Environmental Problems and Solutions
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course examines contemporary environmental issues, their causes, and potential solutions from scientific, social, economic, and political perspectives. Students will explore topics such as climate change, pollution, resource depletion, biodiversity loss, and sustainable development. Through case studies and interdisciplinary analysis, the course emphasizes critical thinking and problem-solving, equipping students with the knowledge and tools to evaluate environmental problems and develop practical strategies for achieving environmental sustainability at local, national, and global levels.
Recommended Textbook
Environmental Science 13th Edition by William P Cunningham
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Chapter 1: Understanding Our Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factors will not lead to violent conflicts?
A)Racial antagonisms
B)Access to water
C)Natural resource degradation
D)Religious conflicts
E)All of these are factors that can lead to violent conflicts
Answer: E
Q2) The approach that reflects the philosophy that there is waste in neglecting the development and use of certain natural resources (such as dead trees in old growth forests) would best be described as
A)Moral and aesthetic preservation
B)Global environmental citizenship
C)Pragmatic utilitarian conservation
D)A cornucopian worldview
Answer: C
Q3) The ecological footprint of countries like Madagascar and the United States are very similar.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Principles of Science and Systems
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?
A)A small island is home to both wolves and deer.When the deer have high numbers, the wolves have plenty of prey to feed pups and their numbers increase.When the deer are heavily predated upon, the deer numbers decrease causing some of the wolves to starve.
B)Grass begins to grow on a recently plowed field.
C)Locusts begin to swarm, and when they encounter other non-swarming locusts, they too being to swarm.
D)A person is driving and is cut off by another driver, this causes the person to become angry and they begin to drive more aggressively, cutting off other drivers.
Answer: A
Q2) Generally, distinguished scientists
A)Always agree if they really are expert scientists
B)May have different interpretations of the same evidence
C)Never disagree once a theory is established
D)Believe each other and support each other in their work
E)Always disagree so they can prove theories
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Matter, Energy, and Life
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Q1) Which of the following statements is false?
I.Nutrients are cycled in the ecosphere in biogeochemical cycles.
II.Elements in the rock cycle are generally cycled slower than elements in gaseous cycles.
III.Biogeochemical cycles are driven by the sun and by gravity.
IV.There are three types of biogeochemical cycles: air, water, and land.
V.The hydrologic cycle involves the ocean, air, land, and living organisms.
Change the false answer above to a true statement.
Answer: IV is False.There are many types of biogeochemical cycles, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Q2) The amount of energy in the universe is believed to be the same as it was billions of years ago.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species
Interactions
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Q1) A viceroy butterfly that closely resembles the bad tasting monarch is an example of __________, and the example of beetles that look like stinging wasps is an example of
A)Batesian mimicry; Batesian mimicry
B)Batesian mimicry; Muellerian mimicry
C)Muellerian mimicry; Muellerian mimicry
D)Muellerian mimicry; Batesian mimicry
E)Commensalism; symbiosis
Q2) Which of the following are pioneer species?
A)Wood warblers
B)Dandelions
C)Starlings
D)Lichens
E)Humans
Q3) As ecological development proceeds, a biological community
A)Gradually stagnates
B)Becomes more diverse
C)Goes through repeated secondary succession stages
D)Goes through repeated primary succession stages
E)Becomes less complex
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Chapter 5: Biomes
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Q1) Deciduous forests
A)Are adapted to extremely cold climates
B)Have trees that bear seeds in cones
C)Have trees that shed their leaves seasonally
D)Are not useful commercially
Q2) Humid tropical forests have extraordinary biological diversity
A)Because of the very fertile tropical soils
B)Because rainfall dissolves soil nutrients and makes them available to plants
C)Despite a complete absence of nutrients in the environment
D)Despite the poor, weathered soils
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a specialization that plants in the desert may have?
A)Storing water in stems or roots
B)Reducing water loss with thick epidermal layers
C)Salt tolerance
D)All of these are adaptations of plants living in desert conditions
Q4) Arctic deserts and tundras are the least disturbed by humans since they are usually unattractive places for humans to live.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Population Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________ growth rate describes a predictable rate of change at discrete points in time.
A)Feedback
B)Logistic
C)Exponential
D)Geometric
E)Overshoot
Q2) In general, abiotic regulatory factors tend to be ___________ while biotic factors tend to be _____________.
A)Interspecific; intraspecific
B)Intraspecific; interspecific
C)Density-dependent; density-independent
D)Density-independent; density-dependent
E)Interspecific; density-independent
Q3) The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as
A)Survivorship
B)Life span
C)Life expectancy
D)Mortality
E)Fecundity
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Chapter 7: Human Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the world's human settlements are clustered
A)In wide arable plains
B)In mountainous regions
C)Along coastlines and rivers
D)Between 30 and 50 degrees north latitude
E)In open valleys
Q2) The world population began growing rapidly during the Middle Ages.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not required for a demographic transition to occur?
A)Increased confidence that children will survive to maturity
B)Improved standard of living
C)Improved social status of women
D)Increased military strength
E)Increased availability and use of birth control
Q4) The world's highest current population growth rate is in the United Arab Emirates.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Environmental Health and Toxicology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evaluate at least five major environmental risks you have faced in the past year.List the risks you have encountered and rank them from most harmful to least harmful (in terms of increasing the chances of dying in any given year).Support your ranking with explanations.
Q2) Individuals represented by the left end of the dose/response curve (responding to doses between 0 and 10 ppm) are ______________ for that population.
A)Very sensitive
B)Very insensitive
C)About average in sensitivity
D)Relatively insensitive
E)Relatively sensitive
Q3) Hazardous substances ______________ while toxins are ______________.
A)React with specific cell components to kill cells; poisonous substances
B)Are dangerous substances; poisonous substances
C)Are usually of concern at all concentrations; dangerous substances
D)Are poisonous substances; also poisonous substances
E)None of the above is correct
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Chapter 9: Food and Hunger
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Sample Questions
Q1) Obesity affects primarily
A)poor, developing nations.
B)island nations.
C)sub-Saharan Africa.
D)wealthy, developed nations.
Q2) Buying shade grown coffee and cocoa has a minimal effect on local ecosystems where they are grown.
A)True
B)False
Q3) U.S.farm subsidies allow crops to be sold at an average of
A)only 5% above the cost of production.
B)35% below the cost of production.
C)10% below the cost of production.
D)20% below the cost of production.
Q4) Agricultural (farm) subsidies are especially effective in helping preserve small "family farms."
A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices
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Q1) Which of the following can be a chronic effect of pesticides on humans?
A)Cancer
B)Fetal deformities
C)Immune system problems
D)Parkinson's disease
E)All of these are correct
Q2) Pest resurgence is part of the problem of pesticide resistance and happens when a pest organism
A)That was dormant during pesticide application becomes active and produces offspring
B)Adapts to the pesticide and produces tolerant offspring
C)Adapts to the pesticide and produces even more pesticide-tolerant offspring
D)That is tolerant to the pesticide survives and produces tolerant offspring
E)Receives a gene for pesticide tolerance through a virus infection
Q3) In order to institute an integrated pest management program, it is necessary to
A)Have large amount of money
B)Use large amount of space
C)Have many different kinds of crops
D)Burn all fields to eliminate biological elements
E)Understand local plants and animals
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name at least three invasive species that live in your area.What are some of the problems they are causing? Is anything being done to control these species?
Q2) We are usually referring to species diversity when we talk about biodiversity.However, genetic diversity is also important to ecological systems because diverse genes
A)Increase the efficiency and productivity of a system because all niches are filled.
B)Allow an individual organism to adapt to its changing environment.
C)Are necessary for a population to evolve in a changing environment.
D)Lead to diverse ecological processes in a biological community.
E)Are important for a balanced ecosystem.
Q3) What percentage of known species are invertebrates?
A)75%
B)50%
C)35%
D)65%
Q4) Using specific examples, discuss four ways that humans benefit from biodiversity.
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Chapter 12: Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes
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Q1) Of all the old-growth forests that stood in the United States before the European settlement, how much remains today?
A)About 50%
B)About 35%
C)Slightly over 25%
D)About 15%
E)Less than 10%
Q2) Developed countries produce __________ of all industrial wood and account for ________ of its consumption.
A)More than half; less than half
B)Less than half; about 80%
C)More than half; about 80%
D)Less than half; about half
E)Less than half; about 20%
Q3) Poor people in developing countries often threaten wildlife preserves because
A)They dislike unsettled territory
B)They need the resources to survive
C)They enjoy sport hunting
D)Vandalism is a popular use of spare time
E)Their religion often emphasizes the action of dominating wildlife
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Chapter 13: Restoration Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bioremediation is a restoration strategy that
A)brings in different species to see which ones will thrive best in a polluted area
B)determines that a contaminated site is healthy because one species can thrive on it
C)uses living organisms such as plants and bacteria to eliminate toxins from the ecosystem
D)is a labor-intensive process where contaminated soil must be removed and replaced before plants and animals can grow
Q2) Restoring coastal marshes has become a priority in protecting coastal cities from A)Hurricanes
B)Flooding
C)Invasive species
D)Both hurricanes and flooding
E)All of these
Q3) Describe at least three methods that may be used in restoring streams.What is the main purpose of each method? List the benefits associated with each of these techniques.
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Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rocks are _______ in the process called the rock cycle.
A)Moved from place to place
B)Incorporated into living organisms
C)Broken down and re-formed
D)Cycled through the core and mantle
E)Cycled through the crust and core
Q2) A mineral is composed of
A)Other minerals
B)Noncrystalline elements
C)Inorganic elements
D)A metal and a crystal
E)Organic material
Q3) The substitution of new materials (plastics, etc.) leads to reduced consumption of the mineral and metal resources.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Draw a diagram of the rock cycle.Be sure to include the following terms: igneous rocks, magma, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, sedimentation, weathering, heat, and pressure.
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Chapter 15: Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the diagram, which layer has the highest concentration of ozone?
A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV
E)The highest concentration of ozone is found in the border between III and IV
Q2) When El Niño occurs, a mass of warm Pacific surface water that is usually pushed westward by winds,
A)surges eastward toward South America.
B)surges northward, toward Japan.
C)sinks and cools substantially.
D)becomes much warmer than usual, strengthening winds
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a consequence that we are seeing now?
A)20 of the hottest years on record have occured since 1980.
B)Arctic sea ice has approximately 50% of its thickness compared to 30 years ago.
C)During the last century, global average temperature has increased by 0.6<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>C.
D)Coral reefs are bleaching due to increased ocean temperatures.
E)All of these statements are true.
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Chapter 16: Air Pollution
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Q1) Pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons deplete atmospheric ozone
A)When nitrogen combines with O<sub>3</sub> to form NOx
B)When chlorine-containing molecules are oxidized at the expense of O<sub>3</sub>
C)Because chlorine is most stable as ClO<sub>3</sub>
D)When carbon reacts with O<sub>3</sub> to form CO<sub>3</sub>
E)None of these is correct
Q2) The term NOx is often used because
A)There are many different oxides of nitrogen
B)It is usually unclear how oxidized nitrogen is
C)NO<sub>2</sub> and NO easily convert into each other
D)Many different molecules often attach to NO
E)The pollutant is a nitrous oxide and the "Ox" identifies the oxygen
Q3) Los Angeles has especially bad inversion problems because it
A)Lies on a flat space by the ocean
B)Is in a warm climate and is partly ringed by mountains
C)Occupies such a large geographical area
D)Generally has cloudy skies at night
E)All of these are correct
Q4) Compare and contrast the effects of ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere.
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Chapter 17: Water Use and Management
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Q1) The atmosphere has the greatest ________ of the earth's hydrologic compartments.
A)Water volume
B)Turnover rate and smallest water volume
C)Discharge rate and water content
D)Residence time for water
E)All of these choices are correct
Q2) What two things does the hydrologic cycle do?
A)Distributes and purifies water
B)Distributes and warms water
C)Distributes and contaminates water
D)Distributes and increases the salinity of water
Q3) A method of increasing water supplies that has been successful, but expensive is A)Desalination
B)Cloud seeding
C)Towing icebergs by ship from polar regions
D)Altering the climate's convection currents
E)None of these is correct.
Q4) Compare and contrast the water diversion projects in China and California.
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Chapter 18: Water Pollution
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Q1) Which of the following would NOT help to improve water quality?
A)Composting yard waste
B)Stop using fertilizers
C)Not using jet skis
D)Watering plants with water from rain barrels rather than municipal water.
E)Keeping your car well maintained
Q2) Acid precipitation is especially disruptive when it occurs in areas with ______________ because of the lack of _____________.
A)Limestone in the soil; buffering capacity
B)Alkaline soils; acid resistant mosses
C)Crystalline bedrock; buffering capacity
D)Crystalline bedrock; acid resistant mosses
E)Alkaline soils; buffering capacity
Q3) The sediments that make up the Ganges river delta in India are often toxic because they
A)Run through toxic soils
B)Originate in coastal industrial areas
C)Are highly acidic due to acid rain
D)Have concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic
E)Dissolve naturally-occurring sulfur dioxide
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Chapter 19: Conventional Energy
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Q1) Worldwide, coal deposits are
A)Widespread but rarely in economic quantities
B)Relatively difficult to find
C)Highly unusual formations
D)Widespread and extensive
E)Decreasing at alarming rates
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a drawback of burning coal for electricity?
A)Coal reserves in the U.S.are plentiful.
B)Much of the coal mined is through mountain top removal and valley fill, which leads to major environmental problems near the mine sites.
C)When burned, coal gives off a high amount of sulfur compounds and mercury.
D)Toxic coal ash much be stored indefinitely.
Q3) Most useful oil deposits are usually found
A)In a liquid pool under a layer of impermeable shale
B)Saturating porous rocks, like water in a sponge
C)Locked in the mineral structure of a rock formation
D)In pools on the earth's surface, where geologic pressures have forced them to collect
E)In small pools directly above the bedrock
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Chapter 20: Sustainable Energy
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Q1) Amorphous silicon collectors are currently being used in
A)Lighthouses
B)Watches
C)Toys
D)Roof tiles
E)All of these
Q2) Geothermal energy uses ________ to produce usable heat or electricity.
A)Naturally occurring hot groundwater
B)Artificially heated water injected below ground
C)Molten rock from below ground
D)Underground radioactive decay
E)Waste heat water from power plants that is stored underground
Q3) Active solar energy systems involve
A)Large volumes of massive heat absorbers
B)Pumps and moving fluids
C)Photovoltaic cells
D)Cogeneration
E)Stationary materials to gather and hold heat
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Chapter 21: Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) The National Priority List is a list of sites that
A)We currently have money to deal with.
B)Deserve research for possible cleanup.
C)Will probably never be cleaned up.
D)Seriously require cleanup to prevent further environmental and health damage.
E)Are especially vulnerable to hazardous wastes (e.g., aquifer recharge zones) and are not available for future building permits.
Q2) Which of the following represents the "three Rs" of waste disposal in the descending order of energy expenditure?
A)Reuse, reduce, recycle
B)Reduce, recycle, reuse
C)Recycle, reuse, reduce
D)Reuse, recycle, reduce
E)Recycle, reduce, reuse
Q3) Incinerator ash is commonly contaminated with highly concentrated toxic substances.
A)True
B)False
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23
Chapter 22: Urbanization and Sustainable Cities
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Q1) Squatter towns are often dangerous places to live because the land they are on is commonly
A)Unstable, polluted, or near industrial sites
B)Owned by powerful political figures
C)In the densest parts of the city
D)Close to new building construction zones
E)Close to major highways
Q2) Curitiba, Brazil is famous for its
A)Successful mass transit program
B)Zero population growth program
C)Particularly disastrous rainforest destruction
D)Complete environmental breakdown due to uncontrolled industry
E)Revitalized city nightlife
Q3) In rural areas, the majority of people
A)Are involved in harvesting natural resources
B)Work in trade and manufacturing
C)Are economically dependent on cities
D)Work in goods exchange
E)Work in information exchange
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Ecological Economics
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Q1) The management of a wild area by a group of indigenous people, such as the management of wild rice beds, is an example of
A)Tragedy of the commons
B)A communal open access system
C)The "free-rider" system
D)A communal resource management system
E)Privatization
Q2) The price of natural gas doubles.What would happen to the quantity of the natural gas in a market system?
A)The quantity decreases because it is too expensive to produce.
B)The quantity increases because it is worthwhile to drill into lower quality fields.
C)The quantity increases because new natural gas is being created.
D)The quantity decreases because it is too expensive and people do not buy it.
E)The quantity stays the same because the price of a resource does not change the availability of that resource.
Q3) Draw a classic supply/demand curve.Label the x axis, y axis, and market equilibrium.
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Chapter 24: Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning
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Q1) Which environmental law created a giant fund to remediate abandoned toxic waste sites?
A)Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
B)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
C)Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)
D)Alaska National Interest Lands Act of 1980
E)National Forest Management Act of 1976
Q2) After a problem is identified, the next step in the policy cycle is to
A)Build support for the problem
B)Develop proposals
C)Set an agenda
D)Suggest changes
E)Implement policy
Q3) When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, the precautionary principle would advocate more scientific research to determine if there is actual harm.
A)True
B)False
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Page 26
Chapter 25: What Then Shall We Do
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Q1) Describe ten things you can do to reduce consumption.
Q2) Why would the "group of 10" environmental organizations be criticized?
A)They are militant and extremist groups that lead to environmental revolutions
B)They oppose most environmental protection
C)They tend to compromise and cooperate with the establishment
D)Their membership is small and they have focused and limited influence
E)They support radical approaches in addressing environmental problems
Q3) Environmental groups for secondary and postsecondary (college) students help participants
A)Come together to multiply the efforts of people with the same goals and ideals
B)Develop their organizational skills
C)Become ecologists
D)Learn how to become effective radical environmentalists
E)Come together to multiply the efforts of people with the same goals and ideals, and also help them develop their organizational skills
Q4) Compare and contrast national environmental organizations, radical groups, and NGOs.
Q5) A vegetarian diet has a lower climate change impact than a beef-based diet.
A)True
B)False
Page 27
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