3 adaptations that rocky intertidal organisms have for withstanding wave shock?
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Chapter 14: Estuaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a species that uses the estuary as a nursery ground is the:
A) Atlantic eel.
B) seal.
C) shad.
D) lobster.
E) tuna.
Q2) Marsh plants are important in all of the following except:
A) trapping sediments.
B) serving as a refuge for animals.
C) being directly consumed food.
D) stabilizing sediments.
Q3) The major source of nitrogenous nutrients in estuaries is incoming seawater.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All are true of oyster reefs except
A) they are oriented perpendicular to currents.
B) they are concentrated in lower salinity areas.
C) they are important habitats for other organisms.
D) they are adversely affected by rapid changes in salinity.
E) they are increasing in the Chesapeake Bay.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Coral Reef Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clownfishes are involved in a symbiotic relationship with:
A) corals.
B) anemones.
C) pearlfishes.
D) sea cucumbers.
E) sea fans.
Q2) A production/respiration ratio of one indicates:
A) the reef is productive and exporting nutrients.
B) little biomass is available for export.
C) the reef may begin to decline.
D) community respiration is too high.
E) algae are overgrowing the coral.
Q3) Fast-growing algae are prevented from out competing corals due to:
A) low nutrients inhibiting their growth.
B) grazing on algae by herbivores.
C) sensitivity to pressure increasing with depth.
D) damselfish activity.
E) b and d
Q4) How do some corals reproduce asexually?
Q5) Describe at least 3 physical factors that limit coral reef distribution.
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Chapter 16: Continental Shelves and Neritic Zone
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Sample Questions
Q1) Changes in sediment distribution can be attributed to all except:
A) currents.
B) burrowing animals.
C) feeding activity of predators.
D) temperature - salinity shifts.
Q2) Interstitial
A)live in spaces between sediment particles
B)live on the surface sediments
C)burrow in the sediments
Q3) On the west coast of North America, sea urchins were historically kept in check by: A) lobsters.
B) surf perches.
C) sea otters.
D) crabs.
E) SCUBA divers.
Q4) Briefly describe the ecology and trophic abundance of the Southern Ocean.
Q5) Describe how population size of lobsters affects the extent of kelp forests on the North Atlantic coast of North America.
Q6) Describe 3 adaptations of benthic fishes for living on the continental shelf.
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Chapter 17: The Open Sea
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macroplankton are organisms visible to the naked eye and generally exceed ____ in size.
A) 5 mm
B) 1 mm
C) 5 cm
D) 10 mm
E) 10 cm.
Q2) Archaeans and bacteria are generally included in the:
A) seston.
B) tripton.
C) bacterioplankton.
D) viriplankton.
E) pleuston.
Q3) Picoplankton
A)0.02 \(\mu\)m
B)2.0 \(\mu\)m
C)0.2 \(\mu\)m
Q4) Squids are dominant nektonic predators in the open ocean.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Life in the Oceans Depths
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Sample Questions
Q1) The limpet-like Neopilina was thought to be extinct for over
A) 100 million years.
B) 175 million years.
C) 250 million years.
D) 350 million years.
E) 1 billion years.
Q2) The deep sea is characterized by being a very unstable environment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why is it necessary for males of some species of anglerfish to parasitize the females?
Q4) An ancient fish that has provided insight into the evolution of tetrapods is the A) laternfish.
B) tripod fish.
C) coelacanth.
D) redmouth whale fish.
E) gulper eel.
Q5) What physical features characterize the deep sea? Describe three factors.
Q6) How do animals living in the deep sea tolerate the high pressure and low temperature of these depths?
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Chapter 19: Harvesting the Oceans Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fish and shellfish resources are considered:
A) inexhaustible.
B) finite.
C) renewable.
D) transferable.
E) inorganic.
Q2) A decrease in relative abundance of a species can lead to
A) an increase in predator avoidance.
B) replacement species.
C) a change in ecosystem structure.
D) rapid growth in the depressed population.
E) greater ecosystem stability.
Q3) Fish and shellfish account for what percentage of total protein consumed by the human population?
A) 6
B) 16
C) 26
D) 36
E) 56
Q4) Describe at least 3 effects of mangrove destruction on marine habitats.
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Chapter 20: Oceans in Jeopardy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Toxic oil compounds' effects on the invertebrates include(s):
A) tainted flesh moving up the food chain.
B) all invertebrates are tolerant of oil pollution.
C) acting like a narcotic.
D) both a and c
Q2) PCBs
A)polychlorinated biphenyls
B)benzene and other ring-shaped molecules
C)heptane and other straight-chain molecules
D)coliforms
Q3) Dumping-related activities
A)Fishing nets, buoys, and traps
B)Building materials
C)Food and beverage containers
D)Condoms and tampons
Q4) Eutrophication
A)DDT
B)agriculture runoff
C)plastic wastes
D)range extension of species
Page 22
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