Educational Statistics
Test Questions
Course Introduction
Educational Statistics is a foundational course designed to introduce students to the principles and applications of statistical methods within the field of education. The course covers topics such as data collection, descriptive statistics, probability distributions, sampling techniques, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, and interpretation of educational data. Emphasis is placed on equipping students with the ability to analyze and interpret quantitative data to inform educational research and decision-making processes. Practical examples and the use of statistical software are incorporated to help students develop the skills necessary to conduct and critically evaluate studies in educational settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil
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J. Salkind
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following formulas subtracts the value of 3 from 6 and multiplies the outcome by 2?
A) SUM(3,6)*2
B) =6-3*2
C) SUM(3,6,2)
D) =(6-3)*2
Answer: D
Q2) What symbol is used for representing the mathematical operator "division" when using Excel?
A) =
B) *
C) /
D) -
Answer: C
Q3) What is a population?
Answer: A population is a complete data set of objects or participants such as all the undergraduate students in a particular University.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Calculate the median for the following data set: 5, 15, 10, 15, 5, 10, 10, 20, 25, 15
Answer: The median is 12.5
Q2) Who was the inventor of the correlation?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles Darwin
C) Francis Galton
D) Jacob Cohen
Answer: C
Q3) When the data are categorical in nature and values can fit into only one class, such as hair color or political affiliation, which of the measures of central tendency should be used?
Answer: When the data are categorical, use the mode.
Q4) What are the measures of central tendency discussed in the textbook?
Answer: Mean, median, mode
Q5) What is the easiest and most commonly made mistake when computing the mode?
Answer: Selecting the number of times a category occurs, rather than the label of the category itself.
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Write out the two Excel formulas for computing the standard deviation and the variance.
Answer: VAR(A1:A12) STDEV(A1:A10)
Q2) When subtracting the largest number in a distribution from the smallest, what type of variability is being calculated?
A) outliers
B) standard deviation
C) variance
D) range
Answer: D
Q3) What is the formula for the exclusive range?
A) r - n +1
B) h - l + 1
C) (h - l)r
D) h - l
Answer: D
Q4) What is the range of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The range is 9
Page 5
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a distribution of 50 scores and you want 5 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
Q2) What are the two types of skewness? Explain each.
Q3) If the median of a set of scores is greater than the mean, what can be said about the distribution?
A) Negatively skewed
B) Positively skewed
C) Platykurtic
D) Leptokurtic
Q4) Name the four ways that distributions can be different from one another.
Q5) What are the two types of kurtosis? Explain each.
Q6) List the 10 ways to create great figures outlined in the text.
Q7) Which of the following refers to a distribution's curve that is relatively peaked in comparison to a normal curve?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q8) What is the definition of a cumulative frequency distribution?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong relationship?
A) .80
B) .70
C) .60
D) .50
Q2) A correlation coefficient can range in value. Which of the following illustrates this range?
A) -.01 to .01
B) -1.0 to 1.0
C) -2.0 to 2.0
D) -3.0 to 3.0
Q3) What would you use to represent a correlation visually?
A) Histogram
B) Polygon
C) Line graph
D) Scatterplot
Q4) If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation?
Page 7
Q5) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you were interested in describing the order of variables along a continuum, what level of measurement would you use?
Q2) How does interrater reliability measure consistency?
A) Over time
B) From form to form
C) Across different tests
D) From rater to rater
Q3) Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate observed behaviors using the same form, and the number of items that were rated the same is calculated. This is an example of which type of reliability?
A) Parallel reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Interrater reliability
D) Internal consistency
Q4) Which level of measurement provides the most information about a variable?
Q5) What are the traditional types of validity evidence?
Q6) Explain the classical test theory formula for understanding observed scores. What is included in any observed score?
Q7) Name four types of reliability and what each type measures.
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following refers to the group to which you wish to generalize your results?
A) Sample
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) General group
Q2) What does your research question help to guide?
A) Hypothesis
B) Relationship
C) Sampling error
D) Average score
Q3) What is the sampling error? What does a high sampling error indicate?
Q4) Which of the following provides a measure of how well your sample approximates the population?
A) Generalizability
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) Hypothesis
Q5) What does the null hypothesis always refer to? What does the research hypothesis always refer to?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?
A) Sample is normally distributed
B) Sample is large
C) Population is normally distributed
D) Population is large
Q2) What type of standard score has M = 0 and SD = 1?
A) IQ score
B) T score
C) x score
D) z score
Q3) How many standard deviations are included in a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10?
Q4) In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a statement of equality?
A) Research hypothesis
B) Directional hypothesis
C) Nondirectional hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q2) Which of the following occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when it is really false?
A) Type I error
B) Incorrect decision
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q3) If you conclude that your findings yield a 1-in-100 chance that differences were not due to the hypothesized reason, what is the corresponding p value?
Q4) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis.
Q5) What does 1 - ? represent?
A) Alpha level
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Power
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Q1) If z represents the test statistic used which results in z=2.05, p<.05 what does this result indicate?
A) That 2.05 is the critical value
B) That 2.05 is not the critical value
C) The probability is less than 5% that on any one test of the null hypothesis, the sample and the population averages differ
D) The probability is less than 5% that on any one test of the null hypothesis, the sample and the population averages agree
Q2) Write the formula used for computing the value for a one sample Z-Z-test and define each of the three components.
Q3) A test is conducted for H?: ? = 20, with ? = 4. A sample of size 36 has \(\bar { X }\) = 21.4. Calculate the Z Test.
Q4) The formula to compute the standard error of the mean requires the standard deviation for the population divided by the square root of?
A) The population average
B) The mean of the sample
C) The size of the sample
D) The standard deviation
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Page 12
Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) To determine whether you will reject the null hypothesis, the test statistic must be compared against the:
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Q2) What is another name for a dependent samples t test?
A) Paired sample
B) Two sample
C) Independent sample
D) Freed sample
Q3) What is used to examine the degree of relationship between variables?
A) Hypothesized mean difference
B) Pearson correlation
C) Observations
D) Variance
Q4) When using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to compute t value for dependent samples, which test should you select?
Q5) What does t critical one-tail represent?
Q6) What is the formula for calculating a t value for a dependent samples test? Page 13
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What Excel function requires that you enter the t value, degrees of freedom, and the number of tails?
A) TTEST
B) TEST2
C) TDIST
D) TDIST2
Q2) To examine one group of subjects under two different conditions, which statistical technique should you select?
A) Regression
B) t test for dependent samples
C) Analysis of variance
D) t test for independent samples
Q3) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
Q4) What does t critical one-tail represent?
Q5) Given the following, what should you conclude? t???? = 2.001 and tc??t?c?l = 1.94
Q6) What does the t test for dependent samples allow you to examine?
Q7) Explain the difference between a test of dependent and independent means.
Q8) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you wanted to examine whether the level of parental involvement differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), what is the dependent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students
C) Parents
D) Level of parent involvement
Q2) When computing the degrees of freedom for ANOVA, how is the between-group estimate calculated?
A) n - 1
B) k - 1
C) N - k
D) n/k
Q3) What is the variability between groups due to?
A) Chance
B) The grouping factor
C) The F ratio
D) The levels of the dependent variable
Q4) What is the MS within value?
Q5) What is the sum of squares total?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the appropriate test statistic given the following situation? You are testing for differences between scores of the same participants; the participants are being tested more than once; you are dealing with two or more groups; and you are dealing with more than one factor or independent variable.
Q2) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q3) What is a univariate analysis of variance?
Q4) How many null hypotheses are associated with a two-way ANOVA?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Q5) What is a multivariate analysis of variance?
Page 17
Q6) What does a factorial 3 × 2 design represent? Give an example.
Q7) Describe what is meant by a mixed ANOVA design?
Q8) What is the main effect in factorial analysis of variance?
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Page 18
Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do you calculate the degrees of freedom when testing the correlation coefficient?
Q2) Which of the following is another use for correlation coefficients?
A) Testing mean differences
B) Testing causal relationships
C) Estimating reliability
D) Estimating power
Q3) If the correlation between two variables is .496, what is the coefficient of determination?
Q4) The correlation coefficient is a measure of which of the following?
A) Mean differences
B) Causation
C) Prediction
D) Association
Q5) If you are examining the relationship between variables (not the difference between groups) and only two variables are being used, what is the appropriate test statistic?
Q6) If the correlation between two variables is .496, how much of the variance has not been accounted for?
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Q7) What are the null and research hypotheses for testing a correlation coefficient?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following determines the direction of the regression line?
A) Intercept
B) Predicted score
C) Criterion score
D) Slope
Q2) Explain what the regression line represents by naming three things that it allows us to examine.
Q3) What is the standard error of estimate? What does it allow us to examine?
Q4) Which of the following Excel functions calculated the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis?
A) SLOPE
B) CORREL
C) INTERCEPT
D) PEARSON
Q5) Which of the following symbols is associated with the y-intercept in the regression equation?
A) X
B) Y
C) a
D) b
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) If you have 100 respondents identifying their gender, what would be the expected frequency for each category?
A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100
Q2) How are the degrees of freedom associated with the one-sample chi-square calculated?
Q3) What does the CHIDIST function in Excel compute?
Q4) Which of the following is the correct formula for the one-sample chi-square?
A) \(Y = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
B) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
C) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
D) \(Y ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
Q5) Which of the following Excel functions is used for the chi-square test of independence?
A) CHIDIST
B) CHISQUARE
C) CHITEST
D) CHI
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of analysis examines the direction of relationships through the postulation of some theoretical relationship between variables and then uses a test to see if the direction of these relationships is substantiated by the data?
A) data mining
B) repeated measures
C) path analysis
D) factor analysis
Q2) If you want to equalize initial differences between two groups before examining group differences, what procedure would you use?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
Q3) Which Excel data analysis tool is applied to determine how more than one variable can predict another?
A) Correlation
B) Regression
C) Covariance
D) ANOVA
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