Educational Statistics
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Course Introduction
Educational Statistics is a foundational course designed to introduce students to the principles and methods of statistical analysis within the context of education. The course covers descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and the interpretation of data relevant to educational research and assessment. Emphasis is placed on understanding how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret quantitative data to make informed decisions in educational settings. By the end of the course, students will develop the skills necessary to critically evaluate statistical information and apply statistical techniques to solve real-world problems in education.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Educational Research Second Edition by Craig A. Mertler
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Chapter 1: What Is Educational Research
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Q1) ______uses beliefs to determine perceived reality. That is, one begins with a strong belief and seeks out data that can be used to support that belief.
A) Belief-based science
B) Reality science
C) Pseudoscience
D) Pseudoreality
Answer: C
Q2) A researcher predicts the outcomes he expects from a particular study he plans to conduct. This is to say he stated his ______.
A) hypotheses
B) conclusions
C) expectations
D) reasoning
Answer: A
Q3) Research studies will clearly specify a research question that will serve to guide the conduct of the study.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Overview of the Educational Research Process
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Q1) Types of related literature to review include ______.
A) primary and secondary sources
B) primary and final sources
C) initial and final sources
D) initial and secondary sources
Answer: A
Q2) Explain why "carefully wording a research question" is a critical aspect of conducting educational research.
Answer: Answer would ideally include: Carefully wording a research question is a critical aspect of conducting educational research because the research question is what guides the remainder of the study. Care must be taken to ensure that the question is actually answerable by data the researcher is able to collect.
Q3) What is Step 4 in the educational research process?
A) writing a literature review
B) formally stating and refining research question(s)
C) developing a research plan
D) stating the findings as determined through data analyses
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) A study's research question(s) is/are transferred into ______.
A) the problem statement
B) the purpose of the study
C) the variables
D) the outcomes
Answer: A
Q2) Variables can be continuous, discrete, or dichotomous.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Variables that are not controlled/measured by the researcher are ______.
A) independent
B) dependent
C) categorical
D) confounding
Answer: D
Q4) Scores on a high school geometry test are dichotomous.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Educational Research
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Q1) Protection of research participants from harm includes protection from negative physical effects--not psychological effects.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When research participants over the age of ______ agree to participate in a study, they are providing their ______.
A) 18; assent
B) 18; consent
C) 21; assent
D) 21; consent
Q3) Identify the three types of possible proposal reviews conducted by IRBs mentioned in the text, and discuss when each type would be used.
Q4) Analyze the components of an informed consent form.
Q5) Provide at least four pieces of information an informed consent form should always include.
Q6) What is informed consent?
Q7) Explain why an informed consent is important for a research study with human participants.
Q8) What does IRB stand for and what is an IRB?
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Chapter 5: Reviewing Related Research Literature
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Q1) An example of a well-developed search topic for ERIC is ______.
A) "one measured with multiple data collection tools"
B) "teachers' assessment practices"
C) "multiple types of data"
D) "teach and assess"
Q2) Discuss the benefits of conducting a literature review.
Q3) What are the three most commonly asked questions regarding the number of sources for a literature review?
Q4) Which of the following are typically included on the citation page?
A) authors of the study
B) all faculty members and students involved
C) other participating individuals
D) IRB approval numbers
Q5) Which of the following is recommended for summarizing studies for the literature review?
A) familiarize yourself with the process
B) determine what information about each study is needed
C) stress the aspects related to your study
D) state hypotheses in directional and nondirectional form
Q6) Describe the components of what's included in document citation pages.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Research Methods
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Q1) Qualitative research is a set of approaches that ______.
A) examines topics via statistics
B) simply examines existing information
C) uses nonnumerical, narrative data
D) uses numerical and nonnumerical data
Q2) The focus of qualitative research tends to be on the ______ of a particular activity.
A) simplicity
B) efficiency
C) quality
D) background
Q3) A(n) ______ involves the experiences of a person's life but is told by the individual who is the subject of the study.
A) autobiographical study
B) biographical study
C) authentic study
D) generic story
Q4) Discuss the weaknesses of ethnographic research.
Q5) Describe the components that differentiate qualitative research from quantitative research.
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Chapter 7: Quantitative Research Methods
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Q1) Identify and discuss the primary difference in the ideologies behind qualitative and quantitative research.
Q2) Discuss the strengths of experimental research.
Q3) The steps for conducting quantitative research ______.
A) are followed sequentially
B) are distinct and divergent
C) follow analysis
D) involve constructing a narrative
Q4) Quantitative research emphasizes ______.
A) intangible sources
B) reviews
C) objectivity
D) subjectivity
Q5) The most complex form of single-subject research design is known as the A-B design.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Only random sampling techniques will guarantee perfect representation.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mixed-Methods Research
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Q1) ______ timing occurs when a researcher implements both quantitative and qualitative strands simultaneously during the same phase of the study.
A) Combination
B) Concurrent
C) Sequential
D) Multiphase
Q2) Which of the following describes the multiphase research design?
A) It is not typically used in comprehensive program evaluation studies.
B) It combines both sequential and concurrent strands over a period of time.
C) Individual phases of study are completely separate
D) Decisions are made within the context of a transformative framework.
Q3) If the phases of data collection are simultaneous, or occur relatively close in time, we refer to the study as a ______; if the phases of data collection are distinctly separated by substantial periods of time, we might refer to the study as a ______.
A) multiphase mixed-methods study; multiproject quantitative study
B) multiphase mixed-methods study; multiproject qualitative study
C) multiproject mixed-methods study; multiphase mixed-methods study
D) multiphase mixed-methods study; multiproject mixed-methods study
Q4) What is the major characteristic of mixed-methods research?
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Chapter 9: Action Research
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Q1) Action research may be cyclical or linear.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The purpose of action research is to generalize solutions to larger populations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain how action research differs from the types we studied in previous chapters.
Q4) Describe how action research can empower teachers and other educators.
Q5) ______ action research is intended to address a specific problem in a classroom, school, or other community,
A) Preemptive
B) Participatory
C) Positional
D) Practical
Q6) Validity of action research is determined by establishing ______.
A) rigor
B) timeliness
C) function
D) need
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Chapter 10: Writing a Research Proposal
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Q1) The participants/sample section of the research proposal includes ______.
A) details of the data analysis
B) a description of the population/sample
C) an action plan
D) includes a review of the literature
Q2) The methodology section is which of the following within the context of the research proposal?
A) meat
B) potatoes
C) chocolate cake
D) Jell-O
Q3) The title of a(n) ______ carries greater significance than that of a(n) ______.
A) educational journal article; social science journal article
B) social science journal article; educational journal article
C) quantitative research proposal; qualitative research proposal
D) qualitative research proposal; quantitative research proposal
Q4) Discuss the significant difference in wording the initial research questions in a qualitative research proposal.
Q5) Describe what happens in the framing of a study.
Q6) Why should every researcher be able to write a research proposal?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
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Q1) The goal of ______ is to reduce the volume of information collected, thereby identifying and organizing the data into important patterns and themes to construct some sort of framework for presenting the key finding of the action research study.
A) implication
B) inference
C) deductive analysis
D) inductive analysis
Q2) Observer's comments often shed light on ______.
A) examining sequentially and divergently
B) examining divergently and analytically
C) the emerging patterns in your observational data
D) analyzing participatory and practical data types
Q3) The researcher should not participate in the observation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Transferability involves the provision of descriptive and contextualized statements so that someone reading the study can easily identify with the setting.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Quantitative Data Collection
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Q1) Variables that are measured on equal ______ scales may be appropriately subject to a wide variety of statistical analysis techniques.
A) ordinal
B) nominal
C) categorical
D) interval
Q2) Which of the following is true of quota sampling?
A) It requires individuals, who meet the researcher's desired qualifications, to be open to payment.
B) It involves a process of selecting a sample based on precise numbers of individuals or groups with specific characteristics.
C) It is often used in small-scale survey research.
D) It is used when time and money are limited.
Q3) Which of the following is quantitative sampling?
A) statistical sampling
B) measurement sampling
C) representative sampling
D) interview sampling
Q4) Explain the quantitative researcher's role in data analysis.
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Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Discuss the concept of standard error and how it is useful to researchers.
Q2) Why are inferential statistics subject to stricter requirements?
Q3) List the most common purposes behind various statistical procedures.
Q4) Describe the difference between statistical significance and practical significance.
Q5) Histograms cannot present frequency distribution data.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Scatterplots depict individual data points but not relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Which of the following does not describe frequency distributions?
A) useful for variables that are measured on nominal or ordinal scales
B) useful for variables that are measured on interval or ratio scales
C) extremely efficient way to simplify and summarize data
D) provide a mechanism for checking the accuracy of data
Q8) Describe what it means that statistical procedures can "summarize data and reveal what is typical and atypical within a group".
Q9) Describe one aspect of preparing data for quantitative analysis.
Q10) Explain how to calculate a mean score.
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Chapter 14: Writing a Final Research Report
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Q1) On completing a research study, the goal for most researchers is to ______.
A) summarize indices resulting from data analysis
B) disseminate the research
C) summarize an appropriate sample
D) investigate many topics from different perspectives
Q2) To achieve "economy of expression," keep your message ______.
A) straightforward and simple
B) detailed and long
C) elaborate and flowery
D) clear and expressive
Q3) As Johnson (2008) suggests, researchers should reference ______ when warranted.
A) sampling
B) regression
C) coefficients
D) yourself
Q4) Anonymity is less important than confidentiality in written research reports.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss techniques to improve clarity in a research report.
Q6) What are APA stylistic conventions of academic-style writing?
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