Educational Research
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Course Introduction
Educational Research explores the principles, methodologies, and applications of research in the educational field. This course introduces students to both qualitative and quantitative research designs, methods for data collection and analysis, and the ethical considerations inherent in educational research. Students will learn how to critically evaluate scholarly studies, formulate research questions, design research proposals, and interpret findings. By the end of the course, participants will be equipped to conduct their own research projects and effectively contribute to evidence-based practice in education.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications Global Edition 11th Edition by
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research
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Q1) The type of qualitative research that includes conducting research on a unit of study or bounded system is most often referred to as
A) narrative
B) case study
C) ethnography
D) survey
Answer: B
Q2) In order to gain approval to conduct a study in a certain school, researchers usually need to first obtain permission from
A) the superintendent.
B) the state.
C) the children.
D) the classroom teacher.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Selecting and Defining a Research Topic
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Q1) The first step in selecting a research problem is A) going to the library and searching.
B) asking an authority for opinion.
C) selecting a problem related to your interest and expertise.
D) reading theories and determining which to examine further.
Answer: C
Q2) Chyna is conducting a study with college students reading science texts that explores the role of interest apart from knowledge as articulated in Patricia Alexander's Model of Domain Learning. Chyna's research problem is best described as a study that A) tests theory.
B) is a replication.
C) is developed from a library search.
D) comes from personal experiences.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) To evaluate a source the first step is to
A) determine the quality of the publication.
B) check the date of publication.
C) identify the source of publication.
D) determine whether it is relevant your research problem.
Answer: D
Q2) The first step of annotating is to
A) skim the entire article.
B) make mental notes of the study.
C) determine the article's relevancy.
D) record the full article's reference.
Answer: C
Q3) According to your text, one reason researchers should annotate sources is because A) it will save time when writing the literature review
B) it assures accuracy in the data analysis.
C) it rewrites the existing abstract in your own words.
D) it includes why a source is important for your research.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan
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Q1) Gary has developed a research plan that involves collecting problem-solving ability of preschool children. In which portion of the methods section will Gary include how he gained entry into the research site?
A) Participants
B) Materials
C) Procedure
D) Design
Q2) Which of the following is a suggestion for qualitative researchers regarding conducting fieldwork prior to their proposal?
A) Fieldwork is conducted only after the research plan is approved.
B) Fieldwork conducted prior to the proposal is unethical.
C) Fieldwork prior to proposal is unadvisable as it may decrease potential participants.
D) Fieldwork conducted prior to the formal proposal is advisable.
Q3) A research plan includes all of the following EXCEPT
A) the interpretation of the findings.
B) the nature of the participants.
C) the instruments used to collect the data.
D) the techniques to analyze the data.
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Chapter 5: Selecting a Sample
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Q1) Abby is conducting research on the perceived role of Arts within medium-sized suburban communities. She wants to survey people with an affinity for some from of the Arts. She goes to a local theatre production of The Music Man to recruit participants. Abby is illustrating
A) convenience sampling.
B) quota sampling.
C) purposive sampling.
D) systematic sampling.
Q2) Matt is a qualitative researcher interested in the benefits of community gardens on respect for cultural diversity. To conduct his study he selects 8 members of a community gardening group who are Anglo Americans whose families have been in the country for at least three generations and who have been members of the gardening community for at least two years. The sampling strategy Matt is using is best described as A) homogeneous.
B) criterion.
C) stratified.
D) intensity.
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Chapter 6: Selecting Measurement Instruments
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Q1) Gender is considered a(n) ___________ level variable.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Q2) Of the following, the best examples of performance assessments are
A) fill-in-the-blank.
B) lab demonstrations.
C) multiple choice.
D) true/false.
Q3) On the test report Sheri received from the standardized achievement test, it included scores for reading, math, vocabulary, and listening. This indicates that the test represented a(n)
A) affective test.
B) multitrait test.
C) test battery.
D) subtest.
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) Max conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 68% with his first mailing. What do you suggest for Max now?
A) His response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why.
B) His response rate is low. Send a second mailing.
C) His response rate is adequate. Send a second mailing.
D) His response rate is too high to send a second mailing. Analyze his data and report his findings.
Q2) Pam conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 34%. She sent a second mailing and obtained an additional 6%. What do you suggest for Pam now?
A) Her response rate is adequate. Analyze her data and report her findings.
B) Her response rate is low. Send a third mailing.
C) Her response rate is low. Redesign the survey.
D) Her response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why.
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Chapter 8: Correlational Research
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Q1) Cheryl used age, education, and income to predict scores on a life satisfaction survey. Her regression equation accounted for 58% of the variance in life satisfaction. She collects a new sample and applies her equation. This process is referred to as A) discriminate testing.
B) sample attenuation.
C) regression reliability.
D) cross-validation.
Q2) In a single prediction question (Y=a + bX), X represents a(n) A) predicted criterion score.
B) distribution of scores in the sample.
C) individual's score on the predictor variable. D) constant calculated from the scores.
Q3) Jamie found an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .60 for his measure of spatial ability. Jaime's instrument
A) shows high internal consistency reliability.
B) shows adequate internal consistency reliability.
C) shows minimally acceptable internal consistency reliability.
D) shows poor internal consistency reliability.
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Chapter 9: Causal-Comparative Research
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Q1) Katrina has conducted a study that examines entering children's social skills. She had first-grade teachers rate students' social skills at the end of first grade. She then compared the scores of students who attended formal Pre-Kindergarten programs with those who did not. What is the dependent variable in Katrina's study?
A) First grade
B) Pre-Kindergarten programs
C) Social Skills
D) First grade teachers
Q2) Ruth collected data on boys' and girls' self-esteem. Which statistical procedure will Ruth employ to analyze differences between conditions?
A) Spearman's rho
B) T test
C) Chi Square
D) ANOVA
Q3) Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?
A) Achievement
B) Gender
C) Intelligence
D) Attitude
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Chapter 10: Experimental Research
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Q1) Anne's study compared pre-post differences in prekindergarten children's strategies for alternatives to violent displays when frustrated by others. She found that there were differences between pre and posttesting. With which validity threat should Anne be most concerned?
A) Differential selection
B) Statistical regression
C) Maturity
D) Instrumentation
Q2) In an experimental study, the loss of participants in the experimental condition can be referred to as
A) a placebo effect.
B) attenuation.
C) mortality.
D) a novelty effect.
Q3) The final step in an experimental study is the
A) selection and definition of a problem.
B) execution of procedures.
C) formulation of conclusions.
D) analysis of data.
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Chapter 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research
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Q1) Which of the following symbolizes the treatment phase in a single-subject design?
A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T
Q2) Jacob is a child with aggressive behavior toward his peers. His counselor is trying a new intervention with him. First she observes his behavior during free-play time for 5 days. Next she administers a new self-monitoring strategy with him. She observes his behavior during free play time. Next she removes the self-monitoring requirement and observes his free play. Which of the following designs is Jacob's counselor is illustrating?
A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B
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Chapter 12: Narrative Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a key characteristic of narrative research?
A) Narrative research is best conducted independently.
B) Narrative research is concerned with experiences of individuals.
C) Narrative research is concerned with generalizability of findings.
D) Narrative research is concerned with internal validity.
Q2) As identified in your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research?
A) Increased emphasis on teacher accountability
B) Increased emphasis on student learning
C) Increased emphasis on teacher reflection
D) Increased emphasis on student self-regulation
Q3) According to your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research in education?
A) Increased interest in school cultures
B) Increased interest in international education
C) Increased number of students with first language other than English
D) Increased emphasis placed on teacher knowledge
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Chapter 13: Ethnographic Research
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Q1) According to your text, after determining the site and sample selection, an ethnographic researcher will then
A) identify the purpose of the study.
B) describe the researcher's role in the study.
C) secure permissions and negotiate entry.
D) begin data collection, including observation.
Q2) Danika recently presented her dissertation study at a national conference. The focus of her research was standardized testing. If she conducted ethnographic research which were likely primary data sources for her study?
A) A district's scores on the tests administered
B) A matrix showing correspondence between curriculum and the test
C) Observations of curriculum coordinators
D) Interviews parents whose students did not fair well on the test
Q3) Which of the following is a primary purpose of the ethnographic researcher?
A) To describe and interpret culture
B) To generate findings that is replicable
C) To objectively report general findings
D) To measure educational constructs
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Chapter 14: Case Study Research
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Q1) Which of the following represents the most appropriate topic of a case study?
A) Ned seeks to determine the variables that best predict university retention.
B) Nala interviews teachers about their role in effective university student retention.
C) Neal surveys students about the factors that they feel contribute to university retention
D) Nairobi studies the efforts of Shaw College in retaining students.
Q2) Which of the following is a typical characteristic of case study research?
A) Case studies are generally more quantitative than qualitative.
B) External validity is a critical component of case study research.
C) Case studies focus on a bounded system.
D) Case studies often employ modeling statistical procedures.
Q3) Which of the following is the statement most consistent with your textbook's perspective of case study research?
A) Case studies are generally considered a type of quantitative research
B) Case studies focus on mixed methods designs.
C) Case studies only include qualitative data.
D) Case studies are generally considered a type of qualitative research.
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Chapter 15: Mixed Methods Research
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Q1) When researchers use qualitative methods to follow up on outliers or extreme cases based upon their quantitative data, they are employing a(n) __________ mixed methods research design.
A) convergent parallel
B) interpretation
C) exploratory sequential
D) explanatory sequential
Q2) For classification purposes, the primary differences among mixed-methods designs as presented in your text, relate to all of the following EXCEPT
A) data analysis
B) sequence
C) interpretation
D) weight
Q3) According to your text, mixed-methods research designs
A) include both relationship questions and difference questions in the same study.
B) include both descriptive and inferential statistics in the analysis.
C) include both quantitative and qualitative data.
D) include a number of quantitative measures of student performance.
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Chapter 16: Action Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a question one engaged in descriptive activities might ask?
A) What educational values do I hold?
B) What is the historical context of my school?
C) What evidence do I have that this is a problem?
D) How can I make sense of these data?
Q2) Educational action research is generally conducted by
A) school board members.
B) superintendents.
C) policy analysts.
D) teachers.
Q3) That action research should be socially responsive is a component of __________ action research.
A) practical
B) applied
C) reflective
D) critical
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Chapter 17: Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) Given the following set of scores 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6; The score that represents the mode is:
A) 5.
B) 6.
C) 7.
D) 9.
Q2) The measure of central tendency often used for ordinal data is the A) mode.
B) standard deviation.
C) mean.
D) median.
Q3) Given a T score of 80, the z score would be
A) -1
B) 0
C) 2
D) 3
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Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics
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Q1) When a researcher concludes that there are no differences between the treatment and control groups in a study, and in fact, there were no differences between the conditions. The researcher is illustrating
A) Type I error.
B) Type II error.
C) both Type I and Type II error.
D) a correct decision.
Q2) Parametric tests require all of the following assumptions EXCEPT
A) that there are an equal number of participants per group.
B) that data are interval or ratio scale of measurement.
C) that the selection of participants is independent.
D) that the variable measured is normally distributed.
Q3) Cristos has collected data to explore differences in opinions about diversity training in the workplace based upon geographic location in the county. The first step he should take in selecting the appropriate test of significance is to A) conduct a power analysis.
B) consider the effect size he needs.
C) decide his level of significance.
D) decide if a parametric or nonparametric test will be used.
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Chapter 19: Qualitative Data Collection
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Q1) Of the following, which is a suggestion to researchers regarding field notes?
A) Engage as deeply as possible as soon as possible
B) Write field notes after you have had time to reflect
C) Document the date, site, topic, and time on your field notes.
D) While in the field focus your attention to your reactions and feelings.
Q2) Keb is convinced that teachers provide more praise to their students while he is observing in their classrooms than they do otherwise. Of the following the most appropriate way to decrease Keb's concerns and increase validity of his data is
A) to tell teachers he is interested in something unrelated to praise.
B) to focus on a smaller number of teachers.
C) increase the amount of time he spends in the classrooms.
D) observe the classes covertly.
Q3) Of the following types of observation for qualitative data collection, which is considered the LEAST obtrusive?
A) Participant observer
B) Nonparticipant observer
C) Overt observer
D) Privileged observer
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Chapter 20: Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Q1) Of the following, which is an important question for data interpretation?
A) Why did I collect this much data?
B) What is important in these data?
C) How can I classify these data?
D) How can I manage these data?
Q2) The data analysis strategy that specifically consists of a visual representation of causal relationships is specifically referred to as
A) developing concept maps.
B) analyzing antecedents and consequences.
C) stating what is missing.
D) relating the findings to theory.
Q3) In Jack's study of school bus misconduct, he included observations but also relied heavily on structured interviews. Which of the following is something Jack might do to ensure credibility of his data?
A) Jack should assure that he has used a valid interview protocol.
B) Jack should make sure his statistics were accurately conducted.
C) Jack should reflect upon contextual circumstances during his study.
D) Jack should strive for an inter-rater reliability of at least .80.
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Chapter 21: Preparing a Research Report
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Q1) Ankur is writing his report on his recent research that examined the relationship between Lego use and problem-solving ability. He needs to be very clear about the type of follow-up procedure he did to address differences found between groups on his inferential statistics test. Ankur will report the follow-up procedure in which section of his report?
A) Introduction
B) Methodology
C) Results
D) Discussion
Q2) Abby's research addresses children's self-esteem. Previous self-esteem studies have found that self-esteem is crucial for learners' to try new and difficult Academic tasks. In which section of her report will Abby include these previous Findings?
A) Introduction
B) Materials
C) Results
D) Procedures
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Chapter 22: Evaluating a Research Report
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Q1) Eliza takes care to illustrate in her research report how long she was in the field and how she has minimized observer effects. Which of the following types of research did Eliza most likely conduct?
A) Experimental
B) Action
C) Correlational
D) Ethnography
Q2) Yaseen's research has addressed middle school students' body image. He is sure to include information about how he selected the scale that he used. One of the drawbacks of his study is that the scale had previously only been used with older populations. Yaseen should include this information in which of the following sections of his research report?
A) Literature review
B) Instruments
C) Results
D) Participants
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