Elementary Statistics Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Elementary Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlation, and regression analysis. Emphasis is placed on practical application and interpretation of results using real-world data. Students will develop analytical skills and gain proficiency in using statistical software to organize, visualize, and analyze data, preparing them for further studies or careers requiring statistical literacy.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a requirement for demonstrating causality?
A) covariation
B) necessity
C) nonspuriousness
D) temporal sequence
Multiple-Choice Questions from Student Quizzes
Answer: B
Q2) Is the variable "percent of a population that is female" continuous or discrete?
A) continuous
B) discrete
Answer: A
Q3) Is the variable "percent of time a married person spends with his or her spouse" continuous or discrete?
A) continuous
B) discrete
Answer: A
Q4) Is the variable "number of college courses passed" continuous or discrete?
A) continuous
B) discrete
Answer: B
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Sample Questions
Q1) What characters can SPSS variable names begin with?
Answer: SPSS variable names must begin with a letter or @. Under certain circumstances, names may also begin with a # or $.
Q2) Which column in Variable View lets you attach labels to the codes for a variable's attributes?
A) Name
B) Label
C) Values
D) Role
Answer: C
Q3) Convert this number from scientific notation into normal notation: 1.23E 03
A) 1230
B) .00123
C) .00123
D) 1230
Answer: C
Q4) When should you use string variables?
Answer: Answers may vary: String variables are useful for putting identifying information such as a name or address into a data file
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Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Certain entries in this frequency table have been replaced by letters. What numbers should appear in the table?
aaaa _____
bbbb _____
cccc _____
dddd _____
Answer: aaaa = 40.0
bbbb = 75.0
cccc = 25.0
dddd = 2
Q2) Which column in a frequency table should you use to find the percent of non-missing cases that gave a particular answer?
A) frequency
B) percent
C) valid percent
D) cumulative percent
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) You want to see the median, minimum, and maximum for a variable. Name one SPSS procedure that would give you this.
Q2) What measures of central tendency and dispersion only become available at the interval/ratio level of measurement?
Q3) An interval/ratio variable has a variance of 100. What is the value of the standard deviation?
standard deviation = __________
Q4) A standard deviation is
A) a multivariate descriptive statistic
B) a multivariate inferential statistic
C) a univariate descriptive statistic
D) a univariate inferential statistic
Q5) Answer the question that follows this SPSS output: What is the mode? _______________
Q6) What is the difference between central tendency and dispersion?
Q7) What univariate statistics are usually used to describe the distribution of cases on a nominal variable?
Q8) Name five different univariate descriptive statistics.
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher uses the Compute procedure to create two new variables. The two new variables are called NEW1 and NEW2. The first case in the data set has a value of 10 on VARA and 2 on VARB. What values will that first case have on the two new variables?
A) if NEW1 = (VARA - 8) / VARB then for the 1<sup>st</sup> case NEW1 = _____
B) if NEW2 = VARA - 8 / VARB then for the 1<sup>st</sup> case NEW2 = _____
Q2) You want to Compute a new variable that multiplies a person's hourly wage by their hours worked per week by their weeks worked per year. Write out the numeric expression that would accomplish this. (Variables: hourlyWage, hoursPerWeek, weeksPerYear)
Q3) A variable has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 5. Calculate the Z-scores for the first two cases and the raw scores for the last two cases.
Q4) You want to Compute a new variable that is the number of years older the firstborn child is than the lastborn child. Write out the numeric expression that would accomplish this. (Variables: FIRSTBORN, LASTBORN)
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Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the following output, which conclusion is correct?
A) For every group, women averaged more TVHOURS than men.
B) For every group, there was more variability among women than men on TVHOURS.
C) For every group, there were more women than men.
D) No group averaged more than 3.50 TVHOURS.
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What is the mean GPA of female students with less than a 950 SAT score?
B) Which subgroup has the greatest variability on GPA? (Specify the SAT category and the gender of the subgroup.) _______________
C) Is there a main effect for SAT? (yes/no)
D) State the numerical evidence that supports your conclusion about a main effect for SAT.
Q3) What is the lowest level of measurement you can use in the Means procedure for A) The dependent variable? __________
B) The 1<sup>st</sup> layer independent variable? __________
C) The 2<sup>nd</sup> layer independent variable? __________
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using the Means procedure?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can layering reveal if the relationship between the original two variables was spurious or not?
Q2) In the following Crosstabs, a number has been replaced with xxx. What number should go there?
Q3) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Describe how, if at all, the relationship between sex and belief in life after death (POSTLIFE) differs between whites, blacks, and persons neither white nor black.
Q4) What conclusions about the job satisfaction of never-married, currently-married, and previously-married persons can you draw from the following clustered bar chart?
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using a crosstab table?
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Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an ordinal measure of association?
A) Cramer's V
B) Kendall's tau-b
C) lambda
D) uncertainty coefficient
Q2) Which measures of association indicate the direction of a relationship?
A) nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio measures of association
B) only ordinal and interval/ratio measures of association
C) only interval/ratio measures of association
D) no measures of association indicate the strength of a relationship
Q3) For describing a relationship between two variables, what information does a measure of association provide that an examination of percents, medians, or modes in a crosstab does not?
Q4) The height of a child and the age of a child are
A) inversely related
B) negatively related
C) positively related
Q5) How do you decide for a pair of variables whether you need a nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio measure of association?
Page 10
Q6) What are the names of two ordinal measures of association?
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Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does a scatterplot indicate the strength of the relationship between two variables?
Q2) Years of schooling (EDUC) is regressed on number of SIBLINGS. The resulting regression equation is EDUC = 16 1.00(SIBLINGS). Someone with three siblings would be predicted to get how many years of schooling?
A) 13
B) 15
C) 16
D) 17
Q3) Which one of the following statements about the relationship between two interval/ratio variables is TRUE?
A) If two variables have a perfect curvilinear relationship, their correlation will be 1.00.
B) If the correlation between two variables is negative, the slope of the bivariate regression line will be negative.
C) The further from zero the slope, the stronger the correlation.
D) The regression line is the "best-fitting" straight line because it maximizes the number of data points that it passes through.
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dummy variables are a way to include into a regression analysis
A) nominal variables as dependent variable
B) nominal variables as independent variables
C) ordinal variables as dependent variables
D) ordinal variables as independent variables
Q2) The regression coefficients for two independent variables that are very strongly related to one another may not be very stable. This regression problem is referred to as A) dummy variables
B) heteroscedasticity
C) multicollinearity
D) serial correlation
Q3) Which of the following statements is correct?
A) An ordinal variable with three or more categories can be the dependent variable in regression.
B) An interval/ratio variable with three or more categories can be the dependent variable in regression.
C) Both "a" and "b" are correct.
D) None of the above is correct.
Q4) What information does a standardized coefficient provide?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A _____ shows how frequently particular statistical results would occur if every possible sample of a particular size from a particular population were taken.
A) census distribution
B) frequency distribution
C) Poisson distribution
D) sampling distribution
Q2) The difference between a sample result and a census result is the A) confidence line
B) margin of error
C) methodological artifact
D) sampling error
Q3) What does the central limit theorem say about sampling distributions?
Q4) Which sampling distribution will typically have the smallest standard error?
A) a sampling distribution based on cluster random sampling
B) a sampling distribution based on simple random sampling
C) a sampling distribution based on stratified random sampling
D) a sampling distribution based on systematic random sampling
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using the properties of sampling distributions and normal distributions?
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Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) If at Step 2 in hypothesis testing, the sample results are consistent with the research hypothesis, what do you do? If consistent with the null, what do you do?
Q2) Which of the following mathematical operators would indicate a research hypothesis?
A) =
B) >
C) <
Q3) If, at Step 2 in hypothesis testing, your sample results are consistent with the null hypothesis, what do you do?
A) Go to Step 3 and check the significance level.
B) Go to Step 4 and do not reject the null hypothesis.
C) Go to Step 4 and reject the null hypothesis.
D) Return to Step 1 and form new hypotheses.
Q4) What is the difference between a two-tailed hypothesis test and a one-tailed hypothesis test?
Q5) A researcher has done a one-sample t-test. She reports the test's degrees of freedom to be 15. How many cases were there in the sample? __________
Q6) When can results be described as "statistically significant"?
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher has done a paired-samples t-test. She reports the test's degrees of freedom to be 100. How many cases were there in the sample? __________
Q2) Write a research hypothesis and its companion null hypothesis that could be tested with a paired-samples t test.
Q3) Which would be an appropriate statistical procedure to test the hypothesis that, on average, Democrats listen to more radio than Republicans?
A) independent-samples t test
B) one-sample t test
C) paired-samples t test
Q4) Your independent-samples t test research hypothesis is that, when asked the ideal number of children to have, men report a higher average than women. The following results are consistent with the _____ and you proceed to _____.
A) null hypothesis Step 3 (check significance level)
B) null hypothesis Step 4 (state conclusion)
C) research hypothesis Step 3 (check significance level)
D) research hypothesis Step 4 (state conclusion)
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using an independent-samples t test?
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the three rounds for analyzing a two-way ANOVA?
Q2) You are doing a one-way ANOVA. What level of measurement is required on the two variables you are using? (Circle the letter of the correct answer.)
A) Both must be interval ratio.
B) Both can be any level.
C) The dependent variable can be any level, the factor variable must be interval/ratio.
D) The dependent variable must be interval/ratio, the factor variable can be any level.
Q3) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a difference between men and women in the average number of work days per year lost due to injury." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) paired-samples t test
C) independent-samples t test
D) one-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
Q4) When is an independent-samples t test used to compare group means and when is a one-way ANOVA used?
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does a positive cell residual tell you? A negative cell residual? A zero cell residual?
Q2) You want to do a chi-square test but one of the cells in the crosstab has an expected frequency of 0.5. What should you do?
A) Continue with the chi-square test. There is no problem.
B) Divide the value you get for chi-square by 0.5.
C) Do a One-Way ANOVA instead of chi-square
D) Use Recode to collapse one or both of the variables.
Q3) The text talks about the expected count in a cell of a crosstab. This is the expected count if
A) the row and column variables are independent
B) the row and column variables are significantly related
C) the row and column variables have identical means
D) the row and column variables have identical numbers of valid cases
Q4) What does a positive residual in a crosstab cell mean?
A) The two variables are negatively associated.
B) There were more cases with that combination of traits than expected.
C) There were fewer cases with that combination of traits than expected.
D) You should not reject the null hypothesis.
Q5) What should you do next if chi-square is significant?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Do the countries of North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania significantly differ in average national life expectancy?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) One-way ANOVA
D) Two-way ANOVA
Q2) Hypothesis tests for which measures of association must be identified as one-tailed or two-tailed?
Q3) For which of the following inferential statistics must you identify hypotheses as one-tailed or two-tailed?
A) chi-square
B) F ratio
C) t statistic
D) all of the above
Q4) Are weak associations between variables always nonsignificant? Are strong associations always significant?
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using tests of significance for measures of association?
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