Environmental Psychology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Environmental Psychology explores the dynamic relationship between people and their physical surroundings, examining how natural and built environments affect human behavior, well-being, and perception. This course delves into topics such as personal space, crowding, environmental stressors, sustainable design, and the psychological impact of architectural and urban planning decisions. Students will investigate how environmental factors influence mental health, productivity, and community interactions, and will be introduced to research methods used in the field. By integrating theory with real-world examples, the course equips students to consider psychological principles in the design and management of spaces to enhance both individual and collective quality of life.
Recommended Textbook
Applied Social Psychology 3rd Edition by Jamie A. Gruman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Defining the Field of Applied Social Psychology
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Q1) Nine-year-old Holly really likes her 14-year old neighbor,Kim.Holly often tags along after Kim,who usually ignores her because she thinks Holly is a pest.Sometimes,she has to send Holly home because they have strayed too far from their neighborhood.Which of the following from the passage is the kind of phenomenon that social psychologists study?
A) Holly and Kim straying from their neighborhood
B) Holly's interest in bugs
C) Kim thinks Holly is a pest
D) Holly and Kim's neighborhood
Answer: C
Q2) According to the text,which is an important value that guides scientists in their research?
A) skepticism
B) dogmatism
C) subjectivity
D) standardization
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Social Psychological Theory
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Q1) Festinger (1957)derived a number of intriguing hypotheses from cognitive dissonance theory.One dissonance-producing situation is effort justification.There are two others that have received a lot of academic attention.List the other two,and explain all three.
Answer: 1.Post-decisional dissonance.With post-decisional dissonance,dissonance almost always exists after a decision has been made between two or more alternatives. 2.Effort justification.With effort justification,dissonance almost always exists when a person engages in an unpleasant activity to obtain some desirable outcome.
3.Insufficient justification.With insufficient justification,dissonance almost always exists after a successful attempt has been made to elicit overt behavior that is at variance with private opinion by offering a reward that is just sufficient to elicit the overt behavior.
Q2) Testability refers to the idea that a good theory is capable of being ______.
A) studied
B) quantified
C) disproved
D) published
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Research Methods in Applied Social Psychology
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Q1) In the Gentile et al. (2009)experiment on the social effects of video games,the assignment of puzzles represented a(n)______ variable.
A) extraneous
B) controlled
C) independent
D) dependent
Answer: D
Q2) The American Psychological Association (2010)has dealt with ethical concerns about the use of deception in research by
A) calling on researchers to guide all of their research decisions in accordance with the overriding principle of respect for the dignity of persons
B) issuing a policy that bans the employment of deception
C) issuing a policy that calls on individual researchers to use extreme discretion in protecting participants from undue risk of physical and/or psychological harm
D) permitting the use of deception if researchers carefully adhere to a specific set of guidelines
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Intervention and Evaluation
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Q1) Over a 10-year span using the social norm intervention,Northern Illinois University experienced a ______% decrease in perceived high-risk drinking,a ______% decrease in actual high-risk drinking,and a ______% decrease in alcohol-related injuries.
A) 87; 80; 70
B) 67; 70; 40
C) 37; 30; 20
D) 7; 10; 5
Q2) The text considered several plausible explanations for the failure of the Cambridge-Somerville project on preventing youth from going down a criminal path.What was one explanation that was suggested?
A) The project did not include a control (comparison) group.
B) Community sources of help (e.g., social services organizations) did not provide typical levels of support.
C) Problems of attrition-the least delinquent-prone boys dropped out-biased the outcomes in a negative direction.
D) The absence of a long-term follow-up meant that more subtle beneficial outcomes that might eventually emerge could not be examined.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology
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Q1) Clinicians are sometimes influenced or biased based on group stereotypes.Name and describe three factors that may influence a clinician's judgment of others.
Q2) Richard is very concerned about how other people perceive him.He goes to great lengths ensuring that he projects the right impression.It is likely that Richard has ______.
A) low self-monitoring
B) high self-presentational motivation
C) social anxiety
D) low self-efficacy
Q3) A series of studies by Catalino,Furr,and Bellis (2012),which tested the ideas behind self-presentation theory,suggested that social anxiety is,in fact,produced by
A) self-presentation motivation but not social self-efficacy
B) social self-efficacy but not self-presentation motivation
C) neither social self-efficacy, nor self-presentation motivation
D) both social self-efficacy and self-presentation motivation
Q4) Outlined in the text are two popular types of errors made in clinical decision making,false negative and false positive.Distinguish between both.
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Chapter 6: Applying Social Psychology to Sports Teams
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Q1) Research on sports teams suggests that team goal setting plays a key role in performance outcomes.Three types of goal orientation are noted in the text.Name and describe two types.
Q2) In the ______ framework,messages between teammates are part of a larger process that contributes to the development and functioning of a team mental model.
A) social comparison
B) fundamental attribution
C) social cognitive exchange
D) social learning theory
Q3) Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding team communication and performance?
A) Team communication is not related to performance.
B) Task communication is not related to team performance.
C) Social communication is related to team performance.
D) Social communication is not related to team performance.
Q4) Sullivan (1993)developed an extensive communication training program for sports teams designed to optimize the interpersonal communication skills of the athletes.Name the seven stages,and describe the activities of two.
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Chapter 7: Applying Social Psychology to the Media
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Q1) Researchers distinguish between embedded sexual material and embedded violent sexual material.Differentiate between the two.
Q2) Performing a behavior because one observes it being rewarded is called vicarious learning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What effect does teaching children critical viewing skills have on their levels of aggressive behavior?
A) no effect
B) little effect because aggression typically occurs away from the TV sets used to teach these skills
C) positive effects but only for children low in aggressive tendencies
D) positive, long-lasting effects
Q4) The text describes two main types of frames.Describe both in detail.
Q5) According to the text,erotica is defined as nonaggressive explicit sexual activity typically among casual acquaintances.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Identify five effects of long-term exposure to nonviolent pornography.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Q1) Explain the theory of planned behavior,and list the components of the model.
Q2) Emotional support refers to getting advice,suggestions,or feedback from others and is especially helpful when we are in a situation or are encountering a problem that is new to us.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Coping strategies to reduce stress include emotion-focused efforts,where we try to change the stressor itself,and problem-focused efforts,where we try to regulate our emotions to minimize the distress.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Halpern-Fleisher and Millstein (2002)found that after the September 11 terrorist attacks,American adolescents perceived their risk of dying in an earthquake or tornado to be ______ that which adolescents had reported in the years preceding the attacks.
A) less than B) more than C) similar to
D) virtually identical to
Q5) Differentiate between health promotion and health prevention.
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Chapter 9: Applying Social Psychology to Education
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Q1) Recent research has shown that procrastination is primarily
A) a cognitive issue related to intrusive thoughts
B) a motivational issue related to the self-regulation of behavior
C) an emotional issue related to feelings of inadequacy
D) a behavioral issue related to behavioral intentions
Q2) Research shows that aggressive behavior among children is most influenced by ______.
A) group norms
B) descriptive norms
C) injunctive norms
D) norm salience
Q3) Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968)"Pygmalion in the Classroom" study,in which the IQ scores of "bloomers" increased significantly in comparison with their classroom peers,is an example of ______.
A) upward social comparisons
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) self-justification theory
Q4) Explain the premise of achievement goal theory.
Q5) Explain what is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Applying Social Psychology to Organizations
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Q1) Based on research on nonverbal communication in organizational settings,which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) Nonverbal behaviors play a significant role in many areas of organizational functioning.
B) Salespeople who make more eye contact are perceived by customers to be more believable.
C) Interviewers rate job applicants as more suitable for employment when the applicants display low levels of direct eye contact than when they display high levels of direct eye contact.
D) The verbal and nonverbal behaviors of job applicants interviewed by a "cold" interviewer are rated more negatively by independent judges than the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of job applicants interviewed by a "warm" interviewer.
Q2) Explain the bias referred to as the actor-observer difference.
Q3) A halo effect occurs when people perceive others who are like themselves more favorably than they do others who are dissimilar.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain what is meant by group polarization,and discuss its link to groupthink.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Applying Social Psychology to the Criminal Justice System
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Q1) Which is NOT one of the broad dimensions on which the Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (Moos,1987)is based?
A) benevolence-repression
B) system maintenance and system change
C) relationship-oriented
D) personal development
Q2) Kassin and Kiechel (1996)conducted an experiment in which a participant was accused by the experimenter of carrying out an act that led to the loss of data.What did NOT characterize the research?
A) The participant was accused of hitting the wrong key on a computer.
B) In one condition, a confederate reported having seen the participant engage in the harmful act.
C) Initially, all participants denied that they had engaged in the harmful act.
D) Eventually, virtually all of the participants confessed to having engaged in the harmful act.
Q3) Describe the social ecological perspective used to examine criminal acts.
Q4) Explain what is meant by the cross-race effect.
Q5) Jurors,like everyone else,are not impartial.Name the four types of bias faced by jurors,and explain two in depth.
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Chapter 12: Applying Social Psychology to the Community
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Q1) One of the values of community psychology is social justice.Social justice involves
A) strengthening the existing political structure in a community
B) punishing criminals using socially sanctioned penalties
C) the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities
D) balancing the needs of humans and the natural world
Q2) Describe two applied social psychology research traditions that have been most influential in community psychology.
Q3) Which of the following is true?
A) Activist research is not always participatory research.
B) Activist research is always participatory research.
C) Participatory research is always survey research.
D) Field research is always activist research.
Q4) In what order should the steps of the action research cycle occur?
A) data gathering, planning, reassessment, implementation of intervention
B) implementation of intervention, data gathering, planning, reassessment
C) planning, data gathering, implementation of intervention, reassessment
D) implementation of intervention, assessment, data gathering, planning
Q5) Community psychologists endorse particular values and approaches.Describe three of them in detail.
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Chapter 13: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Q1) Personal space is the geographic component of interpersonal relations-that is,the distance and angle of orientation (e.g.,side by side or face to face)between individuals as they interact.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Schultz et al.'s (2007)research,the introduction of a ______ norm successfully helped to increase levels of household electricity usage and was manipulated by means of ______ feedback.
A) descriptive; verbal
B) descriptive; nonverbal
C) injunctive; verbal
D) injunctive; nonverbal
Q3) Research shows that asking people to recycle and then providing them with feedback on their level of recycling can increase recycling behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Differentiate between sociopetal arrangements and sociofugal arrangements,and explain how these two types of social design can influence social support.
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15
Chapter 14: Applying Social Psychology to Diversity
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Q1) The term sexism specifically refers to bias against women based on their sex.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define sexism,and differentiate between hostile sexism,benevolent sexism,and ambivalent sexism.
Q3) The contact hypothesis purports that negative intergroup relations could be improved by increasing positive contact between members of two groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tim works in a country in which great inequalities in social status are accepted.He is not permitted to question the authority of his boss and is expected to address him formally.It is likely that Tim works in a country that would score high on ______.
A) femininity
B) power distance
C) masculinity
D) individualism
Q5) Describe realistic group conflict theory (RGCT).
Q6) Explain what is meant by diversity.
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Personal Relationships
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Q1) The matching phenomenon purports that preferring a long-term partner who is similar to oneself in looks (and other qualities)reduces the chances of either rejection or dissatisfaction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the physical attractiveness stereotype.
Q3) Walster,Aronson,and Abrahams (1966)invited first-year students to a Welcome Week dance and informed them that a computer would pair them up on the basis of personal data.Once the dance was over,which factor predicted whether participants wanted to see their "dates" again?
A) how similar the participants felt they were to their dates
B) the physical attractiveness of the dates
C) the self-esteem of the participants
D) the family background of the participants
Q4) Identify three factors that influence relationship formation and satisfaction.
Q5) Occupied,fearless,and insecure are three of the four adult attachment styles described.
A)True B)False
Q6) Identify three attachment styles associated with infants. Page 17
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to the Classroom
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Q1) Which of the following is true with respect to the overjustification effect?
A) Fortunately, most parents intuitively recognize circumstances involving their children in which the overjustification effect is apt to occur.
B) Helping students to focus on the importance of achieving good grades tends to undermine the overjustification effect.
C) Hennessey and Zbikowski (1993) effectively immunized fourth graders against the overjustification effect by having older role models come to their classes to speak with them about the joy of learning.
D) Tang and Hall (1995) found that contingent reward (reward given only for good performance) can mitigate the overjustification effect.
Q2) Chapter 16 ("Classroom")discusses three cognitive errors.Explain how two of the three cognitive errors may affect students in the classroom environment.
Q3) In-group homogeneity bias refers to tendency to perceive less variability among members of an out-group than among members of the in-group.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life: Balancing Optimism and Pessimism
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a level at which an intervention was addressed in Lomas's (2015)work?
A) the microsystem level
B) the macrosystem level
C) the mesosystem level
D) the metrosystem level
Q2) Chang et al. (2001)investigated the tendency for Easterners and Westerners to show optimistic and pessimistic biases.What was NOT found? Compared with others,
A) Easterners believed that it was less likely that bad things would happen to them
B) Westerners believed that it was less likely that bad things would happen to them
C) Westerners believed that it was more likely that good things would happen to them
D) Easterners believed that it was less likely that good things would happen to them
Q3) Describe pathway thinking and agency thinking.
Q4) Define hope,and identify the two ways of thinking that give rise to hope.
Q5) Differentiate between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.
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Page 20