Educational Statistics
Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Educational Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis as applied to educational research and practice. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability distributions, sampling techniques, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, and the interpretation of data in the context of education. Students will learn how to collect, organize, analyze, and draw meaningful conclusions from quantitative data, enabling them to make data-driven decisions in educational settings. Emphasis is placed on developing statistical literacy, critical thinking skills, and the ability to apply statistical tools to real-world educational issues and research studies.
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Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Q1) Define inferential statistics.
Answer: Inferential statistics are used to make inferences from a smaller group of data (the sample) to the larger group (population).
Q2) What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Answer: Descriptive statistics organize and describe data while inferential statistics are used to infer meaning about a larger population from a sample of the population.
Q3) The introduction of personal computers and their use in statistical analyses have been both good and bad.Give an example of a "good" reason and one example of a "bad" reason.
Answer: Examples should reflect knowledge demonstrated in passage above.
Q4) The past 100 years have seen numerous examples of new ways to use old ideas.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) Define descriptive statistics.
Answer: Descriptive statistics are used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data.
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) When is the ratio level of measurement the correct level of measurement to use?
Answer: When we measure a variable that has the true zero on the scale like watching TV or doing homework by hour, we can use the ratio level of measurement.
Q2) What is the mode of the following data: 57 males and 43 females?
A)57
B)males
C)females
D)cannot be determined
Answer: B
Q3) Your current exam mean is 95.If you receive a 95 on the next exam, this will have the effect of ______.
A)increasing your mean
B)decreasing your mean
C)having no effect on your mean
D)cannot be determined
Answer: C
Q4) What does the term bimodal mean?
Answer: Bimodal refers to a distribution of scores that has two different modes, or two scores that occur most frequently.
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a variance of 9, your standard deviation will be _______.
A)9
B)81
C)3
D)0
Answer: C
Q2) A greater standard deviation indicates less variance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What is the standard deviation squared?
A)range
B)mean deviation
C)variance
D)this cannot be computed
Answer: C
Q4) Unbiased estimates are considered to be less conservative estimates.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Should a chart alone convey what we often want to say?
A)no
B)yes
C)probably
D)not sure
Q2) When we use every feature a computer program has to make charts, what will likely happen?
A)persuasion
B)chart junk
C)group think
D)illustration
Q3) A visual representation of data can be a much more effective way of illustrating the characteristics of a distribution or data set as compared to numerical values alone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why are measures of central tendency and measures of variability important to a visual representation of the distribution of data?
Q5) What is a frequency distribution?
Q6) What is a frequency polygon?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) "The better your time management skills are, the more work you are able to do" is an example of a _______.
A)continuous correlation
B)biserial correlation
C)positive correlation
D)negative correlation
Q2) The Pearson product-moment correlation examines the relationship between what type of variables?
A)discontinuous
B)continuous
C)nominal level
D)large
Q3) In a partial correlation, the impact of mediating variable is removed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Under what circumstances would you use the phi coefficient?
Q5) In the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient, what is the difference between the sum of a set of values squared and the sum of the squared values?
Q6) How does a positive slope differ from a negative slope?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q2) In experiment, the treatment is called ______.
A)dependent variable
B)independent variable
C)intervening variable
D)mediating variable
Q3) Reliability and validity specifically relate to the ______.
A)quality of the data themselves
B)appropriateness of the statistical tests chosen
C)qualitative methodology
D)correlations between variables
Q4) When should you use construct validity?
Q5) Who is responsible for creating the formula for coefficient alpha?
A)Lee Cronbach
B)Jacob Cohen
C)Karl Pearson
D)R.A.Fisher
Q6) Name four types of reliability and what they measure.
Q7) How do reliability and validity work together?
Q8) Why can we not know the true score for a test? Page 8
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a
A)research hypothesis
B)null hypothesis
C)definitive hypothesis
D)postulative hypothesis
Q2) A representative sample allows you to generalize your results to a _______.
A)smaller sample
B)smaller population
C)larger population
D)larger sample
Q3) What does generalizability mean?
A)Results may be applied to the population studied.
B)Results apply only to the sample studied.
C)Sampling error is high.
D)The sample does not represent the population.
Q4) Null hypotheses always refer to the sample.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?
A)16%
B)34%
C)50%
D)84%
Q2) Which of the following is true of z scores that fall below the mean?
A)They are positive.
B)They are equal to the mode.
C)They are negative.
D)They are in the upper half of the distribution.
Q3) z scores that fall above the mean are _______.
A)positive
B)negative
C)zero
D)one
Q4) Are distributions always normal?
Q5) What percentage of scores fall between the following z scores: 1 to +1; 1 to +2; and 1 to +3?
Page 11
Q6) Why do we use standard scores?
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many general steps are there in applying a statistical test to any null hypothesis.
A)5
B)6
C)7
D)8
Q2) What Greek letter is associated with Type II error?
A)?
B)?
C)?
D) \[\Psi\]
Q3) Which of the following is the term associated with identifying differences between groups that are not due to chance?
A)probability
B)meaningfulness
C)significance
D)statistics
Q4) Why does the researcher never really know the true nature of the null hypothesis?
Q5) Define significance level.
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a population standard deviation of 10 and a sample size of 4, what is your standard error of the mean?
A) 5
B)14
C)6
D)5
Q2) If our sample selection was perfect, what would be the difference between the sample and population averages?
A)zero
B)one
C)one or greater
D)less than one
Q3) For the Z-test, the population's standard deviation is ______.
A)not known
B)known
C)not relevant
D)not sure
Q4) Sample size is taken into account when computing effect size.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a higher p value
D)increase the sample
Q2) The sign of the observed t value (i.e., whether it is positive or negative) is a crucial element in conducting the t-test for independent samples.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What does the number 0.01 represent in the following: t = 5.15, p < .01?
A)test statistic
B)t value
C)degrees of freedom
D)significance level
Q4) If you have a sample size of 500, should you interpret the statistical significance or the effect size?
Q5) What are you assuming when you use the simple formula for effect size?
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Q6) Under what conditions would a researcher choose to use a t-test for independent samples?
Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is greater than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)set a higher p value
D)increase the sample size
Q2) Which of the following relates to the difference you expect when conducting a t-test?
A)hypothesized mean difference
B)Pearson correlation
C)observations
D)variance
Q3) Interpret, in words, what it means for a research question that a null hypothesis was accepted.
Q4) If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
A)reject the null hypothesis
B)accept the null hypothesis
C)accept the research hypothesis
D)decrease your p value
16
Q5) What is the difference between a t-test for independent samples and a t-test for dependent samples?
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) ANOVA constitutes a pairwise comparison.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When interpreting F , = 10.80, p < .01, how many groups were examined?
A)60
B)57
C)3
D)2
Q3) In a 4 × 3 factorial ANOVA design, how many possible group assignments for subjects are there?
A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12
Q4) ANOVA first tests for an overall difference between the means.This is known as what type of test?
A)omnibus
B)pluribus
C)omnivorous
D)omnibor
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Q1) What do we call the difference when results showed a difference between levels of a factor?
A)interaction effect
B)factor effect
C)level effect
D)main effect
Q2) In the main effect F , = 1.67, p = .229, what is 1.67?
A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the probability level
D)the correlation
Q3) If you wanted to examine whether the attitudes toward learning differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., first, second, third, etc.), what is the independent variable of interest?
A)grade level
B)students' attitudes
C)parents' attitudes
D)level of parent involvement
Q4) Why do we use SPSS to calculate a factorial ANOVA?
Q5) What three questions can you answer by doing a 2 × 2 factorial analysis?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) The research hypothesis posits that the more caffeine consumed by a subject, the longer a subject will stay awake (H : r > 0).What would be concluded for r = .653, p < .05?
Q2) If a research hypothesis does not predict the direction of a relationship, the test is
A)one tailed
B)two tailed
C)direct
D)positive
Q3) A significant correlation does not indicate causality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Think about the t-test for the correlation coefficient.Write the equations for a research hypothesis with a one-tailed test and for a research hypothesis with a two-tailed test.Write the equation for the null hypothesis.
Q5) A single correlation can be computed in order to determine the relationship between three variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Not all lines that are the best fit for a bunch of data points are straight.Rather, they could be _______.
A)linear
B)invalid
C)curvilinear
D)parallel-linear
Q2) When computing a predicted value, you first ______.
A)add the slope to the value of the independent variable
B)multiply the slope by the value of the independent variable
C)add the constant to the value of the independent variable
D)subtract the constant from the value of the independent variable
Q3) What can be used as the basis for prediction?
A)t-test
B)correlation
C)F-test
D)Cohen's d
Q4) What is the standard error of estimate?
Q5) What does a unique contribution mean for a variable?
Q7) What is linear regression? Page 20
Q6) How is the regression line related to the correlation coefficient?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Moo would like to examine the relationship between employee performance ratings between 2014 and 2015.Which of the following would be the most appropriate test statistic to use?
A)Pearson's correlation
B)Spearman correlation
C)McNemar test
D)Mann-Whitney U test
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact
Q3) Which of the following computes the exact probability of outcomes in a 2 × 2 table?
A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)Fisher's exact test
C)the sign test
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
Q4) What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Q1) Structural equation modeling is ______.
A)confirmatory
B)exploratory
C)descriptive
D)evaluative
Q2) In what type of ANOVA is there one factor on which participants are tested more than once?
A)analysis of covariance
B)repeated measures
C)multivariate analysis
D)path analysis
Q3) If a researcher wants to examine the direction of a relationship between two variables such that they posit that one variable causes the other, what type of statistical procedure would be used?
A)correlation
B)ANOVA
C)MANOVA
D)path analysis
Q4) Give an example of a research situation where MANOVA would be the most appropriate statistical technique.
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Q1) Looking for patterns in a large data sets is also referred to as _______.
A)data mining
B)data uncovering
C)data cleaning
D)data questing
Q2) Crosstabs create a table by summarizing this type of data.
A)interval
B)ratio
C)categorical
D)real
Q3) Pivot tables can be constructed based on ______output.
A)SPSS
B)Excel
C)Pivot figures
D)Excel figures
Q4) People tend to use data mining techniques to ______.
A)create a pivot table
B)compare means
C)test hypothesis
D)test correlation
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Q1) PSPP is an open-source variant of SPSS.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the text, what is one of the most important things to remember when buying a statistics software package?
A)buy direct from the manufacturer
B)try before you buy
C)always buy shareware
D)share software packages with friends
Q3) According to the text, which of the following is the most popular statistical software package?
A)STATISTICA
B)Minitab
C)JMP
D)SPSS
Q4) Almost all big statistics packages do the same things.However, they are different in the ways they do them.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is KhanAcademy?
A)a non-profit educational organization
B)the data and story library
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q2) Which website contains names including Galton, Fisher, and Spearman?
A)WWW virtual library
B)History of Statistics
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q3) The URL of a website will work consistently from day to day.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the resource locator that we often call the "web address?"
A)WA
B)URL
C)Locator
D)Address
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) You should always make a _______ of your data file and keep it in a separate location.
A)cleaner version
B)simpler version
C)duplicate version
D)more complex version
Q2) Once you get in the habit of _______ possible participants, it may become too easy to cut a sample down to too small a size.
A)welcoming
B)adding
C)removing
D)skipping
Q3) When you think about a research question, it is also important to think about the type of data you will have to collect to answer that question.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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