Environmental Issues
Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the major environmental challenges facing our planet today, including climate change, pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss, resource depletion, and waste management. Students will examine the scientific, social, economic, and political dimensions of these issues, gaining an understanding of their causes, impacts, and possible solutions. Through case studies and current events, the course encourages critical thinking about human-environment interactions and fosters informed discussion on sustainable development and environmental stewardship.
Recommended Textbook
Living in the Environment 4th Canadian Edition by G. Miller
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2
Chapter 1: Environmental Problems: an Introduction and Overview
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Q1) ___________________ ____________________ economic development promotes beneficial and benign economic activities while discouraging environmentally harmful economic activities.
Answer: Environmentally sustainable
Q2) _____________ _________________ is a possible solution to the problem of people exploiting a free-access resource but may not be practical for global common resources.
Answer: Private ownership
Q3) A resource such as solar energy that is renewed continuously is a called a(n)____________________ resource.
Answer: perpetual
Q4) Societies consisting of populations with exponential growth may exceed the area's _________________ __________________ and thus be unsustainable.
Answer: carrying capacity
Q5) Based on the above graph,how might the disproportionate use of resources by developed countries be reduced?
Answer: - less dependence on fossil fuel - change from a "throw-away" philosophy - decrease waste of resources,etc.
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Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past
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Q1) The industrial-medical revolution led to both increased air pollution and groundwater depletion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The science of ecology began to emerge between 1965 and1970.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What was probably NOT a characteristic of the first agricultural communities?
A) slash-and-burn cultivation
B) specialized farming of one crop
C) subsistence agriculture
D) shifting cultivation
Answer: B
Q4) The ______________________________ began in England in the mid-1700s and spread to the United States in the 1800s.
Answer: industrial-medical revolution
Q5) Which is the step after which the soil's nutrients are depleted?
Answer: Step 3
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Chapter 3: Science, systems, matter, and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which energy source has the lowest quality?
A) dispersed geothermal energy
B) firewood
C) food
D) high-velocity water flow
Answer: A
Q2) Energy cannot be recycled.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which law of physics governs nuclear changes?
A) law of conservation of matter and energy
B) law of entropy
C) law of conservation of energy
D) law of conservation of matter
Answer: A
Q4) ____________________ science consists of scientific results or hypotheses that have not undergone the rigours of the peer review process,but which are nevertheless presented as sound science.
Answer: Junk
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Chapter 4: Ecosystems: What Are They, and How Do They
Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term is synonymous with ecosphere?
A) lithosphere
B) hydrosphere
C) biosphere
D) atmosphere
Q2) Which term refers to an organism that completes the final breakdown and recycling of organic materials from the remains or wastes of other organisms?
A) carnivore
B) scavenger
C) detritivore
D) decomposer
Q3) Which example is biodegradable?
A) Something that can be broken down by autotrophs.
B) Something that cannot be broken down by any living processes.
C) Something that can be broken down by heterotrophs.
D) Something that can be broken down by decomposers.
Q4) CO promotes the ______________________________ that warms the troposphere.
Page 6
Q5) According to the graph,which two terrestrial ecosystems produce the fewest kilocalories of energy per year?
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Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the individuals in a bat population possess moderate length wings,although some have long wings and some have short wings.Over the course of time,the frequency of moderate wing lengths has increased.What is the most likely cause for most of the bat population having moderate wing lengths?
A) stabilizing natural selection
B) directional natural selection
C) continuous natural selection
D) diversifying natural selection
Q2) Which statement best defines mass depletion?
A) The normal extinction rate of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions.
B) A widespread, often global period during which extinction rates are higher than normal.
C) A catastrophic, widespread, often global event in which major groups of species are wiped out over a very short period of time.
D) The current extinction rate when the background extinction rate is subtracted from the mass extinction rate.
Q3) Geographic isolation can lead to ____________________ isolation.
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Chapter 6: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In mountain biomes,how many kilometres' change in latitude is each 100-metre gain in elevation roughly equivalent to?
A) 1 kilometre
B) 10 kilometres
C) 100 kilometres
D) 1000 kilometres
Q2) Where does an upwelling usually occur?
A) on the east side of a continent
B) on the steep western side of a continent
C) near a coral reef
D) in the open ocean
Q3) What is upwelling?
A) movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface
B) movement of cool water from the Arctic toward the equator
C) movement of warm water to replace cool water
D) movement of warm surface water
Q4) Occasional fires are one factor that keeps shrubs and trees from growing on grasslands.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is required for a coral reef to thrive?
A) cold water
B) dissolved oxygen and nutrients
C) cloudy water
D) salinity that fluctuates with the tides
Q2) The ______________________________ are highly productive marshes located in central Canada.
Q3) What would be a result of building a dam in the transition zone of a river?
A) increased amount of sediment reaching the floodplain zone
B) decreased amount of water in the watershed
C) decreased water flow downstream
D) increased amount of water in the source zone
Q4) Which trees are characteristic of a tropical coastal wetland?
A) cypress trees
B) coconut trees
C) mangrove trees
D) pine trees
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the first zone where there isn't enough sunlight penetrating to allow photosynthesis to occur?
Page 9
Q6) What is the difference between an eutrophic lake and an oligotrophic lake?
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Chapter 8: Community Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which pair of predators exemplify resource partitioning by being active during different periods of time?
A) hawks and owls
B) lions and tigers
C) hummingbirds and bees
D) zebras and antelopes
Q2) Which term refers to a species that migrates to,or is accidentally introduced into,an ecosystem?
A) specialist species
B) keystone species
C) non-native species
D) native species
Q3) Oxpeckers feed on and remove parasitic ticks that infect animals such as rhinoceros.This is an example of ____________________.
Q4) What is a basis for classifying an organism as an indicator?
A) its range of tolerance
B) its niche
C) its range of tolerance and its niche
D) its size
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Chapter 9: Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the biotic potential of a population?
A) It is the current growth rate of a population.
B) It is an expression of how many offspring survive and are able to reproduce.
C) It is the maximum reproductive rate of a population.
D) It can be determined only by studying an age structure diagram.
Q2) Irregular population behaviours are not fully understood.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The lynx and the hare exhibit a(n)____________________ population cycle.
Q4) Which statement is a general description of an r-selected species?
A) It is small and short lived.
B) It has a low biotic potential.
C) It survives to reproduce.
D) It gives much care to its offspring.
Q5) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the curve that results from reproductive time lag?
Q6) When a population exceeds the environment's carrying capacity,species diversity becomes constant.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Applying Population Ecology: the Human Population
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why does the United States have one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries?
A) The birth rate for teenage females is high.
B) Many women delay having children until the latter part of their child-bearing years.
C) Under nutrition of young children of poor families.
D) High obesity rates of children.
Q2) What would NOT be characteristic of baby boomers?
A) placing strains on the health care system as they approach middle age
B) having an influence on politics
C) taking voluntary early retirement
D) having a strong influence on demands for goods and services
Q3) Life expectancy in Canada is 75 years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One measurement of population growth is doubling time,which is the time it takes for a population growing at an unspecified rate to double its size.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conversion of forests and woodlands to agricultural land contributes to the growing problem of ____________________.
Q2) What is the name of the applied science of managing,analyzing,and communicating biological information?
A) existence value
B) bioinformatics
C) conservation biology
D) instrumental value
Q3) Which area is incurring the greatest destruction of tropical rain forests?
A) South America
B) Southeast Asia
C) North America
D) Central America
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the method that involves cutting single or small groups of intermediate-aged or mature trees?
Q5) Wilderness is a large area of land legally set aside to prevent or minimize it from being harmed by human activities.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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Q1) Which species became extirpated from Canada because its prey species had become a species at risk?
A) coyotes
B) bobcats
C) swift foxes
D) black-footed ferrets
Q2) Which population has been depleted due to the pet trade?
A) temperate fish
B) arctic fish
C) tropical birds
D) Canadian mammals
Q3) What are the characteristics of an ecosystem that is vulnerable to invader species?
Q4) What is the value of a male lion living to age seven in Kenya?
A) $515 000 as a live specimen sold to a zoo
B) $515 000 as a functioning component of the ecosystem
C) $515 000 as a sporting trophy
D) $515 000 as a tourist attraction
Q5) Habitat destruction,introduction of exotic species,and overexploitation can all lead to species ____________________.
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Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which animal is a cetacean?
A) a penguin
B) a porpoise
C) a sea turtle
D) a seal
Q2) Where is most marine biodiversity found?
A) in tide pools
B) in salt flats
C) on coral reefs
D) on the deep ocean floor
Q3) Which of the following is better than the current way to manage the aquaculture industry?
A) restrict the locations of coastal fish farms
B) depend more on herbivorous fish species
C) allow more predatory fish to be raised
D) make the cages even larger
Q4) Do international agreements work in protecting fish stocks?
Q5) ____________________ are used to prevent turtles from becoming caught by U.S.shrimp trawling boats.
Page 15
Q6) What ecological services do wetlands provide?
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Chapter 14: Food and Soil Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which food is among the three foods that make up half of the calories consumed by humans?
A) fish
B) wheat
C) beef
D) soybean
Q2) Which term best applies to a farm where several varieties of wheat are growing?
A) It is intercropping.
B) It is polyvarietal cultivation.
C) It is agroforestry.
D) It is a monoculture.
Q3) What is the term for plowing,breaking up,and smoothing the soil in the autumn in order to facilitate planting in the spring?
A) conservation tillage
B) conventional tillage
C) terracing
D) contour farming
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to a large net pulled behind a boat?
Q5) Cultivation of _________________________ is unlikely to be sustainable because of poor soil fertility.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one benefit of having large dams and reservoirs?
A) They facilitate migration of fish.
B) They are inexpensive to build.
C) They reduce the danger of flooding occurring upstream.
D) They can be used to provide electric power.
Q2) What percentage of global freshwater consumption,according to the World Resources Institute,is wasted through evaporation,leaks,and other losses?
A) 75 to 80%
B) 65 to 70%
C) 45 to 50%
D) 25 to 30%
Q3) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the graph that represents the amount of global freshwater that is readily available to the public?
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to an area that replenishes an aquifer by precipitation?
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to an area with a water table that is replenished by infiltration?
Q6) How can Canadians use water wisely and reduce waste?
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Chapter 16: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) What would have the greatest negative effects on the natural environment?
A) mining high-grade ore
B) mining moderate-grade ore
C) mining low-grade ore
D) mining plentiful ore
Q2) High-strength plastics and composite materials strengthened by carbon and glass fibres are advantageous because they are stronger than metal and easily moulded into any shape.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the source of most of the nonrenewable resources people use?
A) the mantle
B) the asthenosphere
C) the core
D) the crust
Q4) Salt deposits are found in the Canadian Prairies and Maritimes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the process that could involve movement by wind?
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Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the type of coal called bituminous coal?
Q2) _____________ _________________ can happen very quickly,as in an atomic bomb,or it can occur in a more controlled manner that allows the energy to be captured for useful purposes.
Q3) What is the net energy ratio of oil expected to do?
A) It is currently high, and is expected to decline in the future.
B) It is currently high, and is expected to stay high in the future.
C) It is currently low, and is expected to increase in the future.
D) It is currently low, and is expected to stay low in the future.
Q4) In how many years will global coal supplies most likely be depleted,depending on rates of consumption?
A) about 10 to 20 years
B) about 20 to 40 years
C) about 100 to 200 years
D) about 200 to 1000 years
Q5) Natural gas has a higher net energy ratio than gasoline.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why are synthetic fuels not a viable option right now?
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Q1) Geothermal energy consists of heat stored in soil,underground rocks,and fluids in the Earth's mantle.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Where can geothermal energy be stored?
A) biofuels
B) hot water
C) batteries
D) fuel cells
Q3) What converts solar energy directly into electricity?
A) photovoltaic cells
B) photoelectric cells
C) helioelectric units
D) electrosolar chips
Q4) What is the most expensive way to provide space heat?
A) by using electricity
B) by using oil
C) by using propane
D) by using kerosene
Q5) The only energy that really counts is ____________________ energy.
20
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Chapter 19: Risk,toxicology,and Human Health
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Q1) After poverty and gender,the greatest risks faced by people are related mainly to lifestyle choices.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which type of effect would be displayed by a person with kidney damage after an immediate exposure to a toxic chemical?
A) a subacute effect
B) a subchronic effect
C) a chronic effect
D) an acute effect
Q3) Which of the following is considered a cultural hazard?
A) floods
B) drugs
C) drought
D) pollen
Q4) ______________________________ determine the intensity of the statistical association between exposure to a toxin and a health problem.
Q5) The overuse of ____________________ can cause bacteria to develop immunity.
Q6) What is a carcinogen?
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why should carbon dioxide be classified as an air pollutant?
A) because the concentration in the atmosphere is decreasing
B) because it is depleting the ozone layer and increasing skin cancer rates
C) because it is contributing to global warming
D) because the stratosphere is warming and carbon dioxide plays a role
Q2) Before the Industrial Revolution,the activities of humans resulted in the release of few gases into the atmosphere.But now-due to population growth,fossil fuel burning,and deforestation-the activities of humans are severely disturbing the combination of gases in the atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The cleanup of _____________________________________________ involves discharging emissions above the thermal inversion layer,removing pollutants after combustion,and taxing polluters.
Q4) What type of problem is the issue of acid deposition?
A) It is a national problem.
B) It is a provincial problem.
C) It is a local problem.
D) It is a regional problem.
Q5) A(n)____________________ neutralizes a basic or acidic substance.
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Climate Change and Ozone Loss
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Q1) How many years do CFCs take to reach the stratosphere?
A) 1 to 2 years
B) 5 to 10 years
C) 10 to 20 years
D) 20 to 30 years
Q2) How many years elapsed between the scientific community's first warnings about CFCs and the political community's response to the need to reduce CFCs?
A) 1 year
B) 5 years
C) 10 years
D) 15 years
Q3) What might occur if climate belts move faster than trees migrate?
A) tropical forests in New England
B) a large increase of forest area
C) mass extinctions of species that could not migrate
D) an increase in forest diversity
Q4) The observed loss of ozone above Antarctica is called the
Q5) The ____________________ Protocol is a treaty designed to help slow global warming.
23
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Chapter 22: Water Pollution
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Q1) Large quantities of nitrate and phosphate plant nutrients from runoffs can cause a harmful ___________________________________ that can be red,brown,or green.
Q2) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the point at which activated sludge settles out in the biological process of sewage treatment?
Q3) Detergents from household cleaners can threaten human health by causing nervous system damage and reproductive disorders.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Solar disinfection and cloth filtering are water purification systems,the use of which is encouraged in the U.S.Clean Water Act.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is one cleanup method for controlling cultural eutrophication?
A) using advanced waste treatment
B) planting excess plants near sewage discharge sites
C) treating plant growth with herbicides
D) harvesting excess weeds
Q6) What are the major sources of water pollution?
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Pest Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one advantage of biological control?
A) It is toxic to nontarget species.
B) It maximizes genetic resistance.
C) It saves money in the long term compared to the use of pesticides.
D) It requires little research and development.
Q2) Which category do aldrin,dieldrin,endrin,lindane,DDT,and mirex belong to?
A) pyrethroids
B) carbamates
C) chlorinated hydrocarbons
D) organophosphates
Q3) Which ingredients are included in major types of herbicides?
A) soil inhibitors
B) carbamates and pyrethroids
C) contact and systemic chemicals
D) chlorinated hydrocarbons
Q4) An ideal pesticide would affect only the target organism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Integrated pest management is an important form of ____________________ prevention.
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) What is the most desirable type of recycling?
A) primary, or closed-loop recycling
B) secondary, or closed-loop recycling
C) secondary, or open-loop recycling
D) tertiary, or figure-eight recycling
Q2) What can be used in place of chlorine to bleach wood pulp and paper?
A) nitrogen
B) hydrogen peroxide
C) carbon dioxide
D) titanium dioxide
Q3) Using less energy will produce less waste but more pollution.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the best definition of leachate?
A) water contaminated by hazardous waste
B) rainwater contaminated as it percolates through solid waste
C) mixture of methane and CO released from landfills
D) hazardous waste stored in a lake
Q5) Explain how recycling reduces energy demand and makes fuel supplies last longer.
Page 26
Q6) What is meant by the phrase "there is no away"?
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Chapter 25: Sustainable Cities
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Q1) What is the source of 90% of the funds used to support government services (schools,roads,policing,fire protection,welfare,etc.)?
A) income tax
B) sales tax
C) fees and licenses
D) property tax
Q2) Urban sprawl often displaces prime farmland.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A high population density in urban areas can increase the spread of ______________________________ if the infrastructure is inadequate and fails to provide sufficient drinking water and sewage treatment.
Q4) Which direction is the Canadian population shifting?
A) from south to north
B) from north and south
C) from east to west
D) from west to east
Q5) Whereas many city centres have stagnated,____________________ has the fastest growing downtown core in North America.
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Chapter 26: Economics, environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) What is a method by which developed countries can help address poverty and thereby invest in global environmental and economic security?
A) insisting that developing countries stop ruining their natural resource base
B) implementing trade barriers
C) forgiving the present debt owed by developing countries
D) increasing military aid
Q2) In which system do buyers and sellers freely interact in markets without governmental interference?
A) traditional system
B) mixed economic system
C) pure free-command system
D) pure free-market system
Q3) Microloans are funded by the Grameen Bank in London,England.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Neoclassical,ecological,and environmental economists believe a balance must exist between economic growth and environmental preservation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 27: Politics, environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) What was the main outcome of the UN Rio + 20 Summit on Sustainable Development that took place in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,in 2012?
A) a convention on climate change based on curbing industries in developed nations and restricting deforestation in developing nations
B) an agreement about cooperative global use of the oceans' resources
C) a series of agreements about protecting wildlife at risk in all parts of the world
D) a renewed commitment for sustainable development based on developing green economies and improving institutional frameworks.
Q2) The primary focus of the International community on environmental problems has been the development of various international environmental laws and non-binding declarations called conventions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ____________________ is concerned with who controls the distribution of wealth and resources.
Q4) What can YOU do to try to make a difference regarding the environmental issues that concern you?
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Chapter 28: Environmental World-views, ethics, and Sustainability
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Q1) What is likely to occur as worldviews move from being human-centred to more Earth-centred?
A) intrinsic values will become less important
B) instrumental values will play a lesser role
C) wild species will have value only if they are useful to humans
D) worldviews will become more utilitarian
Q2) The ____________________ worldview states that humans are Earth's most important species and they have an ethical responsibility to care for the rest of nature.
Q3) A(n)___________________________________ centres around decreasing human dependence on fossil fuels and focusing on a method that uses renewable energy.
Q4) Which worldview is likely to support the view that most public property should be turned over to private ownership?
A) responsible planetary management
B) a free-market global economy
C) the "no problem" school
D) stewardship
Q5) What is the environmental wisdom worldview?
Q6) Why is environmental literacy so important in today's society?
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