Educational Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Educational Research Methods introduces students to the foundational principles and practices of conducting research in educational settings. The course covers both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, including research design, data collection, statistical analysis, interpretation of results, and ethical considerations. Students will learn how to critically evaluate existing research, formulate research questions, develop research proposals, and utilize various tools and techniques for gathering and analyzing data. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to undertake their own educational research projects and contribute to evidence-based practices in education.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the primary role of reviewers involved in peer review.
A) Recommending whether a study should be published or not
B) Providing an objective set of rules for reporting information
C) Providing an objective set of rules for gathering and evaluating information
D) Making scientific evidence obtainable
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is most likely to be a problem associated with intuition?
A) Unquestioningly accepting one's own personal judgment
B) Finding an explanation for one's own behavior or the behaviors of others
C) Explaining the intriguing events that one may observe
D) Drawing erroneous conclusions based on cognitive or motivational biases
Answer: D
Q3) Professor Gordon finds that students who read newspapers daily display more knowledge of current events than students who do not read newspapers daily.What type of evidence does this identification of a cause of behavior exemplify?
A) Cognitive awareness
B) Temporal precedence of cause
C) Covariation of cause and effect
D) Elimination of alternative explanations
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) Juan is writing a section of a research report that describes who participated in the research along with a description of how the study was conducted.Juan is most likely to be writing the _____ section of the research report.
A) introduction
B) method
C) results
D) discussion
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher who reads the study on cell phone use by Cramer et.al. ,decides to conduct a study to find ways to reduce cell phone use while driving.Which of the following sources of idea is best illustrated in this scenario?
A) Past research
B) Observation of the world
C) Common sense
D) Myth
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Q1) Adam promises his participants that they would receive extra course credits for their participation in his experiment.But he forgets to inform their instructor about this,and thus the students are not marked with the promised extra credit points.Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam violated?
A) Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
B) Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
C) Justice
D) Fidelity and Responsibility
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a genuine case of fraud?
A) Burger's partial replication of Milgram's studies
B) Milgram's study on obedience to authority
C) The twin studies by Sir Cyril Burt
D) The Szabo and Underwood Report
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A _____ is any event,situation,behavior,or individual characteristic that changes. A) variable
B) module
C) parameter
D) system
Q2) In a _____ method,relationships between variables are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest.
A) nonexperimental
B) operational
C) curvilinear
D) confounded
Q3) Catherine,a researcher,desires to study child behavior with age,sex,and mental stability as constant variables.She uses level of activity as an independent variable for her study.In this context,Catherine is trying to establish _____.
A) ex post facto design
B) internal validity
C) construct validity
D) experimental control
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6
Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) In the context of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient,the closer a correlation is to 1.00,the _____ is the relationship between two variables.
A) more indirect
B) weaker
C) more subtle
D) stronger
Q2) _____ is an indicator of reliability based on internal consistency that provides a researcher with the average of all possible split-half reliability coefficients.
A) Cohen's kappa
B) Item-total correlation
C) Cronbach's alpha
D) Henderson's score
Q3) In the context of components of a measure,a reliable measure of intelligence must contain relatively low _____.
A) validity
B) coefficient
C) true score
D) measurement error
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) Two researchers studied the relationship of positive emotions and longevity by examining smile intensity in photographs of major league players from the past and comparing it to their age at the time of death.This research method can be regarded as an example of _____.
A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) archival research
D) psychobiography
Q2) If zoologists wanted to study how tigers interact with each other in their habitats,which of these research methods will they most likely use?
A) Content analysis
B) Naturalistic observation
C) Archival research
D) Experimental analysis
Q3) Case studies are most useful for studying:
A) rare or unusual events.
B) large populations.
C) ambiguous questions.
D) cognitive variables.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) "Do you agree that male teenage drivers are more dangerous than female teenage drivers?" is an example of a _____ question.
A) simplistic
B) double-barreled
C) loaded
D) yea-saying and nay-saying
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate statement about questionnaires?
A) They do not lead to any problem of motivation.
B) They are not as expensive as interviews.
C) They do not require the respondents to read or understand the questions.
D) They cannot be administered through the mail.
Q3) Which of the following is a nonprobability sampling technique?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Cluster sampling
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) When the results of an experiment can confidently be attributed to the effect of the independent variable,the experiment is said to have:
A) content validity.
B) external validity.
C) internal validity.
D) construct validity.
Q2) Sasha,a psychologist,has participants serve as their own control group by having them take part in every condition of her study.This experimental approach is an example of a(n)_____.
A) one-shot case study
B) simple random design
C) independent groups design
D) repeated measures design
Q3) One problem with the pretest-posttest design is that participants:
A) cannot be randomly assigned to groups.
B) are sensitized about the true purpose of the experiment.
C) drop out of the experiment.
D) cannot be divided into two equivalent groups.
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Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Q1) Which of the following is true of statistical analysis of data?
A) It allows the researcher to examine and interpret the pattern of results obtained.
B) It includes a literature review that provides a background for a study.
C) It does not enable researchers to decide if there is any relationship between the variables.
D) It is usually the first step in a research and precedes data collection.
Q2) The issue of _____ is particularly important when measuring human performance.
A) physicality
B) mentality
C) sensitivity
D) productivity
Q3) Event manipulations often involve the use of _____.
A) videotapes
B) confederates
C) learning materials
D) stimulus presentations
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11
Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) With a(n)_____,the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.
A) main effect
B) interaction
C) analysis of variance
D) simple main effect
Q2) In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low,medium,high)and room temperature (cold,warm,hot)on test performance,how many interactions are possible?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 9
Q3) A simple main effect analysis examines:
A) the overall effect of one independent variable.
B) mean differences at each level of the independent variable.
C) the overall effect of the interaction.
D) relationships between independent and dependent variables.
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Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Q1) Selection differences are less likely to occur when researchers:
A) use pre-existing groups found in natural settings.
B) randomly assign participants to groups.
C) allow participants to assign themselves to groups.
D) use nonequivalent control group design.
Q2) In a cross-sectional study,a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes;however,these differences may result from _____ effects.
A) regression
B) nonequivalent
C) propensity
D) cohort
Q3) Which of the following are two general methods for studying individuals of different ages?
A) Multiple baseline and single-case experimental designs
B) Quasi-experimental and nonequivalent control group designs
C) Interrupted time series and control series designs
D) Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Q1) A measure of _____ is a number that characterizes the amount of spread in a distribution of scores.
A) central tendency
B) effect size
C) correlation
D) variability
Q2) The difference between an interval and a ratio scale is that a ratio scale _____,while an interval scale does not.
A) uses equal intervals
B) has an absolute zero
C) indicates order
D) gives numerical information
Q3) Researchers studying the effectiveness of a diet on heart disease divided the study's participants into two groups-those with Type A personalities and those with Type B personalities.Which scale of measurement characterizes these personality variables?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Q1) A one-tailed statistical test is used when:
A) the data are from a ratio scale.
B) the data are from an ordinal scale.
C) there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.
D) there is no prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.
Q2) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a _____ error,whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n)_____ error.
A) beta;alpha
B) Type I;Type II
C) minor;major
D) significant;insignificant
Q3) _____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means.
A) Error
B) Systematic
C) Inferential
D) Alpha
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Generalization
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Q1) Which of the following is a fact about replications?
A) There are two types of replications to consider-descriptive and inferential replications.
B) Replication is a way of evaluating the external validity of research studies.
C) A single failure to replicate is sufficient to conclude that the previous research is invalid.
D) Scientific societies are encouraging systematic replications of important scientific findings.
Q2) Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review?
A) A researcher is least likely to indicate what findings are both strongly and weakly supported in the literature.
B) A researcher is least likely to discuss future directions for research.
C) A researcher is least likely to calculate an effect size for all the studies reviewed.
D) A researcher is least likely to indicate inconsistencies and areas in which research is lacking.
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