Environmental Policy
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Environmental Policy explores the development, implementation, and effectiveness of policies designed to address environmental issues at local, national, and global levels. The course examines the roles of government agencies, international organizations, and non-governmental stakeholders, analyzing how political, economic, and social factors influence decision-making and regulatory frameworks. Key topics include climate change policy, pollution control, resource management, environmental justice, and the intersection of science and policy. Students will critically evaluate policy mechanisms, tools, and case studies to gain insights into challenges and opportunities for sustainable environmental governance.
Recommended Textbook
Environmental Science 13th Edition by William P Cunningham
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25 Chapters
1265 Verified Questions
1265 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Understanding Our Environment
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Utilitarian conservationists tend to believe that resources should be saved because they are important
A)As a home for wildlife
B)In the conservation of aesthetic values
C)To our understanding of the biosphere
D)For a strong economic system
E)And used by all living things
Answer: D
Q2) The ecological footprint of countries like Madagascar and the United States are very similar.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Environmental science is a __________.
A)Narrowly defined set of physical, life, and social sciences
B)Theoretical approach in interpreting the environment
C)Way to see the world in scientific terms
D)Systematic approach in learning about the environment
E)Special set of problem-solving skills
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Principles of Science and Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the scenario described above, the plants that received fertilizer are the _______________ group, and the plants that did not receive fertilizer are the ___________ group.
A)treatment; control
B)control; treatemnt
C)treatment; exposed
D)controlled; non-treatment
Answer: A
Q2) From the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning?
A)If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs
B)In repeated tosses of a coin, there is a 50/50 chance of each toss resulting in a "head"
C)How many times will the toss of coins turn "heads-up" if 100 times toss a coin?
D)Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs
E)All of these are examples of deductive reasoning
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Matter, Energy, and Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of matter are similar in that
A)Under normal circumstances neither energy nor matter is created nor destroyed.
B)Both energy and matter flow in a one-way path through biological systems.
C)Under normal circumstances energy and matter are created as they pass through biological systems.
D)The first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of matter are not similar.
Answer: A
Q2) Detritivores, scavengers, and decomposers are all similar as they:
A)Consume nonliving organic matter
B)Are primarily microorganisms
C)Are primary producers
D)Are among the Earth's least useful organisms
E)Consume abiotic material
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species
Interactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intraspecific competition is competition among ________ for resources.
A)Predators and prey
B)Plants and animals
C)Producers, consumers and detritivores
D)Members of different species
E)Members of a single species
Q2) As ecological development proceeds, a biological community
A)Gradually stagnates
B)Becomes more diverse
C)Goes through repeated secondary succession stages
D)Goes through repeated primary succession stages
E)Becomes less complex
Q3) Symbiosis means
A)A relationship in which both species benefit
B)A parasitic relationship
C)Commensalism
D)Living together
E)A relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not benefit
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Chapter 5: Biomes
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the graph of precipitation and temperature, temperate forest biomes would fall in the area marked by the letter:
A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E
Q2) The deepest layers of the ocean are relatively devoid of life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Estuaries are noted by biologists because they have few, but highly specialized biological niches.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Deserts are characterized by
A)An absence of vegetation
B)Sand dunes, which cause plants to grow only with difficulty
C)Low levels of measurable precipitation
D)Their location at 30<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>latitude
E)Sand or gravel
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Chapter 6: Population Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Life expectancy is the
A)Maximum life span that an individual of a given species could reach
B)Number of individuals in a population that survive in a given year
C)Number of years an individual of a certain age will probably live
D)Probability that an individual will survive infancy
E)All of these are descriptions of life expectancy
Q2) The ability to produce rapid population overshoots can be a useful strategy for a species that tends to
A)Colonize new territory
B)Maintain a firm position in its current habitat
C)Be part of a climax community
D)Develop intricate niche relationships
E)Be part of a complex ecosystem
Q3) Which of the following is an intraspecific interaction?
A)Mutualism
B)Territoriality
C)Parasitism
D)Predation
E)All of these are examples of intraspecific interactions
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Human Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The histogram on the left represents a population whose birth rates
A)Have not changed for many years
B)Have recently decreased
C)Are gradually increasing
D)Are sharply increasing
E)None of these.Birth rates cannot be determined by the age class histogram
Q2) Country "C" probably has __________ rate of female literacy when compared to the other two countries.
A)The highest
B)An intermediate
C)The lowest
D)An equal
E)It is impossible to use the data in the table to identify the rate of female literacy
Q3) The total fertility rate is the number of children born
A)To the average woman per year
B)To the average woman during her lifetime
C)In the world during a single year
D)In a population during a single year
E)In a population during an entire generation
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Environmental Health and Toxicology
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63 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals represented by the middle of the dose/response curve (responding to doses of 20 ppm) are ______________ for that population.
A)Very sensitive
B)Very insensitive
C)About average in sensitivity
D)Relatively insensitive
E)Relatively sensitive
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A)If a substance is toxic, its toxicity is highly dependent on its form and where it is present in the environment.
B)If a substance is toxic, it is equally toxic regardless of its form or where it is present in the environment.
C)The most important factor in the toxicity of a substance is the route it enters our bodies.
D)The most important factor in the toxicity of a substance is its persistence in the environment.
E)None of these statements is true.
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Chapter 9: Food and Hunger
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are
A)Potatoes, wheat, and oats
B)Wheat, rice, and maize
C)Barley, oats, and rye
D)Maize, oats, and rice
E)Oats, beans, and barley
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a benefit of GMO crops?
A)Pollen containing the engineered gene spreading to other crops that do not contain the engineered gene, making them stronger.
B)Herbicide resistance
C)Disease resistance
D)Pest resistance
E)Drought resistance
Q3) Chronically undernourished people's diets do not provide 2,200 kcal per day on a long-term basis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices
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82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, microbial agents are
A)Wide spectrum agents
B)Used in place of chemical pesticides
C)Small molecules that gasify easily
D)Small molecules that penetrate rapidly into a variety of materials
E)Persistent in the soil for a long time
Q2) Natural organic pesticides are NOT
A)Extracted from plants
B)Toxic to humans
C)Safe for all animals
D)Stable in their natural form
E)All of these are characteristics of natural organic pesticides
Q3) A broad-spectrum biocide is designed to kill
A)A wide range of plants
B)Microbes that are neither plant nor animal
C)A wide range of living organisms
D)Specifically multicellular organisms
E)Specifically unicellular organisms
Q4) Compare and contrast industrial farming with organic farming in terms of food production and pesticide use.
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Chapter 11: Biodiversity
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55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?
A)About 500,000
B)A little less than 1 million
C)A little more than 1.7 million
D)A little more than 3 million
E)About 30 million
Q2) Island ecosystems are extremely susceptible to invasive species.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements about trade in endangered species is FALSE?
A)The principal importers of endangered species are developed countries
B)Coral reefs are not affected by the endangered species trade
C)People who say they are animal lovers are the main contributors to the trade
D)The principal exporters of endangered species are developing countries
E)Up to 60 percent of birds die before reaching market
Q4) Zoo animals in the U.S.today come mainly from the wild.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Name at least three invasive species that live in your area.What are some of the problems they are causing? Is anything being done to control these species?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A large portion of industrial timber comes from managed, replanted forests in North America and Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of all the old-growth forests that stood in the United States before the European settlement, how much remains today?
A)About 50%
B)About 35%
C)Slightly over 25%
D)About 15%
E)Less than 10%
Q3) What is the science that examines the relationship between the spatial patterns and ecological processes?
A)Systems ecology
B)Landscape ecology
C)Biology
D)Conservation biology
Q4) Compare and contrast an old-growth (primary) forest with a tree farm.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Restoration Ecology
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41 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wetlands are critical for wildlife survival because they
A)Are highly productive and are sources of food
B)Allow animals to cool off
C)Contain few, but rare, species
D)Provide vast amounts of habitat
E)All of these are correct
Q2) Creating a new wetland where one has been destroyed is referred to as
A)wetland rehabilitation
B)wetland restoration
C)wetland mitigation
D)wetland reclamation
E)bioremediation
Q3) The first nationwide restoration project in Africa is now taking place in
A)Rwanda
B)Uganda
C)Kenya
D)South Africa
E)Nairobi
Q4) Compare and contrast the two methods that are currently being used to preserve shortgrass prairies in Montana.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fires are a major environmental risk of underground coal mines.
A)True
B)False
Q2) On average, it takes ______________ energy to produce steel from scrap metal compared to the energy of producing steel from raw ore.
A)About half as much
B)About twice as much
C)About one-twentieth as much
D)About the same
E)Slightly more
Q3) The selective removal or alteration of specific components of a rock that leads to its weakening is called
A)The rock cycle
B)Sedimentation
C)Chemical weathering
D)Mechanical weathering
E)Abrasion
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Chapter 15: Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Climate is a description of ________ weather conditions.
A)Long-term regional
B)Stable and unchanging
C)Temporary
D)Temporary local
E)Annual
Q2) Much of the ultraviolet light from the sun is absorbed by _______, as it passes through the atmosphere.
A)Carbon dioxide
B)Water vapor
C)Nitrogen gas
D)Ozone
E)Green house gases
Q3) Rising, expanding air masses create a region of
A)Low pressure
B)Warming air
C)High pressure
D)Dry air
E)Cooling air
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Air Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Los Angeles has especially bad inversion problems because it
A)Lies on a flat space by the ocean
B)Is in a warm climate and is partly ringed by mountains
C)Occupies such a large geographical area
D)Generally has cloudy skies at night
E)All of these are correct
Q2) Human-produced pollutants are different from natural particulates and gases because they are almost always chemically more dangerous.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term NOx is often used because
A)There are many different oxides of nitrogen
B)It is usually unclear how oxidized nitrogen is
C)NO<sub>2</sub> and NO easily convert into each other
D)Many different molecules often attach to NO
E)The pollutant is a nitrous oxide and the "Ox" identifies the oxygen
Q4) Grasshopper transport causes contaminants to accumulate in the low latitudes, close to the equator.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Water Use and Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Technically speaking, when water is consumed, it
A)Has been used
B)Is no longer suitable for any other purpose
C)Is no longer available for other purposes
D)Is lost to evaporation or leakage
E)Is available for other uses
Q2) Air moving in the direction indicated in the diagram will become dryer as it moves from
A)B to D
B)A to B
C)C to A
D)D to A
E)None of these is correct
Q3) The Ogallala Aquifer supplies water to ___________ and once held more water than all of the surface water __________.
A)California's Central Valley; in the world
B)The Rocky Mountain states; in the United States
C)The Great Plains states; in the world
D)Most of New England; in the United States
E)Arizona and Las Vegas; in the United States
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Chapter 18: Water Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ sources of water pollution are relatively easy to monitor and regulate, while _____________ sources of water pollution are difficult to monitor and clean up.
A)Domestic; industrial
B)Primary; tertiary pollutant
C)Nonpoint; point
D)Tertiary pollutant; primary
E)Point; nonpoint
Q2) Feedlots are a major cause of _________ in water.
A)Viruses
B)Coliform bacteria
C)Nitrates
D)Phosphates
E)All of these are correct
Q3) Using duckweed in a lagoon as low-tech sewage treatment plants is an example of
A)A containment method of remediation
B)Tertiary sewage treatment
C)Bioremediation
D)Extraction techniques of remediation
E)In vitro extraction techniques
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Conventional Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of the shale basin that is located under much of the northern Appalachian Mountains?
A)Devonian Shale Basin
B)Barnett Shale Basin
C)Marcellus Shale Basin
D)Delaware Shale Basin
Q2) Norway, Denmark, and Japan have higher standards of living by most measures than America.
A)Because their energy consumption is much greater
B)Because they are closer to energy supplies
C)Even though their energy use is about equal to ours
D)Even though their energy use is about half as much as ours
E)Because they don't use any fossil fuels
Q3) Coal replaced wood as industrialized countries' major energy source in the nineteenth century because
A)Coal was easier to transport
B)Coal was a cleaner fuel
C)Early conservationists warned about the loss of biodiversity in the forests
D)Wood is not as energy efficient as coal
E)Wood supplies were diminishing
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Chapter 20: Sustainable Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the best energy source option(s) for a rural area in a tropical developing country with no coastal access.Be sure you support why this is the best energy source for the area.
Q2) Photovoltaic cells work because solar energy striking their surface
A)Causes the cells to liquefy as they heat
B)Releases electrons, causing an electric potential in attached wires
C)Is collected in the form of photons and sent through attached wires
D)Causes an uneven magnetic charge to develop
E)Changes to chemical energy
Q3) Amorphous silicon collectors are currently being used in
A)Lighthouses
B)Watches
C)Toys
D)Roof tiles
E)All of these
Q4) Where does wind energy have the greatest potential to create electricity?
A)the great plains and southeastern US
B)shorelines and in valleys
C)the great plains, shore lines, and mountain tops
D)mountain tops and valleys
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste
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Sample Questions
Q1) Landfills differ from open dumps in that
A)Landfills are smaller
B)Dumps are cleaner and smell less
C)Landfilled waste is compacted and covered
D)Landfills are cheaper to operate
E)Landfills and dumps are the same thing
Q2) The main method for disposing of municipal wastes in the United States is ________, while ________ is the main method in Japan.
A)Incineration; recycling
B)Recycling; landfilling
C)Landfilling; recycling
D)Landfilling; incineration
E)Recycling; incineration
Q3) A mass burn is the incineration of
A)Agricultural waste
B)Unsorted garbage
C)Hazardous substances
D)Large household pieces like furniture
E)Sorted garbage
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Chapter 22: Urbanization and Sustainable Cities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Natural increase factors in urban growth result from __________ while immigration results from ___________.
A)Improved medical care; better sanitation
B)Better sanitation; improved medical care
C)Improved medical care; push and pull factors
D)Push and pull factors; improved medical care
E)Push and pull factors; better sanitation
Q2) China represents the largest demographic shift in human history.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a push factor for urban growth?
A)Jobs in rural manufacturing
B)Unemployment in farming communities
C)Better access to education at big universities
D)High unemployment in cities
E)Opportunities for specialization in an occupation
Q4) Consider the following statement: A city is like an ecosystem.
Discuss why you agree or disagree with this statement and provide supporting evidence in your explanation (use the relationships discussed in chapters 2 and 3 to compare and/or contrast cities and ecosystems).
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Chapter 23: Ecological Economics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The computer models published in the 1972 Limits to Growth predicted _____ in the next century.
A)Population stability
B)Population and resource crashes
C)Growth in both population and resources
D)An immediate decrease in pollution levels
E)An increase in industrial output
Q2) Businesses are now willing to become "green" because
A)It improves their public image
B)It immediately saves them money
C)Doing so is expensive but makes good advertising
D)Doing so improves their image and saves money in the end
E)They need to obey laws and comply with government regulations
Q3) Ecology and economy are both derived from the Greek word "Oikos" meaning
A)The study of something
B)How things work
C)Relationships
D)Environment
E)Household
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Page 25
Chapter 24: Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In theory, appropriation bills are meant to
A)Determine policy
B)Avoid and curtail lobbying
C)Fund current programs and projects
D)Change laws through constitutional amendments
E)Be authorized to become law
Q2) After a problem is identified, the next step in the policy cycle is to
A)Build support for the problem
B)Develop proposals
C)Set an agenda
D)Suggest changes
E)Implement policy
Q3) After an original idea is turned into a bill, it
A)Is introduced in the House and Senate
B)Needs to be sponsored by a legislator
C)Is referred to a committee
D)Undergoes subcommittee hearings
E)Needs to be marked up
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26
Chapter 25: What Then Shall We Do
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you buy a product that is "natural," you can be assured that the product
A)Is nontoxic to humans
B)Is better for the environment
C)Contains no harmful ingredients
D)Contains no pesticides
E)None of these is correct
Q2) Affluenza is a term coined by some social critics for the current drive to possess more and more stuff.
A)True
B)False
Q3) On a national level, environmental job opportunities are
A)Changing very little
B)Shrinking
C)Being exported overseas
D)Expanding
E)Good now, but are expected to decrease in the next ten years
Q4) Conservation International is an NGO that carries out well-publicized confrontations.
A)True
B)False
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