Environmental Hazards and Emergency Management
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the nature and management of environmental hazards, including natural disasters, technological incidents, and human-induced emergencies. Students will examine the science behind hazards such as floods, earthquakes, chemical spills, and pandemics, as well as the sociopolitical and economic factors that influence vulnerability and response. Emphasis is placed on the principles of emergency management mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery alongside critical analysis of risk assessment, crisis communication, and policy development. Case studies and practical exercises equip students with the skills needed to develop effective emergency plans and engage in interdisciplinary collaboration to build community resilience.
Recommended Textbook
Natural Disasters 1st Canadian Edition by Patrick Leon Abbott
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Chapter 1: A Global and Canadian Outlook on Natural Disasters
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Sample Questions
Q1) Natural disasters occur where the Earth unleashes its concentrated energy in a short time.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Today,the world growth rate for human population is rapidly declining.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) By the year 2011 B.C.E. ,the world's total population was over 8 billion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) In Canada,like in most industrialized nations,flood coverage is included in a typical homeowner insurance policy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Earths Internal Energy and Plate Tectonics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two main constituents of the Sun are the lightweight elements hydrogen (H)and helium (He).
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The hotspot-melting-through-lithosphere process forms lines of extinct volcanoes on the ocean floor,from youngest to oldest,________________________.
A) with random ages along the lines
B) in a direction pointing toward the sun
C) pointing at 90 degrees to the direction of plate movement
D) pointing in the opposite direction of plate movement
E) pointing in the direction of plate movement
Answer: E
Q3) Wrapped around the core is a nearly 2,900-km-thick,rocky mantle comprising 83% of the Earth's volume.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Earthquake Geology, Seismology, and Engineering
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earthquakes at divergent zones,such as the East African Rift system,are generated at shallow depth (<33km)and with magnitude 6.0 or less.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The frequency of a wave is ____________________.
A) the amount of displacement of the medium through which the wave is passing
B) the number of full wave cycles passing a given point per unit time
C) the time between successive waves
D) the energy of the wave
Answer: B
Q3) Using the S-P timing method,epicentres can be located using seismograms from a minimum of ______ recording stations.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: When the Earth Shakes in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability of a large Cascadia megathrust earthquake in the next 50 years is
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 50%
E) 100%
Q2) Reservoir induced seismicity is caused primarily by the great weight of water stored behind large dams.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The time and date of the last megathrust earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone has been deduced from _______________.
A) dating of coastal trees killed by seawater after sudden subsidence
B) Japanese tsunami records
C) seismograph recordings
D) all of these are correct
E) dating of coastal trees killed by seawater after sudden subsidence and Japanese tsunami records
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Volcanic Eruptions and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Magma at depth does not contain gas bubbles because the high pressure at depth keeps gas dissolved in solution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) No magmas contain dissolved gases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) There is a linear relationship between the Volcanic Explosivity Index and fatalities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) __________ are steep-sided,symmetrical volcanic peaks built of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris capped by high-viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps.
A) Stratovolcanoes
B) Scoria cones
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Calderas
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Chapter 6: Volcano Case Histories : Killer Events
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Sample Questions
Q1) Volcanic eruptions are relatively peaceful above continental hot spots,such as Hawaii while eruptions above oceanic hot spots,such as Yellowstone National Park may be very explosive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In March 1991,Mount Pinatubo awoke after 500 years,causing the following:
A) thousands of small earthquakes
B) emitting thousands of tonnes of SO<sub>2</sub> rich gas
C) creating three small steam-blast craters
D) none of these choices are correct
E) all of these choices are correct
Q3) The two most active Cascade Range volcanoes over the past 4,000 years are
A) Mt.Rainier and Mt.Adams
B) Mt.Meager and Mt.Garibaldi
C) Mt.Baker and Mt.Hood
D) Lassen Peak and Newberry Volcano
E) Mt.St.Helens and Mt.Shasta
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Chapter 7: Tsunamis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earthquake-related tsunamis are created by sub-sea fault movements with pronounced vertical offsets of the sea floor.Such movements occur most commonly along ____________________.
A) oceanic transform faults
B) seafloor spreading centres
C) subduction zones
D) continental rift zones
E) hotspot island chains
Q2) In general,any fault movements,but especially transform faults,can produce tsunamis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) While California has experienced many deadly earthquakes,it has never experienced fatalities from tsunami.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There is no threat of a tsunami striking the east coast of Canada and the United States.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Ever Changing Climate
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Sample Questions
Q1) Methane has about a 21-times stronger capacity to trap heat as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Over the last 7,000 years there has been a __________________________.
A) lowering of global average temperature totaling 2°C
B) raising of global average temperature totaling 2°C
C) constant global temperature,on average
D) none of these are correct
Q3) Increasing the albedo makes the cold polar climate warmer.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Deep ocean waters flow in an overturning circulation driven by
A) hurricane force winds
B) the rotation of the Earth
C) the Coriolis effect
D) density contrasts
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Severe Weather
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Sample Questions
Q1) A polar jet is a belt of winds about 1,000 km wide,flowing as fast as _________ in its central "core."
A) 60 km/h
B) 600 km/h
C) 6,000 km/h
D) the speed of sound
E) an orbiting satellite
Q2) Supercell thunderstorms are violent storms.Which of the following statements is false?
A) The rotation with a supercell is called a mesocyclone.
B) Rain and hail commonly fall from their leading edge.
C) Tornadoes may spin out of their trailing edge.
D) Hurricanes may spin out of the trailing edge if they form over water.
Q3) There are two main jet streams ___________.
A) a polar jet and a subtropical jet.
B) a temperate jet and a tropical jet.
C) a polar jet and a temperate jet.
D) a slow jet and a fast jet.
E) an eastward jet and a westward jet.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Hurricanes
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Sample Questions
Q1) When hurricanes come ashore and travel inland they begin to decline because ___________.
A) there is more friction on land and that causes them to lose strength
B) the Coriolis effect is not sufficient to sustain them over land
C) the low pressure system associated with inland masses absorbs the hurricane's energy
D) they are cut off from warm water,their main source of energy
Q2) Predicted maximum levels of extreme storm surges in Atlantic Canada (based on Dalhousie University research)are in the range of:
A) 0.3-1.3 m.
B) 5-7 m.
C) 10-20 m.
D) 0.2-0.4 m.
E) none of these choices are correct.
Q3) The main source of energy that fuels a hurricane is derived from __________.
A) weather fronts
B) latent heat released by condensation
C) high altitude winds
D) the Coriolis force
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Floods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pictograms prepared by the City of Calgary after the 2013 Calgary flood show hydrograms and water levels at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following conditions promotes the infiltration of rainfall?
A) Intense precipitation
B) Saturated soil
C) Steep slopes
D) Thick vegetation cover
Q3) If a stream experiences too much discharge,the stream
A) responds by increasing the sinuosity of its channel pattern through meandering
B) responds by decreasing the sinuosity of its channel pattern
C) will not change its sinuosity
D) will not change its flow path
Q4) Which of the following statements regarding flood plains is false?
A) Streams build their flood plains by erosion and deposition.
B) Flood plains are the floors of streams during floods.
C) Flood plains are formed by waterfalls.
D) Streams reoccupy their flood plains during high discharge events.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Fire
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fires with an intensity between 2000 and 4000 kW/m ______.
A) can be suppressed by firefighters using axes and shovels.
B) call for hoses spraying water under pressure.
C) are ferocious,so that the best option is to wait for better weather conditions.
D) are benign and there is no need for any action.
E) None of these answers are correct.
Q2) Several climate-change studies predict that forest-fire activity will intensify in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The worst bushfires in Australia coincide with El-Nino events.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The energy release in a fire strongly depends on the volume of material consumed,but not on the chemical composition of the plants and organic debris.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Mass Movements and Snow Avalanches
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mass movement is the movement of earth materials downslope due to __________________.
A) the Earth's internal energy
B) solar energy
C) gravity
D) the impact of extraterrestrial bodies
Q2) Quick clays are among the least mobile of all deposits and so provide favorable building sites.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Based on the landslide susceptibility map of Canada areas of highest risk include all of the following except:
A) Saint-Lawrence River Valley.
B) Yukon.
C) the eastern part of British Columbia.
D) the western part of Alberta.
E) the Canadian Precambrian Shield.
Q4) Mass movement occurs when friction overpowers gravity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Hazards From Space
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the pseudonym for the impact site (crater)in Haughton,Nunavut?
A) Tropical wonderland
B) Mars on Earth
C) "Large Hill"
D) "The other side"
E) K/Pg crater
Q2) Some asteroids are not solid bodies,but rather "rubble piles" held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of all the individual pieces.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Shatter cones are made of extra-terrestrial material.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Extreme variations in the Earth's magnetic field induce telluric currents on all but which of the following technological systems?
A) Telephone cables
B) Pipelines
C) Power transmission lines
D) Computers
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