Educational Assessment and Evaluation
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Educational Assessment and Evaluation explores the principles, methods, and tools used to measure and evaluate student learning and educational outcomes. The course covers both formative and summative assessment strategies, including traditional exams, performance-based assessments, and alternative evaluation techniques. Students will examine the roles of validity, reliability, fairness, and ethical considerations in assessment practices. Emphasis is placed on interpreting assessment data for instructional decision-making, understanding standardized testing, and utilizing evaluation results to inform curriculum development and improve teaching effectiveness.
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Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications Global Edition 11th Edition by
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research
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Q1) In a causal-comparative study that examines differences in psychomotor skills between young, suburban, middle-class Hispanic children and young, urban, middle-class Caucasian children, the dependent variable is A) Hispanic.
B) psychomotor skills.
C) urban.
D) middle class.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a causal-comparative question?
A) Are there gender differences in the effectiveness of computer-based simulations?
B) Is there a relationship between computer based simulation training and attitudes about computers?
C) What happens in a typical science lesson that includes computer based simulations? D) What are the reasons a school would include computer-based simulations in their instructional materials?
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Selecting and Defining a Research Topic
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Q1) Of the following, which is a quantitative research problem?
A) The purpose of the study is to study the characteristics of female students in advanced mathematics courses.
B) The purpose of this study is to examine relationships between future career goals and enrollment in advanced mathematics courses.
C) This study examines what teachers should do to enroll more female students in advanced mathematics courses.
D) The goals of this research were to describe two female students' experiences in advanced mathematics.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a researchable problem?
A) Should we teach children formal reading skills before they enter school?
B) Is there a relationship between SES and children's amount of reading in the home?
C) Are high school students best served by taking numerous electives or a core curriculum?
D) Should all children be exposed to exercise at school daily?
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following is a common criticism of meta-analysis?
A) Meta-analysis is descriptive without numerical data
B) Meta-analysis only includes experimental studies
C) Meta-analysis often includes poorly-designed studies.
D) Meta-analysis is not as systematic as a traditional literature review
Answer: C
Q2) Wheldon is conducting a review of the existing research on community members motivation to serve on school boards. Of the following, which represents the most important question that he should consider as he evaluates the sources?
A) Does the source apply to his research problem?
B) From which institutions were the authors from?
C) Is there a book on the topic?
D) Was the study quantitative or qualitative?
Answer: A
Q3) The review of the literature includes
A) the participants included in the study.
B) the procedures for data collection.
C) the research problem of the study.
D) the discussion of the data analysis conducted.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan
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Q1) Generally, as part of the research plan qualitative but not quantitative researchers include the
A) design to be used in the study.
B) means for data analysis.
C) prior fieldwork.
D) description of the sample.
Q2) The statement of the research problem is found in which of the following research proposal sections?
A) Appendix
B) Method
C) Data Analysis
D) Introduction
Q3) One difference between quantitative and qualitative research plans is that
A) qualitative plans are developed earlier in the research process.
B) qualitative plans are flexible throughout the research process.
C) qualitative plans state the hypothesis and a means to test the hypothesis.
D) qualitative studies do not rely on research plans.
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Chapter 5: Selecting a Sample
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Q1) Sally is completing a narrative study on the rehabilitation of middle-aged women runners after stress fractures in their feet. She therefore selects only women in the 35-45 year age range who are just beginning rehabilitation at one particular clinic. Sally's sampling strategy can best be described as
A) simple random sampling.
B) cluster sampling.
C) homogeneous sampling.
D) random purposive sampling.
Q2) The college Dean asked Meg to conduct a study to survey one half of the college students regarding their opinions of change in course offerings. Which nonrandom sampling approach is Meg likely to use?
A) Convenience sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Systematic sampling
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Chapter 6: Selecting Measurement Instruments
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Q1) In a semantic differential scale a neutral response is recorded as a A) 0.
B) 3.
C) 5.
D) 50.
Q2) The extent to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is referred to as ____________ validity.
A) content
B) criterion-related
C) construct
D) consequential
Q3) The degree to which an instrument consistently measures the construct of interest is referred to as
A) predictive validity.
B) criterion-related validity.
C) content validity.
D) reliability.
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) Which of the following is the best advantage of cross-sectional survey designs?
A) Data are more generalizable than longitudinal designs.
B) Data are more reliable than longitudinal designs
C) Data are provided more quickly than longitudinal designs.
D) Data are more valid than longitudinal designs.
Q2) The typical response rate first mailings of questionnaires is approximately
A) 10-30%
B) 30-50%
C) 50-70%
D) 70-90%
Q3) Ida is a teacher who is interested in other teachers' opinions of full day versus part day kindergarten programs. Ida's study can best be described as a
A) developmental survey.
B) school survey.
C) practical survey.
D) sample survey.
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9
Chapter 8: Correlational Research
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Q1) George suspects that there is a curvilinear relationship in his data set. Which of the following correlation coefficient should George calculate?
A) Pearson
B) Eta
C) Kendall's tau
D) Spearman rho
Q2) Suzanne reported a correlation between reading ability and math grades of r = .90 in the first grade. This correlation indicates that in Suzanne's study
A) reading ability is strongly related to math grades.
B) reading and math grades are independent.
C) reading ability and math grades are mutually exclusive.
D) reading ability and math grades are moderately related.
Q3) Kevin's analysis indicated that in his dataset SES was correlated r = .25 with absenteeism. This indicates that
A) as SES increases there is a corresponding increase in absenteeism.
B) SES is moderately correlated with absenteeism.
C) SES is weakly correlated with absenteeism.
D) absenteeism is strongly correlated with SES.
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Chapter 9: Causal-Comparative Research
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Q1) Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X<sub>1</sub> O
C X<sub>2</sub> O
A) Ned examines how fourth graders who were provided after school homework help and those who were not on the end of year mathematics test.
B) Ned describes the typical mathematics standardized test that fourth graders are required to take in his state.
C) Ned compares how fourth graders given either after school homework help via the phone or the Internet perform on the end of year mathematics test.
D) Ned examines how the amount of homework help available after school relates to performance on the end of year mathematics test.
Q2) Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?
A) Mathematics achievement
B) Time to complete a problem
C) Amount of content learned from instructional materials
D) Type of instructional treatment administered
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Chapter 10: Experimental Research
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Q1) Treatment variable is another name for A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) extraneous variable.
D) mediating variable.
Q2) The type of validity concerned with whether differences between groups are due to the manipulation of the independent variable is referred to as A) internal validity.
B) external validity.
C) content validity.
D) construct validity.
Q3) Nora is interested in differences in amount of content retained from a lecture based on time of class. She compares her two sections, one that meets at 8 AM and one that meets at 2 PM, by testing them, unannounced, on content that she taught two weeks ago. Which of the following designs is Nora best illustrating?
A) One-group posttest-only design
B) One group pretest-posttest design
C) Posttest only control group design
D) Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
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Chapter 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research
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Q1) Of the following, which is an example of clinical replication?
A) A researcher develops a package of two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing to administer to his student Tracey.
B) A researcher implements two interventions, known to work individually, to decrease off-task behaviors while testing, in succession with return to baseline between the interventions to his student Tracey.
C) A researcher implements an intervention known to work for off task behavior for homework completion with Sam his student to test with off-task behavior while testing.
D) Marcus tests an intervention for off-task behaviors for testing with his student Maria. He developed the intervention for use initially with his student Travis.
Q2) Data analysis in single-subject studies generally includes
A) Chi-square.
B) Visual analysis.
C) Nonparametric tests.
D) Path analysis
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13
Chapter 12: Narrative Research
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Q1) According to your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research in education?
A) Increased interest in school cultures
B) Increased interest in international education
C) Increased number of students with first language other than English
D) Increased emphasis placed on teacher knowledge
Q2) Seth collected data regarding the experiences of students struggling while learning to read. He interviews students and observes their experiences in their classroom, special support room, and in their homes. He frames his findings in the form of a unified story of their experiences. Which of the following is Seth best displaying?
A) Narrative analysis
B) Narrative critique
C) Analysis of narrative
D) Interpretative narrative
Q3) To address issues of trustworthiness, narrative researchers
A) use only valid instruments.
B) rely on inter-observer reliability.
C) triangulate their data.
D) rely on a single participant to assure validity.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Ethnographic Research
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Q1) Which of the following is the most likely primary data source for Jane, an ethnographic researcher who studies the lives of those who train service animals?
A) Surveys of her population about why they became trainers.
B) Personality assessments of animal trainers.
C) Interviews of eight animal trainers.
D) Observations as an assistant to an animal trainer.
Q2) Qing is an ethnographic researcher interested in understanding the culture of youth track and field athletics. He needs to focus on behaviors that will help him to do so. Which of the following is something Qing will attend to?
A) Ethnographic understanding
B) Deductive reasoning
C) Narrative reasoning
D) Cultural understanding
Q3) Ethnographers are most interested in data that support
A) relationships among variables.
B) predictions variables can make.
C) cultural patterns of participants.
D) calculation of pertinent statistics.
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Chapter 14: Case Study Research
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Q1) Which of the following describes the end result of a case study?
A) Brief
B) Narrative
C) Report
D) Case
Q2) A researcher is conducing a case study of three teachers within a school. Which of the following data collection procedures is the researcher most likely to take?
A) Spend at least four months in the classrooms collecting data.
B) Emphasize field notes and observations of the school's cultural scene.
C) Focus on active collaboration between the researcher and teachers.
D) Collect as many types of data as possible for an in-depth understanding.
Q3) Which of the following is the most common form of sampling in case study research?
A) Random
B) Convenience
C) Purposive
D) Cluster
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Chapter 15: Mixed Methods Research
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Q1) According to your text, mixed-methods research designs
A) include both relationship questions and difference questions in the same study.
B) include both descriptive and inferential statistics in the analysis.
C) include both quantitative and qualitative data.
D) include a number of quantitative measures of student performance.
Q2) Jordon conducts interviews and observations at several residential camps. She finds that the first-time camping experience seems to vary considerably based upon birth order. She uses birth-order as a nominal variable as she analyzes her satisfaction survey results. Jordon is best displaying which type of mixed-methods designs?
A) Convergent parallel
B) Explanatory sequential
C) Exploratory sequential
D) Social justice
Q3) The most best way to differentiate between a basic and advanced design is A) the addition of another phase.
B) the number of qualitative methods
C) the use of an overarching framework.
D) the weight given to phases of data collection.
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Chapter 16: Action Research
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Q1) Jane has noticed that after kindergarten, some students are reading and writing well, but others are far behind. Jane would like to investigate these differences. Her research study is best described as a(n) ____________ action research study.
A) experimental
B) critical
C) practical
D) reflective
Q2) According to your text, which of the following statistics is the one most likely to be used by an action researcher?
A) T test
B) Standard deviation
C) Correlation coefficient
D) ANOVA
Q3) Which of the following is an action research reconnaissance activity as presented in your text?
A) Self-reflection
B) Pragmatic application
C) Taking action
D) Follow-through
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Chapter 17: Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) A student scored at the 88<sup>th</sup> percentile in mathematics achievement on the national assessment. Of the following, which is an appropriate interpretation of the student's score?
A) His T score is approximately 58.
B) His z score less than 2.
C) His stanine score is approximately 6.
D) His score is higher than the mean.
Q2) Nia has collected her dissertation data that tests a prediction model of student retention of international college students. She finds that in students from China, the predictor variables have much less variance than the same variables in students from European countries. Given this information, what can you conclude regarding the data set?
A) The standard deviation is likely smaller the Chinese students.
B) The mean is likely higher for the Chinese students.
C) The variance is likely larger for the European students.
D) The mean is likely higher for the European students.
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Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics
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Q1) Rose is sure that any significant differences in her reading intervention study will favor those children who were in her treatment condition. She therefore will not consider rejecting the null hypothesis that the groups are different in favor of her control condition. Rose will then
A) use a non-parametric test of significance.
B) apply a two-tailed test of significance.
C) apply a one-tailed test of significance.
D) use descriptive findings only to examine her data.
Q2) Nelson's recent study tested differences in problem-solving ability based upon science ability, treatment (instruction, no instruction), and gender. Of the following, which test should Nelson employ?
A) Chi Square
B) t test
C) ANOVA
D) Multiple regression
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Chapter 19: Qualitative Data Collection
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Q1) As a researcher interested in young children's motivation to read, Cynthia works as a volunteer in a pre-kindergarten setting for approximately 6 months as she collects data regarding children's reading motivation. In this scenario, Cynthia is best described as a A) participant observer.
B) nonparticipant observer.
C) covert observer.
D) experienced observer.
Q2) Damir is a music educator interested in successful high school jazz programs. He goes to work as a 'new' teacher at a high school with a high-ranking jazz program. He works with the students and with the music educator at the school while exploring the jazz program. Given this scenario, which of the following research sites is likely MOST pertinent to Damir's study?
A) The teachers' lounge in the music wing of the building
B) The Jazz programs' concerts
C) The Jazz programs' practice sessions
D) Individual student lessons with the Jazz instructors
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Chapter 20: Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Q1) Of the following, which is an accurate statement of how best to code qualitative data?
A) Collect all data and then start to code in small pieces.
B) Only code data after you have a representative sample of responses.
C) Think about potential codes as you are first collecting data.
D) Begin coding by reading through all of your data.
Q2) Wei is a qualitative research who studies friendship in preteens. She collected observational data for several months and is now engaged in interpretation of the findings. Which of the following questions should Wei ask herself?
A) Why did I collect these data?
B) How can I best classify these data?
C) What can be learned from these data?
D) How can I describe these data?
Q3) The stage of qualitative data analysis that addresses detailed analysis of the setting is the _____________ stage.
A) classifying.
B) justifying.
C) organizing.
D) describing.
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Chapter 21: Preparing a Research Report
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Q1) A description of the sample participants of the study is found in the _______________ section of a research report.
A) literature review
B) method
C) results
D) discussion
Q2) One benefit of Zotero over other reference management systems is that Zotero A) can be used with references that are not in English and other systems cannot. B) has the ability to handle more citations than does any other system.
C) can be used for both Mac and any other computer systems. D) is free while other management systems are commercially available.
Q3) Cassie, a qualitative researcher, conducted focus groups for her dissertation<sub> </sub>study. She would like to include some quotes from her interviews in her report.<sub> </sub> Where will she likely include these quotes?
A) Abstract
B) Introduction
C) Method
D) Results
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23
Chapter 22: Evaluating a Research Report
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Q1) Marv needs to add a section indicating his 'full cycle' in the field to his research report. What type of research did Marv likely conduct?
A) Narrative
B) Ethnographic
C) Experimental
D) Correlational
Q2) Chyleen owns a child care center for young children. She conducted a study of parents' perceptions of the need for structure in early learning environments. She was careful to report how her findings would benefit her practice as an early childhood learning professional. Chyleen's research would best be described as A) ethnographic.
B) experimental.
C) action research.
D) correlational.
Q3) The section of a report where the generalizations are critiqued is the A) results
B) discussion.
C) method.
D) introduction.
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