Educational Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Educational Psychology explores the scientific study of how people learn and develop within educational settings, focusing on cognitive, emotional, and social processes that influence learning. The course examines key theories of development and learning, motivation, individual differences, classroom management, assessment techniques, and the role of culture and diversity in education. Students learn to apply psychological principles to improve teaching methods, foster positive classroom environments, and support the needs of diverse learners. This foundational knowledge prepares future educators and educational professionals to make evidence-based decisions that enhance student achievement and well-being.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Lifespan Development 3rd edition by
Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2078 Verified Questions
2078 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major limitation of Vygotsky's theory is that it
A) neglects the biological side of development.
B) cannot be applied in other cultures.
C) overemphasizes the importance of heredity.
D) overemphasizes the role of brain growth in cognitive change.
Answer: A
Q2) Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator
A) randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions.
B) tracks the performance of each person over time.
C) studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
D) conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.
Answer: B
Q3) The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is A) static and stable.
B) multidimensional and multidirectional.
C) continuous, rather than discontinuous.
D) largely the result of heredity.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a recessive characteristic?
A) curly hair
B) facial dimples
C) red hair
D) double-jointedness
Answer: C
Q2) Dr.Albright wants to determine if people who are genetically more alike are also more similar in intelligence.Dr.Albright should use a(n)
A) experimental design.
B) structured observation.
C) case study.
D) kinship study.
Answer: D
Q3) During their early years,children of single births often __________ than twins.
A) develop more slowly
B) are healthier
C) are smarter
D) are happier
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn
Baby
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true?
A) The fetal period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur.
B) During the embryonic period, teratogens usually affect the growth of sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears.
C) In the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact.
D) During the fetal period, teratogens have no impact on the developing organism.
Answer: C
Q2) Birth weight
A) varies only slightly in American infants.
B) decreases as the length of the pregnancy increases.
C) is usually highest among poverty-stricken women.
D) is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the U.S.today,
A) less than half of mothers breastfeed.
B) more than half of breastfeeding mothers stop by 6 months.
C) mothers who return to work sooner breastfeed their babies longer.
D) breastfeeding is less common than it was in previous decades.
Q2) Define and describe the cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends in body growth.
Q3) In the second year,most toddlers
A) slim down.
B) gain about 15 pounds.
C) grow about 8 inches.
D) reach a peak in muscle tissue.
Q4) In the prenatal period,neurons
A) undergo mitosis.
B) are produced in the embryo's primitive neural tube.
C) have not yet developed any connective fibers.
D) are seldom stimulated.
Q5) Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development.
Page 6
Q6) Describe the development of pattern perception.
Q7) What influence does heredity have on physical growth?
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) A group of 2-year-olds watch through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room.Another group watches the same event on a video screen.Which of the following is likely to occur?
A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
B) Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty.
C) Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy.
D) Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.
Q2) Baby Aaron has a habit of sucking his thumb.Baby Aaron is probably in Substage _____ of Piaget's sensorimotor stages.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Q3) According to the core knowledge perspective,babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems.List and describe core domains of thought.
Q4) Discuss the development of cooing and babbling in hearing and deaf infants.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ tend to show excessive fearfulness and slow,constricted behavior in the late preschool and school years.
A) Slow-to-warm-up children
B) Difficult children
C) Easy children
D) Children who do not fit in any of Thomas and Chess's temperament categories
Q2) In the Strange Situation,Anushka seems unresponsive to her mother when she is present.When her mother leaves,Anushka is not distressed.She reacts to the stranger in much the same way.Anushka is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.
A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented
Q3) Joan,who does not like being scared,decides not to see a horror film with her friends.Joan is using
A) emotional contagion.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) basic emotions.
D) emotional self-regulation.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eighteen-month-old Gabriella witnesses her mother finding a Duplo block in its labeled canister.When her mother isn't looking,Gabriella watches as her father moves the block to an unmarked canister.When her mother again searches for the block in the original canister,Gabriella helps her locate the block in the unmarked canister.This indicates that Gabriella may have an implicit grasp of
A) false beliefs.
B) conservation.
C) irreversibility.
D) class inclusion.
Q2) Regarding food choices,young children
A) tend to imitate people they admire.
B) respond well to bribes.
C) show a preference for unhealthy foods.
D) typically eat more than adults do.
Q3) Young children in homes with __________ are at increased risk for decayed teeth.
A) pets
B) lead paint
C) regular smokers
D) multiple caregivers
Q4) Discuss Vygotsky's view of make-believe play.
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Four-year-old Harry has parents who show sensitive,empathic concern for his feelings.When another child is unhappy,Harry is likely to respond with A) sympathetic concern.
B) fear and anger.
C) frowning and lip biting.
D) anxiety and distress.
Q2) Describe two distinct purposes and three distinct forms of aggression.
Q3) The United States
A) prohibits corporal punishment, a measure that dampens both physical discipline and abuse.
B) is one of two industrialized nations that does not have a law prohibiting corporal punishment in schools.
C) has few laws to protect children from maltreatment, even though widespread support exists for banning corporal punishment.
D) has some of the strictest laws for protecting children from child maltreatment compared to other industrialized nations.
Q4) Discuss the emergence of empathy in early childhood.How does this capacity affect prosocial,or altruistic,behavior?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most Caucasian-American school-age children use a __________ style of narrative,whereas African-American children often use a __________ style.
A) topic-focused; topic-associating
B) collaborative; hierarchical
C) topic-associating; topic-focused
D) hierarchical; collaborative
Q2) Mrs.Lindon believes that,from the beginning,children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.Mrs.Lindon takes a __________ approach to teaching reading.
A) pragmatic
B) whole-language
C) phonics
D) metacognitive
Q3) Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop a sense of A) academic self-efficacy.
B) learned helplessness.
C) metacognition.
D) practical intelligence.
Q4) Discuss the psychological consequences of childhood obesity.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regardless of the extent of their friction,divorcing parents who manage to engage in __________ greatly improve the chances of favorable child outcomes.
A) mediation
B) coparenting
C) joint physical custody
D) authoritarian parenting
Q2) Discuss the impact of maternal employment on development in middle childhood.
Q3) Children who are separated from parents due to war-related violence
A) are unable to form meaningful relationships.
B) rely on help from their communities.
C) fare poorly, even after developing other relationships.
D) reject most adults, even close family members.
Q4) Employed mothers who value their parenting role are more likely to use
A) coercive discipline.
B) coregulation.
C) authoritarian child rearing.
D) high-quality child care.
Q5) Define problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping.How do school-age children use these strategies?
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following students is the most likely to be academically successful?
A) Tulii, whose parents give her total autonomy
B) Esther, whose parents make most decisions for her
C) Eva, whose parents engage in joint decision making
D) Theresa, whose parents are uninvolved in her decisions
Q2) Effective sex education programs
A) teach techniques for handling sexual situations.
B) focus on promoting the value of abstinence.
C) do not encourage the use of contraceptives.
D) last only a few sessions.
Q3) How does heredity impact homosexuality?
Q4) Research indicates that __________ may predispose males to become homosexual.
A) X-linked heredity
B) overly strict parenting during the early years
C) excessive contact with homosexual adults
D) chemical pollutants found in the atmosphere
Q5) Discuss the role of sleep in adolescent development.
Q6) Discuss adolescent moodiness.
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) College students who __________ tend to be advanced in moral reasoning.
A) work more part-time work hours
B) participate in more social activities
C) report more perspective-taking opportunities
D) are placed in homogeneous classrooms
Q2) During adolescence,
A) formal religious involvement tends to decline.
B) church attendance becomes a major source of parent-child conflict.
C) most young people reject the idea of a "higher being."
D) formal religious involvement tends to increase.
Q3) Many studies have tested Carol Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females,but
A) most do not support her contention.
B) the results are too inconclusive to reach a consensus.
C) measuring an "ethic of care" is too difficult to be reliable.
D) most have used invalid measures.
Q4) Discuss the factors related to adolescent depression.
Q5) Describe how sibling interactions adapt to development at adolescence.
Page 14
Q6) Define gender intensification.Explain the role of gender typing and androgyny in adolescent development.
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The heritability of longevity is
A) low.
B) modest.
C) high.
D) unknown.
Q2) According to Holland,the __________ person prefers working with objects and tends to choose a mechanical occupation.
A) enterprising
B) realistic
C) conventional
D) artistic
Q3) Which of the following adults is the most likely to engage in commitment within relativism?
A) Adam, a 20-year-old college sophomore
B) Helena, a 27-year-old retail clerk
C) Nadia, a 30-year-old college professor
D) Rainer, a 35-year-old salesman
Q4) Discuss the prevalence of alcoholism in the United States.What are the risk factors for alcoholism?
Q5) Describe how biological aging affects motor performance.
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The majority of women with children are
A) in the work force.
B) single.
C) stay-at-home moms.
D) earning more than their husbands.
Q2) Which of the following statements about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today is true?
A) A majority of American adults agree that marriage is becoming obsolete.
B) More than half of high-SES emerging adults say they never want to get married.
C) Irrespective of SES and ethnicity, most U.S. 18- to 23-year-olds say they want to marry and have children.
D) Marriage is not a central life goal for more than two-thirds of low-SES emerging adults.
Q3) A controversial,widespread opinion about emerging adults is that they
A) derive too much pleasure from community service.
B) are narcissistic and materialistic.
C) become financially independent too quickly.
D) spend too much time on their education.
Q4) Describe the gender differences in same-sex adult friendships.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When __________ persists,it can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood and result in faintness.
A) BRCA2
B) arrhythmia
C) osteoporosis
D) angina pectoris
Q2) African tribal peoples display
A) significant presbycusis.
B) little age-related hearing loss.
C) hearing loss across a wide range of frequencies.
D) hearing loss that makes speech difficult to understand.
Q3) Summarize the reproductive changes that men undergo during the aging process.
Q4) The __________ their reaction time,the lower people's scores on tests of __________.
A) faster; memory
B) faster; reasoning
C) faster; problem solving
D) slower; memory, reasoning, and problem solving
Q6) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress? Page 18
Q5) Discuss changes to creativity that individuals experience in the aging process.
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Page 19
Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) According to Erikson,the most prominent psychological conflict of midlife involves
A) finding a way to let go of unrealistic goals.
B) accepting the fact that life is half over.
C) integrating personal goals with the welfare of the larger social world.
D) taking pride in personal accomplishments and recognizing failures.
Q2) At all ages,friendships
A) between men are more intimate than those of women.
B) between women are more intimate than those of men.
C) are based on physical proximity and similar interests.
D) between other-sex individuals are more intimate than same-sex friendships.
Q3) Possible selves
A) change greatly with age.
B) are largely concerned with being the best.
C) become more idealistic in midlife.
D) increase in number with age.
Q4) Explain parental imperative theory.What are its criticisms?
Q5) Describe the ways that sibling relationships typically change in midlife.
Page 20
Q6) Discuss the glass ceiling.How does it impact women and ethnic minorities in midlife?
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following older adults is the most likely to be stricken with dementia?
A) Wilbur, a 65-year-old African American
B) Bea, a 72-year-old Caucasian
C) Brett, an 80-year-old Caucasian
D) Whitney, a 90-year-old African American
Q2) To compensate for her age-related language production losses,Beth is likely to display
A) fewer word repetitions.
B) slightly more hesitations.
C) more well-organized statements.
D) fewer sentence fragments.
Q3) When Ted began to experience age-related vision problems,he purchased computer software that read text aloud.This is an example of A) selective optimization with compensation.
B) assistive technology.
C) overcoming negative stereotypes.
D) assisted living.
Q4) Discuss the impact that falls can have in late adulthood.
Q5) Discuss changes in taste,smell,and touch sensitivity in late adulthood.
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reggie feels he made many wrong decisions,yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.Reggie is experiencing
A) despair.
B) isolation.
C) stagnation.
D) ego differentiation.
Q2) __________ involves abandonment of older adults with severe disabilities by family caregivers,usually at hospital emergency rooms.
A) Emotional abuse
B) "Granny dumping"
C) "Elder squatting"
D) "Grandparent ditching"
Q3) Charlie and his best friend,Max,visit each other,watch their favorite college team play football,and confide in each other.Which of the following functions of friendship do Charlie and Max provide for each other?
A) intimacy and companionship
B) a link to the larger community
C) protection from the psychological consequences of loss
D) a shield against negative judgments stemming from stereotypes of aging
Page 22
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Q1) According to Kübler-Ross,the underlying cause of a terminal person's anger is A) death anxiety.
B) the unfairness of death.
C) depression.
D) poor self-regulation.
Q2) Family members who __________ can make dying more difficult for a patient.
A) are brutally candid
B) play the denial "game"
C) question medical personnel
D) do not believe in an afterlife
Q3) Few U.S.doctors are specially trained in A) handling patients with AIDS.
B) managing pain in chronically ill and dying people.
C) gerontology.
D) thanatology.
Q4) __________ care relieves pain and other symptoms rather than prolonging life.
A) Hospital
B) Palliative
C) Intensive
D) Skilled
Page 23
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