Environmental Policy and Management Exam Review
Course Introduction
Environmental Policy and Management explores the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies aimed at addressing environmental challenges. The course examines the roles of governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector in shaping environmental governance at the local, national, and global levels. Students will analyze policy-making processes, regulatory frameworks, and management strategies for issues such as climate change, sustainable development, pollution control, and natural resource conservation. The course emphasizes interdisciplinary approaches, case studies, and practical tools for effective policy analysis, providing students with the knowledge and skills necessary to engage in environmental decision-making and leadership.
Recommended Textbook
Sustaining the Earth 11th Edition by G. Tyler Miller
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
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Sample Questions
Q1) An environmentally sustainable society
A)depletes the natural capital while also using renewable resources.
B)is based on policies that favor economic growth and development.
C)lives on the income the natural capital provides.
D)uses nonrenewable resources.
E)compromises the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements about less-developed countries is true?
A)They are highly industrialized.
B)They usually have enough food, water, and shelter.
C)The United States, Canada, and Japan are developing countries.
D)Their populations continue to grow at high rates.
E)Their populations are projected to decrease.
Answer: D
Q3) A chemical dumpsite would be an example of a(n) ____________________ pollutant.
Answer: point source
Q4) Your ____________________ refers to the set of assumptions and values you hold with regard to your role in the world.
Answer: environmental worldview
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Chapter 2: Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
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Q1) The portion of the earth that contains fossil fuels and soil chemicals is called the A)troposphere.
B)stratosphere.
C)lithosphere.
D)hydrosphere.
E)geosphere.
Answer: E
Q2) In open water, the dominant producers are A)trees.
B)ferns.
C)fish.
D)grasses.
E)phytoplankton.
Answer: E
Q3) The scientific method is the way in which scientists gather data and formulate and test hypotheses, models, theories, and laws.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biodiversity and Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Photosynthesis in the open sea occurs in the A)euphotic zone.
B)abyssal zone.
C)bathyal zone.
D)coastal zone.
E)profundal zone.
Answer: A
Q2) Mutations are essential for biological evolution to occur.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Deciduous forests are typically located at higher altitudes than coniferous forests.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Biodiversity is a renewable resource.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Community Ecology, Population Ecology, and the Human Population
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a specialist species?
A)flies
B)cockroach
C)raccoons
D)rats
E)pandas
Q2) In which location is primary succession most likely to occur?
A)rock exposed by a retreating glacier
B)an abandoned farm
C)a forest that had been clear-cut
D)an existing pond
E)forest that has been burned
Q3) The drop in China's total fertility rate between 1972 and 2012 has caused the average age of that country's population to decline.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most organisms have reproductive patterns between the opportunist and competitor extremes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach
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Q1) The ____________________ suggests that, on average, loss of 90% of the habitat in an area causes extinction of about 50% of the species in that area.
Q2) What major effect has the Argentina fire ant had on southeastern ecosystems?
A)They wipe out native ants.
B)They take up mounds of dirt around their holes.
C)They sting people.
D)They provide food for armadillos.
E)They eat food supplies of other insects.
Q3) Some species are good ____________________ because they live in all biomes and climates, respond promptly to changes in the environment, and are easy to mark and recapture.
Q4) ____ occurs when a population is too small to sustain its role in biological communities.
A)Ecological extinction
B)Local extinction
C)Biological extinction
D)Natural selection
E)Speciation
Q5) How can harmful invasive species disrupt ecosystems? Provide an example.
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Chapter 6: Sustaining Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
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Q1) The removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting is called
A)selective cutting.
B)seed-tree cutting.
C)clear-cutting.
D)shelterwood cutting.
E)strip cutting.
Q2) Which of the following statements about tropical forests is false?
A)Tropical forests cover about 6% of the earth's land area.
B)Tropical forests grow near the equator.
C)Over half of the world's tropical forests have already been cleared or degraded.
D)Reforestation is ensuring that all tropical forests are being used on a sustainable-yield basis.
E)Tropical forests are a significant storehouse for carbon.
Q3) The U.S. has set aside a larger proportion of land area for biodiversity than any other country in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name the type of harvesting method that has been employed in the area shown in the accompanying figure.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Food, Soil, and Pest Management
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Q1) ____________________ occurs when the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more because of prolonged drought and human activities.
Q2) Which of the following categories includes all of the others?
A)insecticides
B)herbicides
C)pesticides
D)fungicides
E)rodenticides
Q3) Polyculture farms produce higher yields than high-input monoculture farms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Integrated pest management ____ than pesticides.
A)is more labor intensive
B)is faster acting
C)requires more fertilizer and irrigation
D)is less environmentally sound
E)is easier to use
Q5) Although highly efficient, ____________________ destroys mangrove forests, produces large amounts of waste, and demands large inputs of land, feed, and water.
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Chapter 8: Water Resources and Water Pollution
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Q1) In the accompanying oxygen sag curve, choose the zone in which the breakdown of degradable wastes by bacteria starts to deplete the dissolved oxygen.
Q2) What percent of the earth's water supply is readily available as liquid freshwater?
A)0.024%
B)1.0%
C)2.3%
D)7.8%
E)15%
Q3) Which areas of the world are already facing and will most likely continue to face the most water scarcity?
A)Arctic and Antarctic
B)Eastern and Western Europe
C)Asia, Africa and the Middle East
D)United States and Canada
E)Australia and New Zealand
Q4) The land area from which surface water drains into rivers, lakes, and wetlands, is known as its ____________________.
Q5) What are three ways to increase the water supply in a region?
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Chapter 9: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Q1) The 2011 nuclear power accident in Japan
A)was a result of global warning
B)increased the public confidence in nuclear power safety and regulation
C)exposed several design flaws and a failure to develop worst-case scenarios
D)will not lead to increased cancers due to the quick and efficient clean-up response
E)is no longer leaking nuclear waste into the ocean
Q2) ____________________ are man-made fuels made through the extraction and liquefaction of coal and are often referred to as cleaner versions of coal.
Q3) A key option during the transition from oil to renewable energy sources is A)coal.
B)nuclear energy.
C)biomass.
D)natural gas.
E)ethanol.
Q4) The major types of coal vary in the amount of heat, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide released per unit mass when they are burned.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of biomass?
A)crude oil
B)solar energy
C)synfuels
D)petroleum
E)agricultural waste
Q2) Including environmental costs, wind power is the cheapest source of electricity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which group is most likely to support large-scale funding of hydrogen research?
A)electric utilities
B)sustainable developers
C)fossil-fuel companies
D)automobile manufacturers
E)heating and air-conditioning manufacturers
Q4) According to the accompanying diagram, what total percentage of U.S. commercial energy is wasted?
Q5) ______________________ consists of animal wastes, dead trees, yard clippings, bark, and algae that can be converted to fuel.
Page 12
Q6) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using biomass as fuel?
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Chapter 11: Environmental Hazards and Human Health
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Q1) Lung damage developed from years of cigarette smoking is an example of a(n) ____________________ toxic effect.
Q2) ____________________ is the process of estimating how much harm a hazard can cause to human health or the environment.
Q3) ____________________ diseases were previously unknown or absent from human populations for more than 20 years.
Q4) The intake of hormonally active agents can severely disrupt the A)digestive system.
B)endocrine system.
C)circulatory system.
D)respiratory system.
E)excretory system.
Q5) How does pollution prevention support the precautionary principle in preventing harm to humans and ecosystems caused by toxic chemicals?
Q6) Probability gives us a mathematical estimate that an event is likely to occur. A)True B)False
Q7) Discuss the distinction between risk assessment and risk management.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Ozone
Depletion
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Q1) ____________________ are manmade compounds that have been widely used as refrigerants and in spray propellants.
Q2) Which answer best states the current scientific position about global warming?
A)There is no problem it's a hoax.
B)There is no need to worry. The projected change in temperature is no more than we experience on any given day.
C)The problem is the potential rise in average global temperature.
D)The problem is the quick rate of change in average global temperature.
E)The problem is the slow rate of change in average global temperature.
Q3) ____________________ consists mostly of an unhealthy mix of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid and a variety of suspended solid particles.
Q4) ____________________ pollutants are formed by the reactions of ____________________ pollutants and other naturally occurring substances to form new harmful chemicals.
Q5) An emissions credit trading system in place since 1990 has contributed little to the success of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from electrical power plants.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Urbanization and Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ regulates about 5% of all hazardous waste produced in the United States.
A)Surface impoundments
B)CERCLA
C)Environmental justice
D)RCRA
E)Superfund
Q2) The energy from the combustion of municipal solid waste in an incinerator can be used to boil water to make steam for heating water or space, or for producing electricity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The city government of ____________________ has taken measures that reduced the percentage of days each year in which air pollution standards are violated from 50% to 20%. The government banned cars from the central city area; phased in cleaner, more fuel-efficient vehicles; and planted more green space.
Q4) ____________________ approaches attempt to reduce the environmental impact of solid waste without reducing the amount of waste produced; ____________________ approaches attempt to reduce waste and use what we do produce as resources.
Q5) Discuss three challenges faced by cities as urbanization expands.
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Chapter 14: Economics, Politics, Worldviews, and Sustainability
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Q1) Oil and gas development, mining and logging are permitted in national wildlife refuges.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Write in the table what sustainability shifts from the current emphasis will be necessary to start a sustainability revolution? For example, a shift to climate stabilization is necessary to shift emphasis from climate disruption.Current Emphasis
Sustainability Emphasis
Fossil fuels
a)Energy waste
b)Waste disposal and pollution control
c)Consume and throwaway
d)Population growth
e)Climate disruption
f) climate stabilization
Q3) The ____________________ principle in evaluating environmental policies states that we should try not to make any decisions that cannot be reversed later if necessary.
Q4) Why are more companies embracing environmental regulations?
Page 16
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