Course Introduction
Educational Statistics
Exam Materials
Educational Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of statistical analysis as applied within educational settings. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and inferential statistics, with a focus on interpreting data relevant to educational research and practice. Through practical examples and hands-on activities, students learn to collect, analyze, and present educational data, enabling them to make data-driven decisions, critically evaluate research findings, and apply statistical reasoning to real-world educational problems.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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16 Chapters
665 Verified Questions
665 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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43 Verified Questions
43 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher hypothesizes that a person's political attitudes are influenced by his or her parents' political attitudes. What is the independent variable in this hypothesis?
A) the person's political attitudes
B) the parents' political attitudes
C) whether or not the person's attitudes and the parents' attitudes agree
D) whether or not the person's attitudes and the parents' attitudes disagree
Answer: B
Q2) The variable "frequency of late-arrival at class" (attributes: never, occasionally, usually, always) has what level of measurement?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: B
Q3) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely INDEPENDENT variable: current residence and place of birth?
A) current residence
B) place of birth
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are some of the SPSS rules regarding variable names?
Answer: Two variables in the same data set may not have the same name. The name can be up to 64 characters long. The name must begin with a letter or @. (Under certain circumstances, names may also begin with # or $.) The name may include letters, numbers, and some symbols (for example, #, $, _, @). Letters can be upper or lower case in variable names. Spaces are not permitted within variable names
Q2) Which column in Variable View lets you attach labels to variable names?
A) Name
B) Label
C) Values
D) Role
Answer: B
Q3) Most SPSS data analysis sessions consist of five parts. What are those five parts?
Answer: starting SPSS, opening a data set, doing some statistical analysis, printing all or some of the results of the analysis, and exiting SPSS
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Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What advantages do charts have over frequency tables? What advantages do frequency tables have over charts?
Answer: An advantage of charts is that they provide visual impact. Persons can more quickly grasp and remember things visually presented. An advantage of tables is that they usually provide more information and they provide it more precisely
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which you can legitimately use a histogram?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: C
Q3) What is the lowest level of measurement for which you can legitimately use a pie chart?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A standard deviation is
A) a multivariate descriptive statistic
B) a multivariate inferential statistic
C) a univariate descriptive statistic
D) a univariate inferential statistic
Q2) Answer the question that follows this SPSS output:
What is the mode? _______________
Q3) For interval/ratio data that is very positively skewed (that is, there are a few cases with extremely high values), the value of the mean will be _____ the value of the median.
A) greater than
B) less than
C) the same as
Q4) You want to know the approximate average distance of cases from the mean on a particular variable. What statistic would you calculate?
A) median
B) range
C) standard deviation
D) variance
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following Compute numerical expressions correctly calculates the white percent of a population? (WHITE is the number of persons white; NONWHITE is the number of persons not white.)
A) WHITE * 100
B) WHITE / NONWHITE * 100
C) WHITE / ( WHITE + NONWHITE ) * 100
D) 100 * ( WHITE - NONWHITE ) / WHITE
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which it is permissible to calculate Z-scores?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q3) Write out a Select If condition that would limit the analysis to persons with a value of 1 on GROUP or a value of 3 on COHORT. (Variables: GROUP, COHORT)
Q4) When would you use Recode and when would you use Compute?
Q5) How can missing data be handled when constructing an index?
Q6) What are the two most common reasons for recoding a variable?
Q7) Why are z-scores useful?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the following output, which subgroup had the greatest variability in HOURS worked?
A) never-married males
B) currently-married males
C) currently-married females
D) divorced, separated, and widowed females
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What is the mean income of female social work majors? __________
B) Which subgroup has the greatest variability on income? (Specify the major and the gender of the subgroup.) _______________
C) Is there a main effect for gender? (yes/no)
D) State the numerical evidence that supports your conclusion about a main effect for gender.
Q3) What is the lowest level of measurement you can use in the Means procedure for A) The dependent variable? __________
B) The 1<sup>st</sup> layer independent variable? __________
C) The 2<sup>nd</sup> layer independent variable? __________
Q4) What does layering independent variables do?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What percent of Catholics believe abortion should not be available if the pregnancy is a result of rape? [Hint: you must calculate the answer.] __________
B) What is the median response of Protestants to the question of whether abortion should be available if a pregnancy is a result of rape? __________
C) What is the total number of cases included in this crosstabs? __________
D) If you wanted to assess the effect of the independent variable (Religious Affiliation) on the dependent variable (Whether abortion should be available), should you use row percents, column percents, or total percents? _______________
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Describe how, if at all, the relationship between sex and belief in life after death (POSTLIFE) differs between whites, blacks, and persons neither white nor black.
Q3) What is the difference between a column percent and a row percent?
Q4) How can you use column percents to identify the median?
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Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a measure of association is asymmetric,
A) it matters which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable
B) the statistic can take on only positive values
C) the statistic can take on only negative values
D) the statistic can be used to measure the association between variables that have different levels of measurement
Q2) Which of the following is most appropriate for measuring the relationship between an ordinal variable and an ordinal variable?
A) Cramer's V
B) Kendall's tau-b
C) lambda
D) phi
Q3) Which of the following measures of association indicates the direction of a relationship?
A) Cramer's V
B) lambda
C) uncertainty coefficient
D) Kendall's tau-c
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10
Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the value of the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) is .36, what proportion of the variability in the dependent variable is NOT explained by the independent variable(s)?
A) .06
B) .36
C) .60
D) .64
Q2) What information does a multiple correlation coefficient provide?
Q3) Which one of the following statements about the relationship between two interval/ratio variables is TRUE?
A) If two variables have a perfect curvilinear relationship, their correlation will be 1.00.
B) If the correlation between two variables is negative, the slope of the bivariate regression line will be negative.
C) The further from zero the slope, the stronger the correlation.
D) The regression line is the "best-fitting" straight line because it maximizes the number of data points that it passes through.
Q4) Which number line represents the independent variable in a scatterplot?
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using a correlation coefficient?
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
If the four variables in the correlation matrix were all used as independent variables in a single multiple regression analysis, would there be a multicollinearity problem?
A) State yes or no. __________
B) Justify your answer by referring to one or more statistics in the matrix.
Q2) For each of the following types of variables, indicate if it can be used in regression as a dependent variable and if it can be used as an independent variable by stating yes or no.
Q3) What proportion of the differences in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables in the regression equation?
A) .151
B) .388
C) .612
D) .849
Q4) What is a net effect?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What kinds of questions can you answer using the properties of sampling distributions and normal distributions?
Q2) What does the central limit theorem say about sampling distributions?
Q3) A variable is normally distributed. Approximately what percent of cases have values within two standard deviations of the mean?
A) 50%
B) 68%
C) 95%
D) 99.7%
Q4) Which sampling distribution will typically have the smallest standard error?
A) a sampling distribution based on samples from a population with a variance of 5
B) a sampling distribution based on samples from a population with a variance of 25
C) a sampling distribution based on samples from a population with a variance of 90
D) a sampling distribution based on samples from a population with a variance of 100
Q5) What three things affect the size of the standard error?
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13
Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Here is a null hypothesis: "In the population, the average reading speed is 120 words per minute." Write the research hypothesis.
Q2) Express each of the following probabilities as a percentage and as a fraction:
Q3) If the probability of something happening is .001, it will happen
A) 1 in 10 times
B) 1 in 100 times
C) 1 in 1,000 times
D) 1 in 10,000 times
Q4) A researcher does a one-sample t test with 999 cases. How many degrees of freedom does the t test have? __________
Q5) Results are described as statistically significant when
A) the null hypothesis was not rejected
B) the null hypothesis was rejected
C) the sample results were consistent with the null hypothesis
D) the significance level was high
Q6) A researcher has done a one-sample t-test. She reports the test's degrees of freedom to be 15. How many cases were there in the sample? __________
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Your research hypothesis is "In the population, persons with 16 years of schooling average more children than persons with 20 years of schooling." ( )
A) State the null hypothesis being tested.
B) Is this a one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis?
C) Are your sample results consistent with the null hypothesis or the research hypothesis? (null / research)
D) What is the significance level? (If this step in hypothesis testing can be skipped, write the word "SKIP".)
E) What is your conclusion? (In other words, do you "reject" or "not reject" the null hypothesis based on these results?)
F) Are your results statistically significant? (yes / no)
Q2) When does a researcher risk making a Type I error?
Q3) Paired-samples t tests compare means for how many variables for how many groups of cases?
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using an independent-samples t test?
Q5) Why are paired samples called that?
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, there is a difference in the average number of work days per year lost due to injury among the following groups: secretaries, professors, police officers, and ministers." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) paired-samples t test
C) independent-samples t test
D) one-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
Q2) You want to know if two variables significantly interact in their effect on some variable. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Frequencies
B) One-Way ANOVA
C) Paired-Samples T Test
D) Univariate General Linear Model (Two-Way ANOVA)
Q3) What is a main effect?
Q4) What is an interaction effect?
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using a one-way analysis of variance?
Q6) What kinds of questions can you answer using a two-way analysis of variance?
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
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Sample
Questions
Q1) What kinds of questions can you answer using a chi-square hypothesis test?
Q2) What should you do next if chi-square is significant?
Q3) What can you do if the expected cell frequencies are too small for a chi-square hypothesis test?
Q4) You want to know if there is a significant difference in the average incomes of persons living in New York, Los Angeles, and Honolulu. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Chi-Square Test
B) One Sample T Test
C) One-Way ANOVA
D) Paired-Samples T Test
Q5) You want to know if there is a significant relationship between race and academic major. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Chi-Square Test
B) One Sample T Test
C) One-Way ANOVA
D) Paired-Samples T Test
Q6) What expected counts would indicate that the value of chi-square may be unstable because the cases are too thinly spread across the crosstab?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant positive correlation between strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) One-Sample T Test
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) Are weak associations between variables always nonsignificant? Are strong associations always significant?
Q3) Are the significance levels that appear in the output for the net effects of the independent variables in regression one-tailed or two-tailed significance levels?
Q4) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Do the countries of North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania significantly differ in average national life expectancy?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) One-way ANOVA
D) Two-way ANOVA
18
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