Environmental Chemistry
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Environmental Chemistry explores the chemical processes and compounds that influence the environment, focusing on the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in water, air, soil, and living organisms. This course examines both naturally occurring and human-made substances, addressing topics such as atmospheric pollution, water quality, soil contamination, the cycling of elements, and techniques for environmental chemical analysis. Students gain an understanding of how chemical principles contribute to environmental challenges and the development of sustainable solutions.
Recommended Textbook
Environmental Science 13th Edition by G. Tyler Miller
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17 Chapters
1902 Verified Questions
1902 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
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89 Verified Questions
89 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Effects of pollution might include
A)less diversity of stream life because of road salt runoff
B)acid rain-induced destruction of a statue in your city park
C)increased incidence of respiratory diseases in polluted cities
D)all of these answers
E)both a and b only
Answer: D
Q2) Is India's total ecological footprint greater than that of Japan?
Answer: Yes.
Q3) The long-term sustainability of life on planet Earth has depended on
A)solar energy
B)nutrient recycling
C)biodiversity
D)all of these answers
E)nutrient recycling and biodiversity
Answer: D
Q4) The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply is called its ____________________.
Answer: sustainable yield
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Science, Matter, and Energy
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107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The building blocks of matter are
A)Atoms
B)Ions
C)molecules
D)all of these answers
E)Matter is only made up of atoms.
Answer: D
Q2) The Bormann-Likens controlled experiment in forest valleys in New Hampshire showed that water flowing out of deforested areas, when compared to undisturbed areas,
A)was greater in volume by 30 to 40%
B)was less in volume by 30 to 40%
C)had more soil nutrients dissolved in the water
D)was less in volume by 30 to 40% and had fewer soil nutrients dissolved in the water
E)was greater in volume by 30 to 40% and had more soil nutrients dissolved in the water
Answer: E
Q3) Na is the chemical symbol for ____________________.
Answer: sodium
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4
Chapter 3: Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They
Work
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177 Verified Questions
177 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following choices best describes how an ecologist would typically study an ecosystem? The ecologist would study
A)only a single animal or plant
B)an animal or plant, plus other organisms with which it interacts
C)an animal or plant, the organisms it interacts with, and its water supply
D)an animal or plant, plus all the biotic and abiotic aspects of the ecosystem in which it lives
E)the water supply and other non-living aspects of an ecosystem
Answer: D
Q2) ____________________ is the process by which glucose is converted into useable energy in the presence of oxygen.
Answer: Aerobic respiration
Q3) ____________________ feed on the wastes or dead bodies of other organisms. Answer: Detritus feeders
Q4) On the generalized structure of the Earth figure, choose the letter of the layer that consists of the Earth's crust and upper mantle.
Answer: A
Q5) On the figure above, choose the letter that represents tertiary consumers. Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clearly explain the relationship between the geologic process of plate tectonics and the biological process of evolution over geologic time.
Q2) Mutations that occur in skin cells can be passed on to offspring.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the concentration of atmospheric oxygen on Earth increased by less than 5%, the planet would likely ignite into a giant fireball
A)True
B)False
Q4) An early fox population evolved into the grey fox and arctic fox.
A)functional diversity
B)genetic diversity
C)ecological diversity
D)species diversity
Q5) Which letter represents the species most likely to become threatened or endangered?
Q6) Mutations can occur in any cell type, however only those that occur in ____________________ are passed on to offspring, thus allowing for evolution.
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Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) On the ecological succession figure, choose the letter that represents the step in which shrubs grow.
Q2) There are ____________________ limits to population growth in nature.
Q3) Carrying capacity is the population size (or density) at which the environment is saturated.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The key reason we should care about recovery of the southern sea otter population is
A)the fact that they are a keystone species
B)their charismatic personality, which makes them pleasant to observe
C)because they are a food source for humans
D)because they are a food source for tuna, which is a food source for humans
E)the fact that they are a keystone species and because they are a food source for tuna
Q5) There is a general tendency for succession to lead to more complex and stable ecosystems.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Clearly explain the current view of succession in ecosystems.
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Chapter 6: The Human Population and Urbanization
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126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about women's employment/economic status is false?
A)Women do more than half of the work gathering fuelwood.
B)Women do more than half of the work involved in producing food.
C)Women have more than half of the world's assets.
D)Women provide more of the world's health care than all of the world's organized health services put together.
E)Women do almost all domestic work and child care.
Q2) Analysts vary as to their opinion of which factor is the more serious threat to the Earth's life support systems: ____________________ or ____________________.
Q3) India's system of population control is more effective than China's because India's system is based on preventative instead of corrective measures. A)True B)False
Q4) China's family planning and birth control program was instituted because of a serious threat of ____________________.
Q5) During 2009, about ____________________ million people will be added to the planet.
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Chapter 7: Climate and Biodiversity
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137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Worldwide, coral reefs provide habitat for about 25% of all marine organisms.
a.However, coral reefs occupy about _____ of the ocean floor.
A)25%
B)10%
C)15%
D)5%
E)0.2%
Q2) All of the following affect the climate of the earth except:
A)solar radiation
B)the earth's rotation
C)the earth's gravity
D)gases in the atmosphere
E)the earth's surface features
Q3) The majority of the world's forests are located:
A)at the equator
B)in the temperate zones
C)in mountains
D)adjacent to deserts
E)none of these answers
Q4) The continental shelf contains about 90% of all ______________
Chapter 8: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The greatest eliminator of species is habitat destruction of
A)coral reefs
B)grasslands
C)tropical forests
D)deserts
E)temperate forests
Q2) Explain the concept of a habitat island.
a.In particular, discuss how a national park can be a habitat island.
Q3) Protecting biodiversity is no longer simply a matter of passing and enforcing endangered species laws and setting aside parks and preserves.
a.It will also require slowing climate change, which will affect the polar bear and many other species.Consider the above quote from the chapter, and comment on the implications of this statement as it applies to separate countries, and the world as a whole.
Q4) Captive breeding programs in zoos
A)eliminate the need to preserve critical habitats
B)can be used for most species except mammals
C)increase the genetic variability of species
D)require the captive population to number between 100 and 500
E)is very unsuccessful
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Ecosystem Approach
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Wilderness Act passed in 1964 allows the government to
A)take legal action against environmental degradation in wildlife preserves
B)protect native species
C)protect undeveloped tracts of public land
D)protect national parks and reserves
E)rotate usage of wildlife areas
Q2) The United States ranks at number 42 among the countries of the world for
A)percentage of land area set aside as protected wilderness
B)percentage of land designated for national parks
C)percentage of native species lost this century
D)percentage of annual federal budget devoted to weapons production
E)number of Nobel peace prize winners
Q3) All of the following are important aspects of sustainable forestry except
A)no logging of old-growth forests
B)no clear-cutting on steep slopes
C)reduce road-building into uncut forest areas
D)rely more on clear-cutting
E)certify timber grown by sustainable methods
Q4) In a forest ecosystem, occasional ____________________ fires have a number of ecological benefits.
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Chapter 10: Food, Soil, and Pest Management
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Globally, only about half of all manure is returned to the land as nutrient-rich fertilizer.
a.This is a violation of the ____________________ sustainability principle.
Q2) There are no technological substitutes for fertile and uncontaminated topsoil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Food security can be improved by
A)creating programs to reduce poverty and chronic malnutrition
B)relying more on locally grown food
C)cutting down on food waste
D)all of these answers are correct
E)relying more on locally grown food and cutting down on food waste
Q4) Which of the following are not part of organic agriculture practices?
A)synthetic pesticides
B)synthetic fertilizers
C)genetically engineered seeds
D)feed additives
E)all of these answers
Q5) The process of ____________________ allows for the raising of marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Water Resources and Water Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is most economically and environmentally sound to focus water resource management on
A)increasing the water supply
B)controlling the "mining" of groundwater
C)reducing unnecessary waste of water
D)developing desalination plants
E)cloud seeding and towing icebergs to arid regions
Q2) On the major irrigation systems figure, choose the system that is the most efficient way to deliver small amounts of water to crops by using a network of tubing installed at or below the ground level.
Q3) Clearly explain how soil erosion, associated with poor agricultural practices, can lead to a decrease in dissolved oxygen in bodies of water.
Q4) U.S.
a.subsidies are provided to farmers who reduce water use in irrigation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) On the major irrigation systems figure, choose the system that is the least efficient but is the most widely used because of low cost.
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Chapter 12: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which area on the graphic represents an extinct volcano?
Q2) On the figure of the earth's crust, choose the letter that represents the oceanic crust.
Q3) Mountaintop removal has been used extensively in the state of _____ where over _____ have been removed.
A)Michigan, 100
B)Colorado, 50
C)West Virginia, 300
D)Virginia, 400
E)Kentucky, 300
Q4) It is economically feasible to extract some valuable mineral resources that are dissolved in seawater.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Lava is an example of ____ rock.
A)metamorphic
B)igneous
C)sedimentary
D)mineralized
E)crystal
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Chapter 13: Energy
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shale oil and tar sands
A)are principal sources of conventional crude oil
B)contain large supplies of heavy oils
C)constitute a small but cheap supply of crude oil
D)are usable only for aviation fuel
E)all of these answers
Q2) A proposed program whereby owners of fuel-inefficient vehicles pay higher fees and the revenue from those fees is given to owners of fuel-efficient vehicles is called the ____________________ program.
Q3) The energy source with the highest net energy ratio for transportation is
A)gasoline
B)coal liquefaction
C)natural gas
D)oil shale
E)ethanol from sugar cane residue
Q4) Importing oil from other countries into the United States impacts our trade agreements but not our wealth.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Steam is generated to produce electricity in which compartment?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Environmental Hazards and Human Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why infants and children are more susceptible to the effects of toxic substances than adults are.
Q2) AIDS has reduced the life expectancy of the 750 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa by
A)5 years
B)5 to 7 years
C)10 years
D)15 to 20 years
E)none of these answers
Q3) These diseases are the three largest viral killers.
A)malaria, AIDS, and SARS
B)tuberculosis, AIDS, and malaria
C)Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and SARS
D)flu, AIDS, and hepatitis B
E)flu, AIDS, and West Nile virus
Q4) What purpose does a graph such as this one serve in our challenge of evaluating hazardous chemicals?
Q5) The scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate potential harm from a particular hazard is called ____________________.
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Chapter 15: Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Ozone
Depletion
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are problems that remain to be solved in the United States with respect to air pollution except
A)Urban ozone levels are still too high in many areas.
B)The current laws do not deal seriously with indoor air pollution.
C)Enforcement of the Clean Air Act is too stringent.
D)Airports are exempt from many air pollution regulations.
E)Two-cycle engines need to be regulated more effectively.
Q2) In 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency announced that it plans to regulate ________ as an air pollutant because of the projected effects of climate change on human health.
A)carbon monoxide
B)carbon dioxide
C)ozone
D)sulfur dioxide
E)nitrous oxides and sulfur dioxide
Q3) Chlorofluorocarbons are compounds that were not appreciably present in the atmosphere before 1950 and have a significant role in catalyzing decomposition of stratospheric ozone.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 2007 report by the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, a nonprofit organization, indicates that:
A)Nuclear waste facilities do not track the dispersal of radioactivity from their dump sites.
B)Weapons grade nuclear waste is carefully monitored after it has been disposed of in sanitary landfills.
C)Fortunately, no radioactive materials have ever been deposited by any methods other than safe methods.
D)Radioactive hospital wastes go to standard sanitary landfills.
E)Radioactive materials from facilities operated by the U.S. a.Department of Energy have been deposited in regular landfills.
Q2) Treat waste with bioremediation.
A)first priority
B)second priority
C)third priority
Q3) Which area is a methane gas recovery well?
Q4) Contaminated water that leaks from landfills is called ____________________.
Q5) Explain to a friend what the term environmental justice means.
a.Include in your explanation some specific examples of environmental injustice.
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Chapter 17: Environmental Economics, Politics, and Worldviews
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Sample Questions
Q1) Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank received the Nobel Peace Prize for pioneering the use of ____________________ to assist millions of people in lifting themselves out of poverty.
Q2) Excluding the external costs from the prices of goods and services
A)hides these costs from the consumer
B)hinders the development of green goods and services
C)promotes pollution and resource waste
D)all of these answers
E)both hides these costs from the consumer and promotes pollution and resource waste are correct.
Q3) Technological optimism can never be overestimated as a solution to our environmental problems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Environmental economists take a middle of the road stance in the debate about economic growth being sustainable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Taxes that discourage pollution are called ____________________.
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