Educational Psychology Chapter
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Course Introduction
Educational Psychology explores the scientific study of how people learn and develop within educational settings, considering cognitive, emotional, and social processes that influence learning outcomes. The course examines major theories of learning and motivation, cognitive development, classroom management, assessment methods, and individual differences among learners. Students will analyze how psychological principles can be applied to improve teaching strategies, foster positive learning environments, and address the diverse needs of students, ultimately enhancing educational effectiveness and student achievement.
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Children 13th Edition by John Santrock
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two of the following methods for collecting data: observation,surveys and interviews,standardized tests,and case study.
Answer: Students' answers may vary. Observation: Surveys and interviews: Standardized tests: Case study:
Q2) The development of the brain,height and weight gains,motor skills,and the hormonal changes of puberty all reflect the role of _____ processes in development.
A)biological
B)cognitive
C)assimilative
D)socioemotional
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following periods of development is sometimes referred to as the preschool years?
A)Infancy
B)Middle childhood
C)Early childhood
D)Prenatal period
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Caroline is a beautiful baby.She has lovely blond hair and soft blue eyes.Caroline's hair and eyes are examples of her _____.
A)genetic coding
B)genotype
C)gene-environment interaction
D)phenotype
Answer: D
Q2) The theory of evolution by natural selection was first introduced by
A)Charles Darwin.
B)Stephen Jay Gould.
C)Albert Bandura.
D)Sandra Scarr.
Answer: A
Q3) Niche-picking genotype-environment correlations occur when A)biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.
B)children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.
C)children behave in ways that elicit certain types of environment.
D)children behave in ways that reflect the inherited disposition of their biological parents.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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Q1) Which of the following exercises is NOT recommended for women in the latter part of their pregnancies?
A)Bicycling
B)Swimming
C)Jogging
D)Walking
Answer: C
Q2) Infants who are born to mothers who gain more than the recommended weight during pregnancy are at risk for all of the following EXCEPT:
A)Neural tube defects
B)Preterm birth
C)Type-2 diabetes
D)Cleft palate
Answer: D
Q3) Regarding paternal factors,autism is linked to
A)the father using cocaine.
B)the father drinking at time of conception.
C)fathers under the age of 20.
D)fathers over the age of 40.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Birth
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Q1) Hyeree had a baby girl over a month ago.Hank,her husband has noticed that Hyeree cries and worries a lot nowadays.He has also noted that she is unable to sleep well and has been eating lesser than she normally does.She has been making many mistakes,forgetting routine tasks,and is having trouble coping with her daily tasks.Which of the following is true with regard to Hyeree's current condition?
A)Hyeree is having a normal reaction to childbirth that a lot of women experience.
B)Hyeree needs to stop breastfeeding her baby in order to return to her normal physical state.
C)Hyeree needs time before she opts for psychotherapy and medication as she is breastfeeding her baby.
D)Hyeree should seek professional counseling as her depressive symptoms are strong and prolonged.
Q2) Which of the following aids the process of involution?
A)Consuming medicines for postpartum depression
B)Engaging in kangaroo care
C)Taking synthetic hormones like Pitocin
D)Nursing the baby
Q3) What are the drugs that are commonly used for labor?
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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) The Gibsons' ecological view is different from the nativist view of perceptual development because the ecological view argues that
A)perception is direct and does not depend on the cognitive development of the infant.
B)the ability to perceive the world in a competent,organized way is inborn or innate.
C)perceptual development does not involve distinctive features developed at different ages.
D)how infants learn to generate,differentiate,and discriminate the information that is available to them in their environment is important for perception.
Q2) _____ is the perception of the frequency of a sound.
A)Loudness
B)Pitch
C)Rhythm
D)Localization
Q3) List the changes in height and weight that take place during infancy.
Q4) List out the benefits of breast feeding for the child.
Q5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of shared sleeping in infants?
Q6) Explain the neuroconstructivist view of brain development.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT considered an information processing domain?
A)Attention
B)Processing speed
C)Object permanence
D)Memory
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the best predictor's of a child's vocabulary growth?
A)The number of words spoken to the child
B)The mother's literacy skills
C)The mother's use of diverse vocabulary
D)Maternal language skills
Q3) _____ are defined as cognitive groupings of similar objects,events,people,or ideas.
A)Data
B)Scripts
C)Concepts
D)Records
Q4) What are the milestones of the sixth sensorimotor substage given by Piaget?
Q5) What is labeling?
Q6) What is perceptual categorization?
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Chapter 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Children included under which dimension of Rothbart and Bates' classification are easily distressed?
A)Effortful control
B)Inhibition
C)Negative affectivity
D)Extraversion
Q2) According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father,they are said to be in
A)phase 1
B)phase 2
C)phase 3
D)phase 4
Q3) A child who is generally in a positive mood,quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,and adapts easily to new experiences is referred to as a(n)_____ child.
A)easy
B)difficult
C)inhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up
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Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Charlie,a four-year-old boy,fills his sketchbook with drawings that mostly consist of a circle within a triangle,a square within a circle,and other complex patterns he can make by using pairs of shapes.From this information,we can infer that Charlie is in the _____ stage of artistic drawings devised by Rhoda Kellogg.
A)placement
B)pictorial
C)design
D)shape
Q2) Which of the following was NOT one of the recommended strategies to improve young children's eating behavior mentioned in your text?
A)Eating on a predictable schedule
B)Eating in front of the television
C)Modeling eating healthy food
D)Making mealtime a pleasant occasion
Q3) According to your text,children that have occasional nightmares are
A)normal.
B)under too much stress.
C)watching too much late night television.
D)probably developmentally delayed.
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) The kindergarten teachers say,"We try to help children learn by using their strengths and preferences.We try to find out at which stage of development is each child and then get them personally involved in their own education as soon as possible." This classroom follows _____ practices.
A)achievement-oriented
B)process-oriented
C)developmentally-appropriate D)extrinsically motivated
Q2) With reference to Piaget's preoperational stage,mentally adding and subtracting numbers is an example of A)operations.
B)egocentrism.
C)animism.
D)intuition.
Q3) In a Montessori school,children are MOST likely to A)work together on a group project.
B)engage in imaginative play.
C)work alone on various curriculum materials.
D)find their teachers taking the role of a director.
Q4) Briefly describe autism.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) An important function of the peer group is to
A)compensate for the effects of child maltreatement at home.
B)act as surrogate parents in situations where children are alone.
C)reinforce the consequences of the parenting style used at home.
D)provide a source of information about the world outside the family.
Q2) Sheryl and Larry often tell their children things like,"Sam,you know boys don't play with dolls" or "Nina,you need to settle down and act more like a little lady." Which of the following theories of gender is BEST illustrated in the manner in which Sheryl and Larry speak to their children in this scenario?
A)The psycho 1.1 theory
B)The social cognitive theory
C)The cognitive developmental theory
D)The evolutionary theory
Q3) Research by Gershoff suggests that proponents of spanking have
A)failed to produce any positive outcomes associated with the practice.
B)focused only on milder forms of spanking.
C)been ignoring the use of alternative methods such as time outs for years.
D)have ignored the negative findings and only focused on the positive outcomes.
Q4) How does Daniel Berlyne describe play?
Q5) What are the functions of a child's peer group?
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of inclusion?
A)Alex,who is educationally blind,attends a special school for the blind that instructs through Braille techniques.
B)John,who has an auditory impairment,is being home-schooled.
C)Melba,who is affected with a severe behavioral disorder,is committed to a special counseling program.
D)Jane,who suffers from low vision,uses books with large fonts for learning,but attends a regular school along with children without any special needs.
Q2) Increased myelination of the nervous system is reflected in the improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood.List some skills found in 10- to 12-year-old children?
Q3) Recent studies have suggested that a lack of connectivity between brain regions may be a key factor in A)autism.
B)suicide.
C)depression.
D)ADHD.
Q4) What are the causes of asthma?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following theories,proposed by Robert J.Sternberg,describes three types of intelligence; analytical,creative,and practical?
A)The triarchic theory of intelligence
B)The sociocultural theory of intelligence
C)The psychosocial theory of intelligence
D)The developmental theory of intelligence
Q2) Children who continue to reverse their letters,such as "b" and "d," in the early elementary grades are
A)likely dyslexic.
B)likely normal.
C)developmentally delayed.
D)likely to suffer literacy problems later.
Q3) Which of the following type of intelligence test yields several composite indexes such as the Verbal Comprehension Index,the Working Memory Index,and the Processing Speed Index?
A)The Binet Test
B)The Myers-Briggs test
C)The Wechsler Scales
D)The Rorschach inkblot test
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) _____ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
A)Controversial
B)Neglected
C)Targeted
D)Average
Q2) _____ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.
A)Rejected
B)Unpopular
C)Neglected
D)Maladjusted
Q3) What are the developmental changes in emotions that children undergo during their elementary school years?
Q4) How does sharing develop in children?
Q5) An insecure attachment to a mother during middle and late childhood is linked to A)better peer relations in high school.
B)increases in anxiety levels.
C)higher cognitive functioning.
D)better physical fitness.
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Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following was NOT listed as a positive outcome associated with exercise during adolescence?
A)Increased connectivity between brain regions
B)Lower blood pressure
C)Increased use of alcohol and marijuana
D)Lower incidence of type 2 diabetes
Q2) According to recent research,the prefrontal cortex finishes developing in A)early childhood.
B)middle childhood.
C)early adolescence.
D)young adulthood.
Q3) Discuss the benefits and problems associated with early and late maturation for boys.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT associated with adolescent mothers?
A)They are more likely to give birth to low-birth weight infants.
B)They are more likely to be depressed.
C)They are more likely to graduate on time.
D)They are more likely to display behavioral problems.
Q5) Explain the role of parents and peers in preventing adolescent drug abuse.
Q6) Briefly explain the emergence of adulthood.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) According to Reyna and Zayas,adolescents who exhibit higher levels of _____ inhibition are less likely to engage in risky behaviors.
A)trait
B)genetic
C)control
D)environmental
Q2) The _____ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.
A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification
Q3) Implementation of _____ in schools benefits adolescents by helping them achieve higher grades,increase their goal setting,achieve higher self-esteem,and increase the likelihood that they will serve as volunteers in the future.
A)etiquette training
B)service learning
C)moral science
D)religious learning
Q4) What is service learning and when is it most effective?
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The closest thing to a universal rite of passage in the United States is the A)first date.
B)college initiation ritual.
C)high school graduation ceremony.
D)18th birthday.
Q2) Cognitive factors such as low self-control,low intelligence,poor decision making,and ineffective social information processing have all been linked to A)juvenile delinquency.
B)multitasking with technology.
C)higher academic achievement.
D)resistance to depression and suicidal ideation.
Q3) Who among the following is MOST likely to engage in suicidal behavior?
A)Mike,a 12-year-old male
B)Tony,a 15-year-old male
C)Harry,a 21-year-old male
D)Dave,an 18-year-old male
Q4) By about age 15,adolescent females have a rate of depression that is twice that of adolescent males.List a few reasons for this gender difference.
Q5) Describe the effect of peer pressure on adolescents.
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