Environmental Biology Test Bank
Course
Introduction
Environmental Biology explores the complex relationships between living organisms and their environments, examining how natural and human-induced factors shape ecosystems and influence biodiversity. The course covers core topics such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, population dynamics, species interactions, and the impact of pollution, climate change, and habitat loss. Students will develop an understanding of ecological principles, assess environmental issues, and learn methods for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources through case studies, laboratory activities, and fieldwork.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of The Living World 4th Edition by George B Johnson
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33 Chapters
1593 Verified Questions
1593 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
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50 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The theory that relates to the diversity of life is the theory of ___________________.
Answer: evolution
Q2) The process of using and transforming energy is A) response to stimulation. B) complexity.
C) metabolism.
D) homeostasis.
Answer: C
Q3) The information that determines what an organism will be like is stored in the _____________ molecule.
Answer: DNA
Q4) All organisms possess a genetic system that is based on A) RNA.
B) protein.
C) DNA.
D) cells.
E) sugars.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an element has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14,how many neutrons does it have?
A) 6
B) 14
C) 7
D) 8
E) Impossible to determine.
Answer: D
Q2) Describe the structure of an atom and include how the number of electrons in the outer shell will affect an atom's tendency to interact with other atoms.
Answer: No Answer
Q3) Buffers always release H<sup>+</sup> ions into solution to stabilize pH.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Cells contain chemical substances called ____________ that minimize changes in concentrations of H<sup>+</sup> and OH<sup>-</sup>.
Answer: buffers
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Chapter 3: Molecules of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Animals store energy in a polymer composed of many glucose molecules called
A) starch.
B) glycogen.
C) cellulose.
D) chitin.
Answer: B
Q2) Making and breaking molecules in the body require the aid of ____________ to help the reactions proceed.
A) heat
B) water
C) blood
D) enzymes
Answer: D
Q3) In RNA,thymine is replaced with ___________.
Answer: uracil
Q4) Unsaturated fats are usually solid at room temperature.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) The big difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have membrane-bounded ______________________ and prokaryotes do not.
Q2) ______________ function in the collection,packaging,and distribution of molecules made in the cell.
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
C) Golgi bodies
D) Vesicles
Q3) Which of the following microscopes has the strongest resolving power?
A) Light microscope
B) Electron microscope
C) Compound microscope
Q4) Explain what happens to plant and animal cells when placed in hypertonic,hypotonic,and isotonic environments.
Q5) Oxidative metabolism takes place in the ___________________ of the cell.
A) chloroplasts
B) peroxisomes
C) mitochondria
D) nucleus
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Chapter 5: Energy and Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) State the components of an ATP molecule.
Q2) The process of lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction is called
Q3) Most human enzymes work best within the range of
A) pH 3 - 5.
B) pH 4 - 6.
C) pH 6 - 8.
D) pH 8 - 10.
E) pH 11 - 14.
Q4) A competitive inhibitor interferes with
A) the active site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
B) the repressor site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
C) the allosteric site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
D) the oxidized site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
E) the reduced site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
Q5) List and explain four uses for ATP in a cell.
Q6) What happens to enzymes when the temperature increases beyond their optimal reaction requirement?
Q7) If a ball begins to roll down an incline,its ________ energy is converted into _______ energy.
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Chapter 6: Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy From the Sun
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Sample Questions
Q1) The substrates for photosynthesis are light energy,
A) water,and oxygen.
B) oxygen,and carbon dioxide.
C) water,and carbon dioxide.
D) ATP,and oxygen.
E) glucose,and carbon dioxide.
Q2) When something appears blue,it is absorbing all colors except __________.
A) yellow
B) red
C) blue
D) green
E) orange
Q3) Which wavelength of light is the shortest?
A) Gamma rays
B) X-rays
C) UV light
D) Visible light
E) Infrared
Q4) ____________ catalyzes the first step in the Calvin cycle and is also the most abundant enzyme on Earth.
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Chapter 7: How Cells Harvest Energy From Food
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Sample Questions
Q1) When FAD and NAD<sup>+</sup> gain electrons and hydrogens during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle,they are said to be __________.
Q2) Plants do photosynthesis only and animals do cellular respiration only.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The first stage of cellular respiration,called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.
A) glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) photorespiration
D) oxidation
Q4) Which is true about glycolysis?
A) More ATP is required than is produced.
B) ATP is required.
C) No ATP is required.
D) ATP is not produced.
Q5) The Krebs cycle turns _______ times per glucose.
Q6) During fermentation,_______ is recycled when hydrogens and electrons from NADH are donated to organic molecules in the absence of oxygen.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mitosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does not occur during telophase
A) the nuclear membrane disappears.
B) the nucleolus reappears.
C) chromosomes uncoil.
D) the spindle is disassembled.
E) cytokinesis often begins now.
Q2) Genes known as _________ encode proteins that stimulate cell division.
Q3) Why do eukaryotic cells have to undergo the individual steps of mitosis while prokaryotic cells can merely pull in half by binary fission?
Q4) After duplication,sister chromatids remain joined together
A) until prophase.
B) by the centromere.
C) throughout mitosis.
D) until telophase
E) by the kinetochore.
Q5) Mitosis occurs in germ line cells.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles during ___________________ of mitosis.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Meiosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells that will eventually undergo meiosis and produce gametes are often referred to as _______________ cells.
Q2) Which is incorrect about meiosis?
A) Crossing over occurs in prophase I
B) Meiosis I results in 2 haploid cells
C) Sister chomatids separate in anaphase I
D) Meiosis II is like mitosis
E) Chromosome replication only occurs in interphase I
Q3) In most respects,the second meiotic division is identical to a normal _________ division.
Q4) What is the evolutionary significance of crossing over?
Q5) Due to reduction division,the number of chromosomes does not double with each fertilization.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Some organisms are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What are three key differences between meiosis and mitosis?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Foundations of Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the evolutionary significance of mutation?
Q2) Mendel's "factors" for inheritance are now known to be ________.
Q3) Genes are made of
A) ribosomes.
B) cytoplasm.
C) protein.
D) DNA.
E) lipids.
Q4) When a gene is carried on one of the sex chromosomes,it is said to be __________________.
Q5) Nondisjunction of chromosomes resulting in aneuploidy occurs during A) anaphase of mitosis.
B) prophase I.
C) metaphase II.
D) anaphase I or II.
E) telophase I.
Q6) A woman with blood type B has a baby with blood type O.A man she says is the baby's father has blood type A,but he denies having fathered the child.Could he be the father?
Q7) A genetic family tree can more correctly be called a ____________.
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Chapter 11: DNA: The Genetic Material
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Frederick Griffith infected mice with S.pneumoniae that lacked a capsule,the mice
A) remained healthy.
B) died of blood poisoning.
C) became ill but lived.
D) reproduced quicker.
Q2) Which of the following is not an example of a point mutation?
A) deletion
B) insertion
C) substitution
D) chromosomal rearrangement
E) frame-shift mutation
Q3) Which scientists' work first suggested that DNA had the shape of a helix?
A) Wilkins and Franklin
B) Watson and Crick
C) Hershey and Chase
D) Avery,Macleod,and McCarty
E) Campbell and Wilmut
Q4) The copying of DNA before cell division is referred to as DNA
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Chapter 12: How Genes Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) In eukaryotes,the RNA copy of DNA that leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to make proteins is
A) ribosomal RNA.
B) tRNA.
C) mRNA.
D) RNA polymerase.
Q2) The process of bringing the appropriate amino acid into position along the mRNA and building a polypeptide is
A) translation.
B) transcription.
C) transduction.
D) promotion.
Q3) Due to _________,the 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome seem to encode as many as 120,000 different expressed mRNAs.
A) mutations
B) independent assortment
C) alternative splicing
D) recombination
Q4) Explain why eukaryotic mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus.
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Chapter 13: The New Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The enzyme used to make a DNA copy complementary to processed mRNA is:
A) transcriptase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) RNA polymerase
D) DNA polymerase
Q2) _________ is an intron free copy of a eukaryotic gene.
Q3) The use of probes to produce unique banding patterns of DNA on film is called
A) PCR.
B) cDNA amplification.
C) DNA fingerprinting.
D) recombinant DNA.
Q4) Explain what has to happen to embryonic stem cells from a donor before they are used in a patient as a therapy.
Q5) DNA fingerprinting is a highly accurate method of identifying a criminal from evidence, (blood,hair,skin,semen)left at a crime scene.
A)True
B)False
Q6) In 1977,_____________ was the first researcher to sequence a genome.
Q7) EcoRI is an example of a ______________________.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Evolution and Natural Selection
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Sample Questions
Q1) Features that are similar in organisms that are not evolutionarily related are due to A) similar selective pressures.
B) differing selective pressures.
C) chance alone.
D) directional mutation.
Q2) The bones of vertebrate forelimbs are similar because of descent from the same body part in a common ancestor.These forelimbs can be called __________________ structures.
Q3) Two closely related species that fail to recognize the courtship behavior of each other demonstrate _________________ isolation.
Q4) Darwin better understood the mechanism for natural selection after he read a book by ______________ on the rate of growth of populations.
A) Alfred Wallace
B) Charles Lyell
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Jean Lamarck
Q5) Selection that favors one extreme of the array of phenotypes is called _____________ selection.
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Chapter 15: Exploring Biological Diversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ is the construction of phylogeny based on descent.
A) Logistics
B) Statistics
C) Clastistics
D) Systematics
Q2) To what phylum do honeybees belong?
A) Annelida
B) Chordata
C) Arthropoda
D) Sporozoa
Q3) The problem with the biological species concept is that it assumes that organisms regularly
A) undergo mitosis.
B) reproduce asexually.
C) outcross.
D) inbreed.
Q4) Why was the classification scheme devised by Linnaeus such an improvement over those used in his day?
Q5) Biologists currently recognize ______ different kingdoms.
Q6) What does it mean to have a hierarchical system of classification?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Evolution of Microbial Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) All viruses have an envelope around their capsid.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Fungal hyphae that have two nuclei are said to be ____________________.
Q3) A fungal __________ is light enough to be carried for miles in the wind,dispersing the fungus to new areas.
Q4) ______________ consist of a core segment of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and are not "alive."
A) Viruses
B) Protists
C) Bacteria
D) Archaea
Q5) The fungal phyla are distinguished primarily by
A) their color.
B) their size.
C) their mode of sexual reproduction.
D) whether they make spores or not.
E) their habitat.
Q6) The slender filaments that make up the body of a fungus are called
Q7) The most diverse eukaryotic kingdom is made up of the ______________.
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Chapter 17: Evolution of Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _________ are the most abundant type of seedless vascular plant.
Q2) How do the gametophytes of angiosperms differ from those of gymnosperms?
Q3) In a seed plant,the pollen grains are actually tiny
A) female gametophytes. B) seeds.
C) male gametophytes.
D) eggs.
Q4) Dicots evolved _________ monocots.
A) before B) after
Q5) The first seed plants were the A) ferns. B) gymnosperms.
C) angiosperms.
D) monocots.
Q6) List two of several of the adaptations plants evolved to enhance their survival on land.
Q7) Of what advantage might it be for a plant to produce a seed rather than to be seedless?
Q8) Plants are _____________ because they can produce their own food.
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Chapter 18: Evolution of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is incorrect about cnidarians?
A) They exist as medusae and/or polyps.
B) They exhibit extracellular digestion.
C) They are herbivores that eat plankton only.
D) Medusae are commonly called jellyfish.
E) They exhibit radial symmetry.
Q2) An advantage that deuterostomes have over protostomes is that the developmental fate of each embryonic cell is fixed when that cell first appears.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The type of cleavage seen in deuterostomes is called _____________ cleavage.
Q4) Annelids possess a body cavity called a ____________.
Q5) The function of the notochord is taken over by the ____________ in vertebrates.
A) brain
B) spinal cord
C) vertebral column
D) ribs
Q6) Bony fishes have a sensory system located along the sides of their bodies called the ____________________________.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Populations and Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) When changes in behavior or morphology evolve to avoid competition,it is called ____________________________.
Q2) A snake that has evolved to look similar to a branch will probably be able to avoid A) predation.
B) parasitism.
C) competition.
D) mutualism.
E) the sun's rays.
Q3) Parasitism is a form of symbiosis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ________________ of a habitat is the number of individuals the habitat has the resources to support.
Q5) In most species,populations that are characteristic of a particular biome are found wherever that biome occurs in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ______________ occurs when one organism comes to resemble another organism.
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Chapter 20: Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the annual cycle of a temperate lake,thermal stratification occurs when?
A) During spring overturn
B) During the summer
C) During fall overturn
D) During summer and winter
Q2) Describe the environmental water cycle.
Q3) Herbivores are at what trophic level within an ecosystem?
A) Level 1
B) Level 2
C) Level 3
D) Level 4
Q4) The flow of energy is one way,but nutrients in ecosystems _____________.
Q5) Which of the following is NOT a component of the physical habitat in which organisms live?
A) Rocks
B) Water
C) Wind
D) Bacteria
Q6) Deserts that occur on the back sides of mountain ranges are due to an effect called a __________________.
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Behavior and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selection that favors altruism directed towards relatives is referred to as
Q2) When Green sea turtles travel over 1400 miles of open ocean to the Ascension Island,they are exhibiting
A) map sense.
B) compass sense.
C) timely sense.
D) direction sense.
Q3) Which is not correct about genetic effects on behavior?
A) In mice,the fosB gene acts as an innate releasing mechanism.
B) Mice with a normal fosB gene will initially inspect their young but then ignore them.
C) Identical twins are a good model system to study the influence of genes on behavior.
D) When two species of lovebirds that differ in the way they carry twigs were mated,their offspring showed an intermediate phenotype.
Q4) Give an example for each of the following types of communication within social groups.Alarm calls;Trail pheromones;Dance language.
Q5) Long range two-way movement behavior in animals is termed ___________.
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Page 23
Chapter 22: How Human Influence the Living World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is an example of a keystone species?
A) Peregrine falcon
B) Black rhino
C) Flying foxes
D) Brown pelicans
Q2) Which is closest to today's human population number?
A) 7 billion
B) 5.0 billion
C) 4.6 billion
D) 9.8 billion
Q3) The amount of productive land required to support an individual at the standard of living of a particular population is called an ecological ______________.
Q4) Humans have been able to expand the _____________ of environments in which they live.
Q5) Which population has benefited from captive propagation efforts?
A) Peregrine falcon
B) Black rhino
C) Flying foxes
D) Brown pelicans
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Chapter 23: The Animal Body and How It Moves
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Sample Questions
Q1) A type of connective tissue,called ___________________,stores fat.
A) adipose tissue
B) blood
C) plasma
D) cartilage
Q2) ____________ are a type of connective tissue cell that secrete proteins,especially collagen,and are active in wound healing.
A) Cartilage cells
B) Erythrocytes
C) Fibroblasts
D) Bone cells
Q3) Special bone cells,called ______________,are responsible for laying down new bone.
A) osteoclasts
B) fibroblasts
C) osteoblasts
D) Haversian canals
Q4) When the _________________ muscle of the leg contracts,the lower leg is moved closer to the thigh.
Q5) The special type of muscle found only in the heart is called __________ muscle.
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Chapter 24: Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Platelets are important in
A) blood clotting.
B) transporting carbon dioxide.
C) the cellular immune response.
D) inflammation.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Q2) After blood flows through the right ventricle of the human heart,its next major destination is to
A) the lungs.
B) the arms.
C) the systemic system.
D) the left ventricle.
Q3) In ____________,fats accumulate on the inner walls of the arteries,narrowing the diameters of arteries and also leading to elevated blood pressure.
A) heart murmur
B) Purkinje fibrosis
C) erythrocytosis
D) atherosclerosis
Q4) Describe how arteries are adapted to carry high pressure blood.
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Chapter 25: Respiration
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Sample Questions
Q1) In bird lungs,air flow through the lungs is perpendicular to the flow of blood,which is called crosscurrent flow.How would this crosscurrent flow compare to both countercurrent flow and concurrent flow in terms of efficiency of capturing oxygen?
Q2) Lungs are a more efficient method of respiration than gills.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following possess gills?
A) Snails
B) Clams
C) Sea stars
D) Guppies
E) All of the choices are correct.
Q4) Explain the role of both carbonic anhydrase and chloride shift in keeping the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood plasma low.
Q5) Fish move water in only one direction over their gills permitting countercurrent flow. A)True
B)False
Q6) Why is smoking cigarettes so dangerous to human health?
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Chapter 26: The Path of Food Through the Animal Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) A function of the pancreas is to remove toxins,pesticides,and other poisons from the blood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first site of starch breakdown in the digestive system is A) in the small intestines.
B) in the stomach.
C) the mouth.
D) the esophagus.
Q3) The pancreatic hormones regulate levels of ______ in the blood.
A) oxygen
B) insulin
C) glucose
D) glycogen
Q4) Explain why birds do not need teeth to "chew."
Q5) It is possible to determine the nature of an animal's diet just by looking at the teeth of the animal.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Determine your BMI and explain its meaning.
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Chapter 27: Maintaining the Internal Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is the filtrate left in the collecting duct to be expelled from the body after the kidney has reabsorbed needed nutrients and water.
Q2) By what means does Paramecium remove metabolic wastes?
A) With a flame cell
B) With a contractile vacuole
C) With Malpighian tubules
D) With a nephron
Q3) In the mammalian nephron,blood flows into a specialized capillary network called the ______________,and components of the blood plasma are filtered out.
A) Bowman's capsule
B) glomerulus
C) protonephridium
D) loop of Henle
Q4) What is the waste product of fish?
A) Urea
B) Ammonia
C) Uric acid
D) Urine
Q5) Explain how the Bowman's capsule works.
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Chapter 28: How the Body Defends Itself
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cells do not kill cells directly?
A) B cells
B) T cells
C) Macrophages
D) Neutrophils
Q2) How is it that vertebrates are able to produce antibodies to virtually every foreign antigen with which they come in contact?
Q3) Which of the following is produced by natural killer cells?
A) Perforin
B) Interleukin-1
C) Interferon
D) Antibodies
E) Complement
Q4) The first line of defense against microbial invaders includes the ____________,our largest organ,and the mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Q5) Explain why relatives are sought for kidney transplants.
Q6) The types of cells that release histamines in an allergic response are called __________________ cells.
Q7) The virus that causes AIDS is the called _______________.
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Chapter 29: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the types of information animals can sense about their internal environments.
Q2) In a resting neuron,sodium is more concentrated outside of the cell than inside.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Instead of having synapses between two nerves cells,why not just "wire" the two cells together somehow?
Q4) Which nervous system conserves energy by slowing the heartbeat and breathing rate and promoting digestion and elimination?
A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic
C) Central
D) Voluntary
E) Somatic
Q5) Cells that insulate and speed impulse conduction down neurons in the PNS are A) nodes of Ranvier.
B) astrocytes.
C) Schwann cells.
D) oligodendrocytes.
Q6) Describe the path that sound travels to reach the inner ear.
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Chapter 30: Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body
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46 Verified Questions
46 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A child has stunted growth,lower than normal carbohydrate and protein metabolism,and mental retardation.What gland might not be working right?
A) Parathyroid
B) Thyroid
C) Adrenal
D) Pancreas
Q2) A hormone that causes color changes in reptiles is ______________,the effects of which are poorly understood in humans.
A) prolactin
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) melanocyte-stimulating hormone
D) somatotropin
Q3) The posterior pituitary releases ____________ that stimulates uterine contractions.
Q4) The peptide hormone ____________ regulates the kidney's retention of water.
Q5) Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus control the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 31: Reproduction and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Protandry involves males changing into females.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why are the testes suspended outside the body in humans?
Q3) Sperm,together with the secretions from several other glands,is referred to as _____________.
Q4) Which sexually transmitted disease if not treated can lead to blindness,heart disease,and mental deficiency?
A) Syphilis
B) Genital herpes
C) Gonorrhea
D) Chlamydia
Q5) Skeleton,muscles,blood vessels and the heart develop from which germ layer?
A) Endoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) All of the choices are correct.
Q6) Genital herpes is the most common STD in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Page 33
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Chapter 32: Plant Form and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phloem of angiosperms consists of ___________________ lined up end-to-end,forming tubes.
A) sieve cells
B) companion cells
C) sieve-tube members
D) tracheids
Q2) In many monocot leaves,the veins are parallel,but in most dicots,the pattern of veins is
A) perpendicular.
B) pinnate.
C) palmate.
D) whorled.
E) reticulate.
Q3) __________________ cells provide support for plant organs in which secondary growth has not yet occurred and are alive at maturity.
A) Parenchyma
B) Collenchyma
C) Sclerenchyma
D) Meristem
Q4) ___________ is a type of vascular tissue that conducts water.
Page 34
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Chapter 33: Plant Reproduction and Growth
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a plant's pollen moves to one of its own stigmas,this is called
A) self-incompatibility.
B) self-germination.
C) outcrossing.
D) self-pollination.
Q2) What is the mechanism by which synthetic auxins are routinely used to control weeds?
A) They cause weeds to grow so fast they reduce their ATP production so no energy is left for other essential plant functions.
B) They disrupt the plasma membrane of plant cells causing them to leak and die.
C) They interfere with protein synthesis in the cell.
D) They interfere with DNA synthesis in the cell.
E) They cause the plant cell wall to disintegrate.
Q3) What is the primary purpose of a fruit?
A) To aid in seed dispersal
B) To reward animals for pollination
C) To feed the growing embryo of the plant
D) To deter predators
Q4) Once a pollen grain reaches the stigma of a flower,it begins to grow a _____________ that pierces the style.
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