Entrepreneurship and the Law
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Entrepreneurship and the Law explores the critical legal issues and considerations that impact entrepreneurs and their ventures, from startup formation through growth and potential exit strategies. The course examines topics such as business entity selection, intellectual property protection, contract fundamentals, regulatory compliance, employment law, financing and investor relations, and risk management. Through case studies and real-world examples, students will gain practical knowledge of how legal frameworks affect decision-making, innovation, and business strategy, equipping them to navigate common legal challenges and opportunities in entrepreneurial environments.
Recommended Textbook
Managing the Law 4th Edition by Mitchell McInnes
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Risk Management and Sources of Law
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Q1) A province created a statute.A court ruled that the statute was ultra vires.That means that
A)the statute has full force (ultra means "most" and vires means "strength," as in "virility").
B)the province acted contrary to the division of powers in that it enacted legislation that it did not have the constitutional jurisdiction to enact.
C)the statute must violate the Charter.
D)the statute applies both inside and outside of the province.
E)the statute must deal with public law rather than private law.
Answer: B
Q2) Bianca punched Mick.She now finds herself in court.The person who has brought the claim for damages against her is Mick himself.It is safe to assume that the court is concerned with a private law issue,rather than a criminal law issue.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution
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Q1) Josie lost a breach of contract case against Charles.She has now launched an appeal of the trial judge's decision.Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to that appeal?
A)Although the appellate court is always entitled to apply its own view of the law,the trial judge's finding of facts can be overruled only if the members of the appellate court are unanimously agreed that the trial judge made a mistake.
B)The appellate court may accept or reject the trial judge's decision,but it cannot vary the terms of the trial judge's final order.
C)If Josie loses her first appeal,she has a right to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada as long as her claim is worth at least $100 000.
D)Josie's first appeal will likely be heard by three judges of the appellate court.
E)Although an appellate court is entitled to award damages,it cannot order specific performance of a contract.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Introduction to Torts
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Q1) Terry committed a tort against Julia by using her computer,without her permission,while she was away on vacation.Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)Because he breached the secondary obligation that he owed to Julia,Terry is now subject to a primary obligation to provide her with compensatory damages
B)Terry may be held liable in tort even if he has already been convicted of a crime as a result of his use of Julia's computer.
C)Terry cannot be held liable in tort if he already has been convicted of a crime as a result of his use of Julia's computer.
D)Julia is entitled to either sue Terry for damages in tort or prosecute him for a crime.
E)Julia is entitled to an injunction that would force Terry to pay for the monetary value of his use of her computer.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Intentional Torts
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Q1) Which of the following situations is most likely to allow Derek to successfully sue Mila for the tort of assault?
A)Mila ate a peanut butter sandwich,not knowing that Derek,who was sitting nearby,was terrified because he has a life-threatening allergy to peanuts.
B)Mila angrily pointed a gun at Derek,which she thought was unloaded,but which Derek knew was a completely harmless toy.
C)Mila put poison into Derek's meal without his knowledge.
D)Mila told Derek that she would kill him at the end of one year if he did not pay $100 000 to her in the meantime.
E)Mila angrily swung her fist at Derek,but did not actually hit him.
Q2) Yvonne used Benoit's bicycle.Which of the following factors would best support Benoit's action in detinue?
A)Yvonne honestly believed that the bike belonged to her.
B)Yvonne used the bike only once and only because there was an emergency.
C)Yvonne did not cause any damage to the bike.
D)Yvonne has refused to return the bike to Benoit even though he has sued her for its return.
E)Benoit had intended to sell the bike to his brother.
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Chapter 5: Miscellaneous Torts Affecting Business
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Q1) Cornelius recklessly stored a large box of fireworks on his residential property.The fireworks ignited when he carelessly threw a cigarette on them.Some of the fireworks shot off his property and struck a neighbouring house,which belonged to Cherilyn.Cherilyn's house was badly damaged by fire.Although she could not,of course,recover compensation more than once for the same loss,she would probably be able to successfully sue Cornelius in tort for
A)Rylands v Fletcher and occupiers' liability and nuisance.
B)Rylands v Fletcher and occupiers' liability but not nuisance.
C)Rylands v Fletcher and nuisance but not occupiers' liability.
D)Rylands v Fletcher but not nuisance or occupiers' liability.
E)nuisance but not Rylands v Fletcher or occupiers' liability.
Q2) Generally speaking,there are three sets of rules for the tort of occupiers' liability: the traditional common law rules,the judicially modified common law rules,and the statutory rules.The concept of common humanity is relevant if the plaintiff is
A)a trespasser under the traditional common law rules.
B)a trespasser under the modified common law rules.
C)a trespasser under the statutory rules.
D)either an invitee or a licencee under the traditional common law rules.
E)either an invitee or a licencee under the statutory rules.
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Chapter 6: Negligence
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Q1) Luke sued Michelle for negligence.In formulating the standard of care,the court will properly consider whether or not
A)Michelle has liability insurance.
B)Luke has personal injury insurance.
C)there was great social utility to the act that Luke was performing when he was injured.
D)Michelle took precautions against reasonable foreseeable risks.
E)Michelle's age and other personal circumstances.
Q2) Aisha suffered a stroke after consuming allergy medicine manufactured by Upsilon Inc.The evidence indicates that the stroke was caused by the combined effect of the medicine and Aisha's poor diet.The evidence also indicates that the stroke would not have occurred unless both of those factors were present.Finally,the evidence indicates that the medicine was 40 percent to blame for the stroke,while Aisha's poor diet was 60 percent to blame.The court held that Upsilon negligently failed to warn Aisha of the risk that its medicine could cause a stroke to people who have a diet like Aisha.If the total value of Aisha's losses is $100 000,she will be entitled to receive $100 000 from Upsilon.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Nature and Creation of Contracts
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Q1) Simon owns 10 000 shares in ABC Inc.He wanted to sell half of them in order to raise $20 000 in cash.He therefore wrote separate letters to Bronwyn and Gwyneth on June 1.In each case he said,"I will sell 5000 shares in ABC Inc to you for $20 000.Please respond by any reasonable means within one week." Bronwyn replied on June 3 with a letter that said: "I accept your offer." Simon received that letter on June 5.On June 6,he received a fax from Gwyneth that said,"I accept your offer." Simon then informed Gwyneth by telephone that he had already sold the shares to Bronwyn.In that situation,there is no contract between Simon and Gwyneth.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)The death or insanity of either the offeror or the offeree will always prevent acceptance.
B)An option will never come to an end by the mere lapse of time.
C)Neither party can revive an offer once a counter offer has been made.
D)A firm offer can be accepted any time before it is terminated.
E)There cannot be a "meeting of the minds" if the offeror accepts the offeree's counter offer.
Q3) List five ways in which an offer can be terminated.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Consideration and Privity
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Q1) Patricia and Charlie entered into a written agreement.Patricia promised to pay $5000 to Haden,who is Charlie's brother.Charlie placed his seal on the document,but Patricia did not do so.Three days later,Charlie promised that he would design a new computer program for Bethany,Patricia's sister,in exchange for Patricia's promise.Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
A)Patricia's promise is not enforceable because each party to a contract must provide a benefit to the other party.
B)Patricia's promise is enforceable because Charlie placed his seal on his agreement with her.
C)Charlie's promise is enforceable because it was given in exchange for Patricia's promise to pay $5000.
D)Patricia's promise is not enforceable because it was not given in exchange for consideration.
E)Patricia must pay $5000 to Haden if Charlie actually does design a new computer program for Bethany.
Q2) Briefly describe the requirements that must exist before a promissory estoppel will arise.
Q3) What is the essential purpose of a seal?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Representations and Terms
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Q1) Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to a contractual clause that protects one party from the consequences of breach (exclusion or limitation of liability clauses)?
A)Such clauses are enforced only if they are the product of equal bargaining power.
B)Such clauses may reduce or limit liability,but they cannot entirely exclude liability.
C)Such clauses are enforced only if they appear in written and signed contracts.
D)Depending upon the circumstances,such clauses may be enforced even if the party who wants to sue for breach did not read the clause.
E)Such clauses are invalid if they are written in language that is difficult for a consumer to understand.
Q2) Personal opinions are not usually treated as misrepresentations.Very briefly explain why they are not and describe a situation where it is risky to offer a personal opinion.
Q3) What does it mean to say that a pre-contractual representation is NOT promissory in nature?
Q4) What is meant by the contra proferentum rule?
Q5) Why do insurance contracts require a duty of utmost good faith?
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Chapter 10: Contractual Defects
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the perspective of risk management,what practices should be adopted by businesses transacting in jurisdictions that have a Statute of Frauds?
Q2) Ling is about to enter into a contract that will be carried out over the next year and a half.Is it safe for her to assume that the contract will not be enforced if it is not evidenced in writing in a jurisdiction where the Statute of Frauds applies?
Q3) The difference between a guarantee and an indemnity is that
A)indemnities need to be in writing to be enforceable.
B)a guarantee is a conditional promise whereas an indemnity is not.
C)a guarantee is a promise to assume another's debt.
D)the Statute of Frauds applied only to indemnities.
E)a guarantee is given to a bank and an indemnity to a party that is not a bank.
Q4) The Statute of Frauds eliminates the writing requirements of the common law.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A minor's contract for necessaries of life is not voidable on the grounds of capacity.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Discharge and Breach
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Q1) Kitten Inc was contractually obliged to pay $5000 to Mavitten Ltd on June 1,but failed to do so.It is now June 3.Assuming that general contractual rules apply,which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)Kitten has committed a serious breach of contract because time is of the essence.
B)Mavitten is entitled to discharge the contract for breach.
C)Kitten has breached a condition subsequent by failing to pay even after the scheduled date for payment has passed.
D)As a result of Kitten's behaviour,the terms of the contract have been varied.
E)Mavitten cannot discharge the contract unless it notified Kitten that the time of payment is a contractual condition and time is of the essence.
Q2) Identify two policy reasons why contractual rights may become unenforceable under a statute of limitation.
Q3) It is necessary to consider all of the circumstances of a case before determining whether or not an innocent party is entitled to discharge a contract on the basis of a breach of warranty.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Contractual Remedies
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Q1) Eleni agreed to act as an investment adviser for Gnuhigh Ltd.After completing her first project for Gnuhigh,she asked for payment of $10 000,as calculated under the terms of the parties' agreement.Gnuhigh refused to pay.In support of its position,it pointed to the Financial Industry Standards Act,which says that a contract for investment advice is unenforceable unless it is registered with a government official.The agreement between Eleni and Gnuhigh is not registered.Eleni is most likely entitled to receive
A)$10 000 as restitution for unjust enrichment.
B)$10 000 as reliance damages.
C)$10 000 as liquidated damages.
D)$10 000 as expectation damages.
E)an order for specific performance.
Q2) Which of the following concepts limits the availability of specific performance?
A)mutuality
B)remoteness
C)mitigation
D)penalty
E)cost of cure
Q3) When will punitive damages be available for a breach of contract?
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Chapter 13: Special Contracts: Sale of Goods
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Q1) In March,Nena entered into several transactions with Hakeem.She borrowed a boat from him and promised that she would fix its engine before she gave it back.She purchased a piece of land from him for $100 000,even though it was really only worth $75 000.She received two bicycles from him as gifts and secretly intended to give him $500 on his next birthday.She paid $250 for his advice regarding her investments.She promised to pay $1000 in June and he promised to deliver a widget to her in July.It is now April.The Sale of Goods Act may apply to the transactions regarding
A)the widget and the boat,but not the others.
B)the land and the investment advice,but not the others.
C)the bicycles and the widget,but not the others.
D)the boat and the bicycles,but not the others.
E)the widget,but not the others.
Q2) Elin agreed to buy 100 cartons of widgets from Eldrick at a price of $100 000.He actually delivered 110 cartons of widgets.Elin is entitled to keep that entire shipment,as long as she pays the contract price of $100 000.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Special Contracts: Negotiable Instruments
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Q1) Beryl opened a chequing account at the Bank of Banff.As part of that transaction,she deposited ten $100 bills into her new chequing account.Technically speaking,she continues to own those bills until she writes a cheque on her account.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Francine bought a widget from Simon.In payment of the purchase price,she gave him a cheque for $10 000 drawn on her account at the Bank of Waterloo.Because Francine's account was overdrawn,the bank dishonoured the cheque when Simon presented it for payment.Identify two grounds upon which Simon can sue Francine.Briefly explain which option is easier.
Q3) A person can be considered to be a holder in due course even though they did not give consideration for the instrument.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify and briefly explain three major differences between a negotiable instrument and a regular contract.
Q5) Identify two types of endorsements that may be used by a person who is not the holder of a negotiable instrument.Provide an example of each.
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Chapter 15: Real Property: Interests and Leases
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Q1) Shortly before he died,Walter drafted a will to make sure that the appropriate people enjoyed Bearsclaw,the name of his cabin in the mountains.At the time of Walter's death,his brother Herman was married to Stella.Stella also owned a cabin in the mountains,which she let Herman use.As Walter knew,however,Stella intended that after she died,her cabin would pass to her cousin.Walter's will therefore said that Bearsclaw would go to his sister,Maria,until Stella died.When Stella died,Bearsclaw would go to Herman.Which of the following can be said with respect to Bearsclaw after Walter died?
A)Herman held a reversion.
B)Stella enjoys a life estate.
C)Maria held a remainder.
D)Herman held a remainder.
E)Maria held a reversion.
Q2) Dulcy has an estate in a piece of land called Blackacre.That means that she must own that land,though not necessarily as the holder of a fee simple.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the difference between a reversion and a remainder? When will each type of interest arise?
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Chapter 16: Real Property: Sales and Mortgages
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Q1) Aidan and Nadia are parties to a contract that allows Nadia to enforce an "acceleration clause" (as that term was used in the text).Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?
A)Nadia borrowed money from Aidan.
B)The parties' contract is subject to a condition precedent that requires Aidan to do something (such as arrange financing for the purchase)within a certain period of time.
C)Nadia is concerned that Aidan may fall into a habit of failing to make loan payments on schedule so if a payment is made late Nadia has a right to accelerate the entire debt as being due.
D)Aidan is indebted to Nadia,but he cannot possibly be a mortgagor.
E)Nadia is entitled to repay a debt to Aidan more quickly than their contract contemplates.
Q2) Robert borrowed money from Yanami.As security for that loan,he gave a mortgage over his house.The parties' agreement does not contain a prepayment privilege.Consequently,if Robert repays the loan more quickly than agreed,Yanami may be entitled to a bonus.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Personal Property: Bailment and Insurance
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Q1) A cat continually comes to Xavier's back door,so he decides to keep it.Which of the following is true?
A)If the cat belongs to someone else,Xavier has no property rights.
B)Xavier has property rights as long as the cat doesn't have any tags.
C)If the cat belongs to someone else,Xavier has rights over the cat effective against everyone but the original owner.
D)Xavier has rights over the cat under the rule of finders keepers,losers weepers.
E)Xavier cannot have property rights over a living thing.
Q2) Tara operates a small computer design business.Her primary asset is her computer system,which she bought four years ago for $10 000.She bought property insurance with respect to that machine.Tara's computer was recently stolen.Her insurance policy covers loss by theft and the insurance company admits that it must pay a benefit to Tara.The concept of indemnification necessarily means that Tara will receive either $10 000 or the price of a new computer that is at least as good as her old computer was when it was new.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the meaning and relevance of "inherent vice."
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Chapter 18: Intellectual Property
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Q1) Which of the following statements about an episode of This Hour has 22 Minutes best reflects Canadian copyright law?
A)The show is subject to copyright only if it is broadcast live.
B)The show is subject to copyright only if it meets the CRTC's Canadian Content regulations.
C)The show is subject to copyright only if it is recorded on a fixed medium.
D)The show is not subject to copyright because broadcasts are not protected by intellectual property law.
E)The show is not subject to copyright because,once aired,it is considered to be in the public domain.
Q2) Knock-offs and trademark depreciations are two examples of trademark infringement.How do the two differ? Provide an example of each.
Q3) The capital letter D inside of a circle signifies that a product is
A)deemed to be patented.
B)a registered industrial design.
C)under development.
D)in the public domain.
E)subject to a designated code of confidentiality.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Electronic Commerce
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Q1) Kerasic Online is an ISP.It has been sued by SOCAN for copyright violation.SOCAN argues that Kerasic commits a wrong every time that it allows a customer to electronically distribute music files to other individuals.Kerasic believes,however,that as a result of a recent Supreme Court of Canada decision,an ISP can never be held liable for participating in the distribution of electronic music files.Kerasic's conclusion is correct.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many businesses presume that electronic messages that have been sent will be received.Briefly discuss how businesses can proactively prevent the problems that would arise if a message were lost in cyberspace.
Q3) According to the Canadian Code of Practice for Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce,it is illegal for a company to send unsolicited emails to customers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a decision by your business to implement Industry Canada's Principles of Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce? Explain your answer.
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21
Chapter 20: Agency and Other Methods of Carrying on Business
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Q1) Anton has entered into a contract with Donut Country Inc to supply Donut Country with coffee.Anton never intended to be responsible under the contract personally.He intended to find a commercial coffee supplier to undertake the obligations and pay him a fee for giving the supplier the contract with Donut Country.He did not disclose any of this to Donut Country,which thinks that they have contract with Anton.Which of the following best describes the situation with respect to the contract?
A)Anton is personally responsible under the contract despite his intentions.
B)Anton would not be responsible under the contract if it is ratified by a coffee supplier.
C)Anton is not responsible under the contract but would be liable to Donut Country for breach of warranty of authority.
D)If a coffee supplier ratifies the contract,Donut Country would have the option of holding either Anton or the supplier responsible under the contract.
E)If a coffee supplier ratified the contract,it would be considered an undisclosed principal.
Q2) How can a principal manage the risk that an agent will commit the principal to contracts that it does not want to be bound by?
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Chapter 21: Basic Forms of Business Organizations
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Q1) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A)The process for bringing a corporation into existence in Canada is essentially the same as for bringing a sole proprietorship or partnership into existence.
B)Corporations have the same legal characteristics as sole proprietorships.
C)Corporations may be subject to the same licensing requirements as sole proprietorships and partnerships.
D)Just like partners and sole proprietors,shareholders are entitled to participate in the management of the business.
E)The taxation of corporations and partnerships is the same.
Q2) Only a few corporations have shares that,on the dissolution of the corporation,are entitled to receive the property of the corporation remaining after all the creditors and prior claim holders have been paid.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "No one should invest in a limited partnership unless they are prepared to stay out of management." Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain why.
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Chapter 22: Legal Rules for Corporate Governance
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Q1) A derivative action
A)is a type of crime that allows a corporation to be punished if a director misbehaves.
B)occurs when a corporation feels compelled by the consequences of one decision to act on another decision.
C)allows a corporation to sue a shareholder who refuses to pay the purchase price for their shares.
D)is an action by someone on behalf of the corporation that can be pursued only with court approval.
E)always occurs in connection with a unanimous shareholder agreement.
Q2) Which if the following statements is FALSE?
A)A proxy is a person appointed to represent a shareholder at a meeting and vote their shares.
B)A proxy need not be a shareholder.
C)A form of proxy must be sent to each shareholder of a public corporation along with a management proxy circular in connection with each shareholders meeting.
D)Shareholders can participate in meetings without attending through a proxy.
E)A proxy is a way to transfer ownership of shares.
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Chapter 23: Secured Transactions
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Q1) Royal Bank is considering making a loan to O'Dell Inc,a manufacturer of computers.O'Dell is seeking a loan of $100 000 repayable over three years.If you were the bank manager,what kinds of information would you need to assess the risk of non-payment by O'Dell?
Q2) Alice needed some tractors for her gardening services business in Windsor.She approached Cooper's Equipment Leasing Inc.She asked Cooper's to obtain two tractors meeting her specifications and lease them to her.After performing a credit assessment of Alice,Cooper's decide to proceed with the transaction.Under the terms of the lease,Alice was obliged to make regular monthly payments over two years,which would result in paying Cooper's more than the full purchase price.Alice had an option to purchase the tractors at the end of the lease for $500 each.Alice knew that it was likely that the value of the tractors at the end of the lease would be at least $1000.In January,Alice stopped making payments under the lease and went bankrupt.Cooper's claimed the tractors,but the trustee in bankruptcy has refused to give them up.Who is entitled to the tractors?
Q3) People who give guarantees are vulnerable to the actions of the principal debtor and the creditor.Explain how the law seeks to protect guarantors with reference to examples of the ways in which the guarantor may be put at risk.
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Chapter 24: Dealing With Bankruptcy and Insolvency
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Q1) Carmen is a creditor of Joe's Popular Pizza,an entity that has just gone bankrupt.She learns about the bankruptcy in the newspaper and realizes that she must file a claim if she is to get any money back.Carmen must file a proof of claim because
A)it is the required method of proving a claim in bankruptcy,providing notice and an opportunity for the debtor or other creditors to challenge the claim if necessary.
B)Carmen is a secured creditor.
C)she is claiming a settlement and not a preference.
D)Carmen wants to pursue Joe's Popular Pizza in another province.
E)Joe's whereabouts are unknown.
Q2) "The value of bankruptcy is in promoting certainty among borrowers and lenders,the orderly disposal of debt,and the rehabilitation of debtors." Discuss this statement.
Q3) What are the advantages of seeking protection under the Company Creditors' Arrangement Act versus under the Bankruptcy Act?
Q4) Describe three types of proposals and under what conditions they will be used.
Q5) It can accurately be said that almost all bankrupts are insolvent.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Government Regulation of Business
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Q1) Silverdome Plating Co runs a silver plating operation in Sarnia,Ontario.An employee of the company accidentally spills several hundred litres of plating fluid containing high concentrations of dangerous chemicals into the St Clair River.If the provincial authorities decide to prosecute this act as a strict liability offence,Silverdome will be able to invoke the defence of due diligence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Zoë receives a set of knives in the mail from Grandsoirée Inc.She did not order the knives and has never heard of Grandsoirée.Zoë is obliged to pay for the knives.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Federal legislation always prevails over provincial legislation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Both the federal and provincial governments have powers over business regulation in Canada.Explain how conflicts between these powers are resolved and which level of government takes precedence.
Q5) Why are mergers reviewed by the Competition Bureau?
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Chapter 26: Individual Employment
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/33987
Sample
Questions
Q1) Sonya is an independent contractor,working for Diamond Dave's Deliver-All.While delivering mini-donuts,Sonya inadvertently runs into the back of a parked car and smashes the bumper and back windshield.Luckily no one is hurt.Still,the owner of the car has decided to sue Diamond Dave to collect for the damages done to the car.Under which of the following circumstances will the owner succeed?
A)if she is able to prove that the accident happened while Sonya was working
B)if she is able to prove that the accident was sufficiently connected to Sonya's deliveries
C)if she is able to prove that Dave told Sonya to drive on that busy street during rush hour
D)if she is able to prove that Sonya has a string of previous accidents on her record
E)if she is able to prove that Sonya is not an independent contractor but actually an employee,and therefore Diamond Dave would be vicariously liable for her actions
Q2) Legislation and common law precedents suggest that a prudent business manager should provide employers with a reasonable period of notice prior to dismissal.List four or five factors that the manager should consider when deciding on the reasonableness of the notice period to be provided.
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Chapter 27: Organized Labour
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/33988
Sample Questions
Q1) The employees of Lou's Construction have asked Lou to recognize their trade union as the bargaining agent for his employees.If Lou provides voluntary recognition,his decision cannot be challenged.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In which of the following is an arbitrator (or arbitration panel)similar to a judge?
A)Both are bound by previous jurisprudence.
B)Both are jointly appointed by the parties.
C)Both strictly apply the rules of evidence.
D)Both may apply the principles of equity.
E)Both have inherent jurisdiction.
Q3) What are the necessary elements of a strike? Using the elements you have listed,provide and analyze one example of employee actions that would be seen as a strike and one example of an employee action that would not be seen as a strike.
Q4) Some employee organizations are not entitled to take part in the collective bargaining process.
A)True
B)False
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