Educational Statistics
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Educational Statistics is a course designed to introduce students to fundamental statistical concepts and techniques commonly used in educational research and assessment. The course covers topics such as data collection and organization, measures of central tendency and variability, probability distributions, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis. Students will learn how to analyze and interpret quantitative data, apply statistical reasoning to real-world educational problems, and use statistical software for data analysis. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the skills needed to critically evaluate research studies, make evidence-based decisions, and conduct their own statistical investigations within educational settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1400 Verified Questions
1400 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Descriptive statistics are procedures used to
A) summarize a set of scores or observations.
B) organize a set of scores or observations.
C) make sense of a set of scores or observations.
D) all of these
Answer: D
Q2) Researchers often measure sample statistics to estimate or learn more about parameters in populations from which the sample statistics were measured.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A characteristic (usually numeric)that describes a sample is called a A) sample.
B) sample statistic.
C) population.
D) population parameter.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the time (in seconds)it takes children to complete a basic reading skills task.What type of graphical display would be most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of children falling into different intervals of time?
A) histogram
B) bar chart
C) scatter gram
D) all of these
Answer: A
Q2) The data should be grouped for the following data set: 0,0,0,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,0,0,1,and 2.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A percentile is
A) a percentile point.
B) a value between -1 and +1.
C) a raw score multiplied times 100.
D) only used with ungrouped data.
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following can be used to estimate the median?
A) the 50th percentile of a relative percentage distribution
B) the 50th percentile of a cumulative percentage distribution
C) the mean
D) the mode
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is not a symbol used with samples?
A) x
B) M
C) \(\mu\)
D) n
Answer: C
Q3) The mode can be used with the mean to describe which of the following variables?
A) rankings
B) gender
C) the winning percentage of teams in a league
D) all of these
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following values is NOT needed to compute sample variance using the computational formula,but is needed to compute the definitional formula?
A) sample mean
B) scores (x)
C) sample size
D) degrees of freedom
Q2) The sum of the squared deviations of scores from their mean
A) is computed the same for samples and populations.
B) is computed by squaring each deviation to avoid a zero solution in the numerator.
C) is the numerator for the sample variance and population variance.
D) all of these.
Q3) The empirical rule states that all scores will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The population standard deviation is equal to 10 when SS = 100 and n = 10.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a game,the probability of winning money is p = .16,the probability of losing money is p = .54,and the probability of breaking even is p = .30.What is the probability of winning or losing money in this game?
A) .16
B) .54
C) .70
D) 1.00
Q2) If there are 13 heart cards in a deck of 52 cards,then what is the probability of selecting one heart card on a single draw from the deck of cards?
A) 13/52
B) 1/52
C) 26/52
D) 1/13
Q3) The probability of an outcome can be any positive value.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The relative frequency of an outcome is the probability of its occurrence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standard normal distribution can be used to estimate probabilities with known raw scores,but it cannot be used to estimate raw scores with known probabilities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) State whether the first area is bigger,the second area is bigger,or the two areas are equal: the area to the left of z = 1.00,or the area to the left of z = -1.00.
A) The first area is bigger.
B) The second area is bigger.
C) The two areas are the same.
Q3) A researcher records the following times (in seconds)that it took a group of students to complete an exam: 18 ± 2 (M ± SD)min.How long did it take 80% of students to complete the exam?
A) less than 16 min
B) 16.32 min
C) less than 18 min
D) 19.68 min
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher selects a sample of 64 participants from a population with a mean of 10 and a variance of 16.What is the standard error of the mean?
A) 10
B) 2.0
C) 0.5
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A researcher selects a sample of nine participants from a population with a mean of 8 and a standard deviation of 3.About 14% of the sample means in this sampling distribution should be between a sample mean of
A) 6 and 8.
B) 5 and 6.
C) 9 and 10.
D) 10 and 11.
Q3) Researchers typically sample with replacement,although the development of statistical theory was based on the use of sampling without replacement.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) In hypothesis testing,a researcher can never
A) compute a test statistic before making a decision.
B) make decisions about the null hypothesis.
C) prove that his or her hypothesis is correct.
D) know the likelihood of obtaining a sample mean if the null hypothesis were true.
Q2) One-tailed tests will rarely,if ever,result in decisions that are different from two-tailed tests in hypothesis testing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher computes a test statistic and finds that the p value for this test is .03.What does this result mean?
A) There is a 3% likelihood of obtaining the test statistic value, if the null were true.
B) The probability of committing a Type I error if we retain the null hypothesis is 3%.
C) The probability of committing a Type II error if we reject the null hypothesis is 3%.
D) There is a 3% likelihood that the researcher's hypothesis is correct.
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average response time to a bank robbery is about 9 min.A local community wants to improve on this time,so they implement advanced training seminars.They find that the new response time for a sample of 36 police officers is 8 ± 4.2 (M ± SD)min.Test whether this advanced training seminar reduced response time at a .05 level of significance.
A) This advanced training seminar significantly reduced response time, t(35) = 11.43, p < .05.
B) This advanced training seminar significantly reduced response time, t(35) = -1.43, p < .05.
C) This advanced training seminar did not reduce response time, t(35) = -1.43, p > .05.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) Which of the following is an assumption for computing any type of independent-sample t test?
A) Data in the population being sampled are normally distributed.
B) Data were obtained from a sample that was selected using a random sampling procedure.
C) The probabilities of each measured outcome in a study are independent.
D) All of these.
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A professor compares scores on a competency exam among students at two times during a single semester.What type of t test is most appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) related-samples t test
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q2) A researcher conducts a study in which the population variance of difference scores between two groups is unknown.What type of t test is most appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) related-samples t test
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) A researcher computes a related-samples t test with t(20)= 2.096.In this example,the decision is to reject the null hypothesis for a one-tailed test,but not for a two-tailed test.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ______ the confidence interval,then the decision would likely be to reject the null hypothesis.
A) inside
B) outside
Q2) Which type of error is used to compute the confidence interval for one sample selected from a population with a known variance?
A) standard error
B) estimated standard error
C) estimated standard error for the difference
D) estimated standard error for the difference scores
Q3) In a sample of 12 participants,a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 22.3 and an estimated standard error (S<sub>M</sub>)of 4.7.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 80% CI 12.1, 32.5
B) 80% CI 17.6, 27.0
C) 80% CI 15.9, 28.7
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using a between-subjects ANOVA design,______.
A) n-k participants are each observed one time
B) n participants are observed k times
C) data are not analyzed between groups
D) the same participants are observed in each group
Q2) An ANOVA is used when samples are selected from two or more populations and when two or more samples are selected from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) While it is common to report the result of an ANOVA,researchers rarely report the results of a post hoc test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher measures mating displays among 12 birds randomly assigned to be in the presence of no cue,an auditory cue,or a visual cue.The degrees of freedom for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA is 2 and 9 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) To report the results of a post hoc test,identify which post hoc test was computed and the p value for significant results.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Bonferroni test controls for testwise alpha.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The test statistic for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA is mean square between groups divided by mean square error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher conducts a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 3 and n = 10.She computes SS<sub>BG</sub> = 120,SS<sub>E</sub> = 198,and SS<sub>T</sub> = 518.What is the effect size for this test using \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>?
A) .637
B) .377
C) .298
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Simple main effect tests are necessary to analyze a significant interaction and a significant main effect.
A)True
B)False
Q2) It is inappropriate to compute effect size for interactions and main effects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant main effect of Factor A and an A *B interaction.Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first?
A) the significant main effect
B) the significant interaction
C) No effect needs to be analyzed further.
Q4) A researcher computes a 2 * 3 between-subjects ANOVA in which six participants are observed in each cell.What are the degrees of freedom error for this study?
A) 71
B) 60
C) 30
D) 36
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring the direction and strength of the linear relationship between one continuous and one dichotomous variable is
A) the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient
B) the point-biserial correlation coefficient
C) the phi correlation coefficient
D) none of these
Q2) A researcher measures the correlation in rankings for a sample of restaurants and consumers' rankings of their favorite restaurants.If = 96 and n = 12,then what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
A) .07
B) .34
C) .66
D) .94
Q3) The numerator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables ______.
A) vary at random
B) vary independently
C) covary
D) none of these
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Linear regression is used to measure the extent to which a criterion variable causes changes in a predictor variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The standard error of estimate is used as a measure of the ______ in predictions using the equation of a regression line.
A) linearity
B) appropriateness
C) accuracy
D) certainty
Q3) A researcher computes an analysis of regression in which MS<sub>residual</sub> = 0.82.What is the value of s<sub>e</sub> in this example?
A) 0.67
B) 0.82
C) 0.91
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q4) The degrees of freedom residual is equal to the number of criterion variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?
A) analysis of variance
B) the t tests
C) chi-square test
D) Pearson correlation
Q2) Many nonparametric tests are called ______ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population.
A) parametric tests
B) skewed-distribution tests
C) significance-free tests
D) distribution-free tests
Q3) A researcher computes a 3 * 4 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 50 participants,with \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 8.43.What is the effect size for this result?
A) .08
B) .17
C) .29
D) .41
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The test statistic for the Friedman test is largest when ______.
A) the ranks for each participant are consistent across groups
B) the mean difference between groups is largest
C) the ranks for each participant are not consistent across groups
D) the value of the test statistic is less than or equal to .05
Q2) To compute the test statistic for the Mann-Whitney U test,we sum the ranks in two groups.The test statistic is ______.
A) the larger total
B) the smaller total
C) the average of the two totals
D) the product of the two totals
Q3) The Kruskal-Wallis H test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A) related-samples t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D) one-way within-subjects ANOVA
Q4) Ordinal data indicate that one score is larger or smaller than another.
A)True
B)False
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