Environmental Management and Policy Exam Review
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of the principles and practices of environmental management and the development of effective policies to address environmental challenges. Students examine the interaction between human activities and the natural environment, critically analyzing policy frameworks at the local, national, and international levels. Key topics include sustainable development, environmental impact assessment, regulatory mechanisms, stakeholder engagement, and the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in policy formation and implementation. The course emphasizes case studies and real-world applications, equipping students with the analytical tools and practical skills necessary to design, implement, and evaluate policies that promote environmental sustainability and responsible resource management.
Recommended Textbook
Environmental Economics and Management Theory Policy and Applications 6th Edition by Scott
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21 Chapters
884 Verified Questions
884 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/3695 Page 2
Chapter 1: The Role of Economics in Environmental Management
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/73551
Sample Questions
Q1) Risk assessment
A) ignores relative risk among environmental goals
B) deals with choosing from among alternative risk responses
C) assures a fair and equitable risk burden among segments of society
D) is concerned with the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of risk
Answer: B
Q2) Charging a polluter a fee for each unit of pollution released is an example of
A) the market approach to environmental policy
B) the polluter-pays principle
C) the command-and-control approach to environmental policy
D) (a) and (b) only
Answer: D
Q3) According to the first law of thermodynamics, matter and energy can be destroyed but not created.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Modeling the Market Process: a Review of the Basics
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46 Verified Questions
46 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Assume that in the market for bottled water, the market supply is Q<sub>S</sub> = 14 + 20P and the market demand is Q<sub>D</sub> = 74 - 10P. This means that the equilibrium quantity is
A) 2
B) 54
C) 6
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Q2) Assume that the marginal revenue associated with the 12<sup>th</sup> unit of output is $25 and the marginal cost is $14. As a result, the firm should produce more, because the marginal profit at that output level is greater than zero.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Conventionally, the graph of demand uses the inverse form of the demand function, which is P = f(Q<sub>D</sub>).
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Modeling Market Failure
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44 Verified Questions
44 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The loss of profit to the chemical solvent manufacturer from changing its output from Q<sub>C</sub> to Q<sub>E</sub> is
A) DGH
B) DEH
C) DEHG
D) EH
Answer: A
Q2) According to the Coase Theorem
A) efficiency can result only if producers hold the property rights
B) an efficient outcome is possible as long as property rights are assigned
C) efficiency is not possible in the presence of an environmental externality
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) Nonrivalness means that one person's consumption does not preclude that of another.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Conventional Solutions to Environmental
Problems: Command-And-Control Approach
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on this model, if the government uses a uniform standard
A) the total abatement cost for firm X is $24
B) the total abatement cost for firm Y is $12
C) the combined total abatement cost for both firms is $1,200
D) the combined total abatement cost for both firms is $300
Q2) According to the cost-effective abatement criterion, all polluting sources would abate pollution up to the point where their individual total abatement cost (TAC) levels were equal.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Much of the air pollution in Catano, Puerto Rico was linked to a nearby oil refinery. A)True
B)False
Q4) A standard that specifies a pollution limit along with the equipment to be used to achieve that limit is called a performance-based standard.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: the Market Approach
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When comparing a permit trading system to the use of a pollution charge
A) a permit trading system requires more government intervention because the government must determine the permit price
B) a permit trading system is inflexible because the number of permits cannot be adjusted
C) a pollution charge generates revenue for the government on all units of pollution not abated
D) pollution charges might create pollution hot spots
Q2) A product charge is
A) a fee added to the price of a pollution-generating product based on its contribution to pollution
B) the same as an effluent charge
C) a fee imposed on the actual release of pollution, typically as a tax
D) none of the above
Q3) In the multiple-polluter case, each firm faced with an emission charge implemented as a marginal tax (MT) abates up to the point where MAC equals MT, which results in a cost-effective solution.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Environmental Risk Analysis
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Following the initial planning process, the EPA's ecological risk assessment framework consists of phases that include all of the following EXCEPT
A) problem formulation
B) dose-response
C) analysis
D) risk characterization
Q2) Within the process of risk assessment, the description of expected risk, how that risk was assessed, and those areas needing policy decisions is collectively known as exposure assessment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Risk assessment refers to only the quantitative evaluation of risk.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The EPA has developed the same guidelines for assessing both human health risks and ecological risks.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When researchers use the damage function method, they
A) model the relationship between the cost of the policy and the associated reduction in environmental damages
B) can directly measure the reduction in environmental damage in monetary units
C) measure the link between a policy-induced decrease in contamination and the associated reduction in environmental damage
D) can measure all aspects of incremental benefits at once
Q2) Among the advantages of the hedonic price method is that data on a product's characteristics are readily available.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The benefit estimation method that uses surveys about hypothetical market conditions is
A) the averting expenditure method
B) the contingent valuation method
C) the travel cost approach
D) the political referendum approach
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose the marginal social cost (MSC) of abatement for particulate matter (PM) is MSC = 8 + 0.5A, where A is percent of PM removed, and MSC is in millions of dollars. Find the change in total social costs (TSC) of abatement if the abatement level increases from 12 percent to 20 percent as a result of new policy.
Q2) If MSC = 20 + 0.75A, where MSC is in millions of dollars, and A is the percentage of mercury emissions abatement, then
A) marginal social cost is $7.5 million when 10 percent of mercury emissions are abated B) the MSC function graphs with a horizontal intercept of 20 C) MSC equals $35 million if 20 percent of mercury is abated
D) TSC must be declining with higher abatement levels
Q3) The marginal social cost (MSC) curve linked to environmental policy is captured by the supply of the public good, environmental quality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The accounting equivalent of variable costs is capital costs.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 9: Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/73559
Sample Questions
Q1) The term, 1/(1 + r)<sup>t</sup> is known as the discount rate, where r represents the discount factor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To achieve cost-effectiveness among options that satisfy the benefit objective
A) both PVB and PVC must be minimized
B) PVB must be minimized and PVC must be maximized
C) PVC must be minimized
D) none of the above
Q3) In a benefit-cost analysis, the determination of feasibility
A) can be made by finding out if PVB/PVC is greater than unity
B) is not critical and therefore is an optional step
C) can be accomplished by finding out if PVNB is greater than zero
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (c) only
Q4) Matters of equity are explicitly integrated into the decision rules that govern benefit-cost analysis.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Defining Air Quality: the Standard-Setting Process
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48 Verified Questions
48 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook application, the automobile industry and the state of California worked together to solve the state's urban smog problem.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Air Quality Control Regions (AQCRs) are those geographic areas in the United States identified as having met all air quality standards.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Prior to the 1950s, all air quality laws in the United States had been enacted at the state and local levels of government.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Because the NAAQS are nationally-based and uniform, they necessarily achieve an efficient result at the regional level.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile
Sources
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook application, China's demand for automobiles
A) is linked in part to the nation's rising income and economic prosperity
B) is limited because of the absence of automobile plants in China
C) has declined because of the migration of people from urban to rural areas
D) has grown slowly over the past several years
Q2) The primary component of photochemical smog is
A) lead
B) tropospheric ozone
C) sulfur dioxide
D) carbon dioxide
Q3) Ethanol (E10) is a blend of 10 percent gasoline and 90 percent ethanol and is known as gasohol.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Reformulated gasoline
A) refers specifically to ethanol (10)
B) includes enhanced oxygen to enhance combustion
C) refers to formulations that release less hydrocarbons, toxics, and CO than conventional gasoline
D) includes large amounts of MTBE
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Chapter 12: Improving Air Quality: Controlling Stationary Sources
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47 Verified Questions
47 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The GHG permitting requirements
A) are applicable to both mobile and stationary sources
B) will not be in force until 2016
C) are part of the New Source Review requirements
D) all of the above
Q2) According to the dual-control approach, states set abatement levels for existing stationary sources below the EPA-administered standard for new sources. The "new source bias" associated with this approach is that
A) firms have an incentive to shut down their businesses
B) states have an economic motive to set very stringent standards for existing sources
C) firms have an incentive not to start new construction and instead remain in older, existing facilities
D) the EPA has an incentive to set lenient standards for new sources
Q3) The cost-effective solution is:
A) Ax = 15; Ay = 15
B) Ax = 9; Ay = 4.5
C) Ax = 10; Ay = 20
D) none of the above
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Chapter 13: Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Climate Change
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) To meet their obligation under the Kyoto Protocol, member countries of the European Union (EU) in 2005 devised
A) a universal carbon tax
B) a GHG trading program
C) an EU-wide subsidy program for electric cars
D) none of the above
Q2) According to the U.S. Supreme Court, greenhouse gases are a pollutant, as defined by the Clean Air Act.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
A) The United States is a signatory of the Montreal Protocol.
B) The production of CFCs has been banned in the U.S.
C) Even after the phaseout deadline, the excise tax on CFCs is still in place.
D) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used as a substitute for CFCs.
Q4) Which of the following are among the effects of CFC usage?
A) increased cases of skin cancer
B) acidification of surface waters
C) urban smog
D) all of the above
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Chapter 14: Defining Water Quality: the Standard-Setting Process
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43 Verified Questions
43 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/73564
Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the benefit-cost analysis of the Clean Water Act presented in the text, Total Social Benefits (TSB) exceed Total Social Costs (TSC) and hence U.S. water quality standards are set at the allocatively efficient level.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Clean Water Act's zero discharge goal was met in 1985.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When states set receiving water quality standards
A) they must set the same standards for all water bodies within their boundaries
B) benefit-cost analysis must be used
C) the use designation need not be consistent with national goals
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q4) Among the three major goals defined in the Clean Water Act are the
A) fishable-boatable goal
B) use designation goal
C) no toxics in toxic amounts goal
D) no ocean dumping goal
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Chapter 15: Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/73565
Sample Questions
Q1) In order for the effluent limitations to achieve cost-effectiveness, the MACs of all polluters would have to be equal.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When faced with a marginal effluent fee (MEF), each polluting source will
A) abate up to the point where its total abatement cost (TAC) equals the MEF
B) abate nothing and pay the MEF on all units of pollution released
C) clean up pollution as long as its marginal abatement cost is lower than the MEF
D) reduce its effluents to zero to avoid paying the effluent fee
Q3) According to U.S. water quality control policy, tradeable effluent permits
A) can be used to control both point and nonpoint polluting sources
B) can achieve cost savings as long as polluters' MACs are unequal
C) are generally sold by low-cost abaters
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q4) The effluent limitations are set to maximize net benefits.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Protecting Safe Drinking Water
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the components of each NPDWR is
A) the minimum contaminant level
B) a secondary maximum contaminant level to protect public welfare
C) a National Contaminant Occurrence Database (NCOD)
D) the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG)
Q2) The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
A) was established under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
B) received no additional funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
C) initially authorized $1 billion per year for infrastructure improvements
D) all of the above
Q3) A flat fee pricing scheme for water usage is a pricing structure that is independent of water use.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The water pricing scheme that offers an economic incentive to conserve water usage is the declining block pricing structure.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites
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43 Verified Questions
43 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A set of control strategies to reduce the amount and toxicity of hazardous waste at every stage of the waste stream is known as
A) source reduction
B) waste management
C) "cradle-to-grave" management
D) risk-benefit analysis
Q2) In 1984, amendments to RCRA restrict landfilling activity, which in turn
A) would cause the MPC of land disposal to rise
B) may offer some incentive for waste disposers to generate less waste
C) reduce the external cost of landfilling
D) all of the above
Q3) Types of hazardous substances include heavy metals, acids, and solvents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Waste management is a preventive strategy directed toward the generation stage of the waste stream.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Managing Municipal Solid Waste
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40 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If there is a negative externality associated with consumption of a product, the MSB of that product is below the MPB.
A)True
B)False
Q2) EPA's integrated waste management system promotes techniques and programs aimed at recycling, source reduction, combustion, and land disposal, in that order.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Assuming that Houston uses a flat fee pricing system for trash services, the equilibrium quantity of MSW services provided is
A) 12
B) 1.2
C) 0
D) 3
Q4) The recycling rate in the United States is higher than that of any other nation in the world.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Controlling Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook application, the Responsible Care Program was launched in the U.K.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) amended FIFRA and TSCA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Risk-benefit analysis of chemicals is difficult because
A) there is a void in formal assessments of health and ecological risks
B) perception of risk of chemical exposure is not always aligned with actual risk
C) the estimation of social benefits is particularly daunting
D) U.S. policy on toxic chemicals is not as well established as it is for policy on air and water quality
E) all of the above
Q4) The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
A) amended both TSCA and FIFRA
B) gives particular attention to pesticide risks faced by infants and children
C) establishes several health-based standards to control pesticides in foods
D) none of the above
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Chapter 20: Sustainable Development: International Environmental Agreements
and International Trade
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33 Verified Questions
33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Advocates of free trade argue that increases in worldwide output and efficiency gains from specialization are among the associated gains of unencumbered international trade.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a group of chemicals believed to contribute to depletion of the ozone layer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Transboundary pollution linked to electricity generation can be modeled as an international externality whereby the MSB is lower than the MEB of electricity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ten years after the Rio Summit,
A) the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg
B) the Rio Declaration was adopted
C) worldwide interest in the summit's motivating principles had waned
D) participating nations agreed to abandon the original goals of Agenda 21
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Sustainable Approaches: Industrial Ecology and
Pollution Prevention
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Environmental technology transfers can involve dark green or light green technologies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The "cradle to grave" approach to materials and waste management
A) involves a linear flow of materials and wastes
B) involves a circular flow of materials and wastes
C) does not consider industrial waste as part of the materials flow
D) none of the above
Q3) According to the textbook application, product remanufacturing
A) begins with the collection of used products
B) involves the dismantling of used products
C) comprises a small market of less than $5 million in revenues
D) none of the above
E) (a) and (b) only
Q4) A closed flow of materials is one in which residuals are returned to the production process.
A)True
B)False
23
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