Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, encompassing both the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components. This course explores how individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems function and are interconnected, examining topics such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, population dynamics, community structure, biodiversity, and the impacts of human activity on natural systems. Students will gain an understanding of ecological principles through case studies, scientific research, and practical applications to address environmental challenges.
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Q1) The census of 1890 highlighted the "closing of the frontier," which coincided with A)John Muir's conservation activities.
B)Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.
C)the greenbelt movement.
D)the Dust Bowl.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion about these results?
A)East fields are more likely than west fields to have problems with grasshoppers eating corn crops.
B)If a cornfield is sprayed with pesticide Z,it will have fewer grasshoppers 10 weeks later.
C)Pesticide Z is unable to kill grasshoppers and is not suitable for the use in modern agriculture.
D)Pesticide Z is a good way to control most insect infestations on fields of corn,wheat,or oats.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Economics, Politics, and Public Policy
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Q1) Which one of the following reduces net GDP?
A)a coal-fired power plant that pollutes the air
B)manufacture of products to clean polluted water
C)clear-cutting logging of 1000 acres of pine trees
D)degradation of farm equipment
Answer: D
Q2) Environmental policies
A)may be cost-neutral or may come at a monetary cost.
B)are always expensive,costing consumers and industry more money.
C)rarely have a monetary cost associated with them.
D)are paid for by tax dollars,only indirectly costing citizens for their implementation.
Answer: A
Q3) From 2001 to 2009,the Bush administration
A)developed an energy policy that favored heavy exploitation of fossil fuels.
B)strengthened the United States support of the Kyoto Protocol.
C)strengthened air and water quality standards.
D)supported carbon emission reduction and renewable energy development.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Basic Needs of Living Things
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Q1) Most organisms native to a desert community are
A)well adapted to the heat and dry environment.
B)well adapted to the heat but probably not the dry environment.
C)well adapted to the dry environment but probably not the heat.
D)not well adapted to the heat or dry environment.
Answer: A
Q2) Which one of the following characteristics is most useful in identifying separate species? Closely related but separate species do not A)live on the same continent.
B)require similar nutrients.
C)interbreed to produce viable hybrids.
D)appear anatomically similar.
Answer: C
Q3) Fog is a component of the A)hydrosphere.
B)biosphere.
C)atmosphere.
D)lithosphere.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Populations and Communities
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Q1) A population that is at equilibrium
A)is experiencing a slow rate of growth.
B)is staying at about the same size.
C)is slowly declining because of increases in environmental resistance.
D)has most likely just lost a key predator.
Q2) Territoriality
A)reduces intraspecific fighting and ensures adequate resources for some members of a species.
B)encourages interspecific fighting and helps share density-independent resources.
C)encourages predation and reduces intraspecific competition.
D)is more likely in r-selected species with short life spans and many offspring.
Q3) In its broadest sense,fitness reflects the ability to respond to
A)other members of the same species.
B)abiotic environmental factors.
C)all factors of environmental resistance.
D)parasites and other agents of disease.
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6
Chapter 5: Ecosystems: Energy, Patterns, and Disturbance
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Q1) In this unusual ecosystem,
A)there is no photosynthesis.
B)no energy is transferred between trophic levels.
C)temperature is the most important biotic factor.
D)producers eat consumers.
Q2) The establishment of the mosses on bare rock and eventual addition of grasses represents
A)a climax ecosystem.
B)primary succession.
C)secondary succession.
D)intermediate succession.
Q3) Our increasing human population requires that future management of natural systems be
A)towards sustainability.
B)focused on maximizing the harvest of natural resources.
C)evaluated in terms of the gross national product.
D)focused on agricultural productivity.
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Chapter 6: Wild Species and Biodiversity
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Q1) The Endangered Species Act
A)protects critical habitats of endangered species,but cannot control privately held lands.
B)includes species recovery plans intended to help listed species survive and thrive.
C)currently protects animal but not plant species.
D)has resulted in the recovery of more than 1,000 species that have been taken off the list.
Q2) Only about 10 species have recovered significantly enough to be removed from the Endangered Species List.Recovery to this extent is limited because
A)the regulations protecting the species do not extend to private landowners.
B)hunting of protected species often continues even after the organisms are listed.
C)populations are already low and at high risk by the time they are listed.
D)protecting the habitat of an endangered species is not as critical as once assumed.
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8
Chapter 7: The Use and Restoration of Ecosystems
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Q1) Sustainable exploitation of natural ecosystems will most likely
A)increase the ecosystem capital of the ecosystem.
B)decrease the ecosystem capital of the ecosystem.
C)maintain the ecosystem capital of the ecosystem.
D)convert the natural resources into ecosystem capital.
Q2) The value of programs such as the Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF)lies in
A)their ability to raise funds for coral reef research.
B)their involvement of citizens in the collection of data and the removal of invasive species from coral reefs.
C)their use of untrained volunteers to replace qualified scientists in marine biology.
D)the increase in commercial fishing yields in the Caribbean.
Q3) Agricultural pollution in the Everglades Restoration Plan will be controlled by
A)eliminating sugar cane farming.
B)banning the use of chemical fertilizers.
C)directing agricultural runoff into the Caloosahatchee river and then to the Gulf of Mexico.
D)using manmade wetlands to remove agricultural nutrients before they enter the Everglades sheet flow.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Human Population
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Q1) The greatest human population increases over the next few decades is expected to occur in
A)North America.
B)South America.
C)Africa.
D)Western Europe.
Q2) Within only the past few decades the global trend has been for people
A)to move out of rural farming areas and into cities.
B)living in large cities to move to smaller cities.
C)living in cities to raise most of their food.
D)living in large cities to recycle most of their waste.
Q3) The "baby boom echo," represented by people who are 20-29 years old in 2010,is the result of
A)increased fertility of the baby boom generation.
B)reduced infant mortality rates.
C)reproduction of the baby boom generation.
D)increased use of birth control in the 1970s.
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Chapter 9: Population and Development
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Q1) Most recently,the official development assistance of the United States government
A)is about the same as contributions from all private organizations in the United States.
B)as a percent of GNI,is about the same as the country of Norway.
C)combined with all US private philanthropy,was less than 1.0 % of GNI.
D)has declined to levels below those a decade or more ago.
Q2) Over the past 25 years,South Korea has enjoyed three times the economic growth of Pakistan,primarily because of
A)higher rates of school enrollment and literacy.
B)greater government investment in technology and infrastructure.
C)more sustainable environmental policies.
D)greater efforts to combat malaria and other infectious disease.
Q3) The region of Kerala in India demonstrates that improvements in health care and longevity are correlated with
A)decreases in literacy rates.
B)increased reliance upon India's caste system.
C)decreases in per capita income.
D)reductions in total fertility rates and a high literacy rate.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use
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Q1) In the figure,the location of deserts in the northern and southern regions of Africa are best explained by understanding A)Hadley cells.
B)how mountains affect precipitation patterns.
C)the affect of oceans on adjacent land masses.
D)global climate change.
Q2) In the United States,over the past 30 years,the population has
A)increased,and the amount of water each person consumes has increased.
B)increased,but the amount of water each person consumes has leveled off.
C)decreased,but the amount of water each person consumes has increased.
D)decreased,and the amount of water each person consumes has decreased.
Q3) The Three Gorges Dam
A)will allow China to have a large surplus of fresh water.
B)will not require the relocation of people.
C)is the largest hydroelectric project in the world.
D)will be coupled with several desalinization plants.
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Chapter 11: Soil: Foundation for Land Ecosystems
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Q1) On a hot day with bright sunlight and plenty of water in the soil,a plant actively engaged in photosynthesis will use its stomata to move
A)water and oxygen from the plant and take in carbon dioxide.
B)water and carbon dioxide from the plant and take in oxygen.
C)oxygen and carbon dioxide from the plant and take in water.
D)water from the plant and take in carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Q2) Based upon soil particle size,the largest to smallest are
A)sand,silt,and clay.
B)sand,clay,and silt.
C)clay,sand,and silt.
D)silt,sand,and clay.
Q3) Most plants acquire their minerals from
A)the recycling of nutrients from detritus.
B)the precipitation of minerals from rainfall.
C)the weathering of rock.
D)dust storms that transport minerals into a region.
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Chapter 12: The Production and Distribution of Food
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Q1) Global climate change may increase the number of worldwide famines by all of the following,except
A)shifting the types of crops grown in a region.
B)causing unpredictable and extreme weather events.
C)increasing the number of droughts in the world.
D)requiring the use of alternate forms of energy.
Q2) A rapidly growing population in sub-Saharan Africa continues to produce high levels of poverty,hunger,and child mortality.You want to give to a charitable organization that is working to address these problems.To make the greatest impact,you decide to support the African
A)Neolithic Revolution.
B)Gene Revolution.
C)Industrial Revolution.
D)Green Revolution.
Q3) The main cause of undernourishment and malnourishment in the world is
A)lack of education.
B)poverty.
C)underproduction of food.
D)problems with global distribution of food.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Pests and Pest Control
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Q1) Deciding to use a natural enemies approach to control the mites that infect her crops,a farmer purchases 10,000 ladybugs in the spring and spreads them over her 100 acre fields.This represents the use of natural A)predators.
B)parasitoids.
C)pathogens.
D)plant-eaters.
Q2) Two insect food chains are illustrated in this figure.If a persistent insecticide were applied to the plants in these systems,where would we expect to find the high concentrations due to biomagnification?
A)the grasshopper and caterpillar
B)the praying mantis and caterpillar
C)the caterpillar and parasitic wasp
D)the praying mantis and parasitic wasp
Q3) Chronic pesticide exposure has been clearly linked to A)malaria and bubonic plague.
B)viral outbreaks.
C)cancer,neurological disorders,and infertility.
D)heart disease and strokes.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Energy From Fossil Fuels
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Q1) Increased reliance upon oil imports have generally paralleled
A)increased interest and involvement in Middle East politics.
B)increased interest in fighting global hunger.
C)decreased reliance on other fossil fuels.
D)decreased efforts to explore alternate forms of fuel.
Q2) Recent U.S.energy policies,such as the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act and the 2009 Recovery Act generally
A)discourage continued exploration for fossil fuels.
B)discourage the construction of new nuclear power plants.
C)keep CAFE mileage standards for motor vehicles the same.
D)encourage efficiency in lights,appliances,and buildings.
Q3) Over the next 20-30 years,
A)global oil supplies will decline and the OPEC nations will gain importance.
B)global oil supplies will decline and the OPEC nations will lose importance.
C)global oil supplies will increase and the OPEC nations will gain importance.
D)global oil supplies will increase and the OPEC nations will lose importance.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Nuclear Power
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Q1) Which of the following is a clear advantage in the use of nuclear power instead of fossil fuels?
A)Nuclear plants are cheaper to build than power plants that burn fossil fuels.
B)Nuclear power can be used today to power most forms of public transportation.
C)Nuclear power contributes less to global climate change.
D)Nuclear power generates fewer wastes with lower health risks.
Q2) Security of nuclear resources and the safe storage of nuclear wastes
A)remain a global challenge.
B)have been improved by concentrating these in four secure locations throughout the world.
C)have now been addressed by UN task forces who guard resources that are subject to terrorist attacks.
D)remain a problem only outside of the United States and Canada.
Q3) In general,the global reliance on nuclear power to generate electricity
A)has declined annually since 1987.
B)has remained steady since about 1978.
C)has gradually increased at about 3% a year for the last decade.
D)has doubled in the last decade.
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Chapter 16: Renewable Energy
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Q1) Solar trough technology converts
A)the ultraviolet light in sunlight directly into electricity.
B)the heat of the sun into steam to drive a turbogenerator.
C)sunlight into electricity which then produces steam heat.
D)the direct current generated by photovoltaic cells into alternating current.
Q2) The most costly aspect of photovoltaic technology is being addressed by
A)inventing a way to convert alternating current to direct current.
B)inventing a way to convert direct current to alternating current.
C)finding a way to reduce the damaging effects of the sun on solar panels.
D)new technologies that reduce the cost of manufacturing solar cells.
Q3) Biodiesel is often produced using
A)any type of cellulosic feedstock.
B)corn-based ethanol.
C)recycled vegetable oil used in cooking food.
D)solar and wind turbine sources of energy.
Q4) The current generation of ethanol as a biofuel requires A)sugars and the process of fermentation.
B)any plant material and the process of fermentation.
C)manure,water,and aerobic bacteria.
D)bioengineered bacteria and any form of cellulose.
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Chapter 17: Environmental Hazards and Human Health
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Q1) Being exposed to secondhand smoke by living with a person who smokes
A)only poses a health risk for those in the household who smoke.
B)has not been shown to increase the health risks of nonsmokers in the home.
C)is now known to increase the chances of cancer of everyone in the home.
D)increases the risk of cardiovascular disease but not cancer for others living in the home.
Q2) The EPA's policy-making process relies heavily on
A)risk management.
B)pollution control.
C)a tertiary analysis.
D)cost-risk analysis.
Q3) In the United States,if you are concerned about an infectious disease such as the bird flu,the most reliable source of information would be the
A)United States Department of Human Health and Sciences.
B)United States Department of Agriculture.
C)National Academy of Sciences.
D)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Chapter 18: Global Climate Change
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Q1) Using ice core samples and analyses,researchers have discovered that over the past 800,000 years
A)glaciers were greatest when greenhouse gases increased the most.
B)the Earth has gradually been warming and sea levels have been rising.
C)there is a strong correlation between global temperatures and greenhouse gases.
D)atmospheric levels of methane and carbon dioxide have steadily been increasing.
Q2) Examining your flight plans for a trip from Atlanta,Georgia,to Seattle,Washington,and back,you notice that the total time in the air for the flight to Seattle is much longer than the flight back to Atlanta.Then it occurs to you that this is probably because of the impact of
A)the jet stream.
B)several weather fronts along the way.
C)the mixing of the troposphere and stratosphere.
D)changes in time zones as you fly between the east and the west.
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Chapter 19: Atmospheric Pollution
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Q1) Secondary air pollutants are formed by
A)the evaporation of solvents and gasoline.
B)the incomplete combustion of fuels.
C)primary pollutants reacting with other compounds in the atmosphere.
D)radioactive substances such as radon reacting with primary pollutants.
Q2) Which of the following is an anthropogenic source of acid deposition?
A)sea spray
B)volcanic eruptions
C)extensive natural forest fires
D)gasoline engine emissions from automobiles
Q3) Acid rain concentrated in the eastern portions of the United States is primarily the result of
A)nuclear power plants in the region.
B)coal-burning power plants in the Midwest.
C)coal-burning power plants in northeastern Canada.
D)off-shore oil drilling rigs along the east coast of the United States.
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Chapter 20: Water Pollution and Its Prevention
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Q1) The space inside the two buildings with the egg-shaped tops
A)is filled with aerobic bacteria.
B)contains large amounts of ammonia.
C)is filled with biogas.
D)contains high levels of oxygen.
Q2) These fires on the Cuyahoga River raised concerns that contributed to
A)the formation of the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
B)the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972.
C)laws requiring the separation of sewage and storm water in cities.
D)the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Q3) A new gravel road is cut into the side of a mountain just north of Anchorage,Alaska.As the snow melts in June,the fine gravel and sand of the disturbed region quickly tumbles into the bottom of nearby streams.The addition of this fine gravel and sand changes the stream by
A)decreasing the number of plants and animals that live there.
B)decreasing the number of plants but increasing the number of animals that live there.
C)increasing the number of plants but decreasing the number of animals that live there.
D)increasing the number of plants and animals that live there.
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22
Chapter 21: Municipal Solid Waste: Disposal and Recovery
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Q1) In most developed countries,nonrecycled MSW is more likely to be
A)burned when the population densities are high.
B)burned when the population densities are low.
C)buried when the population densities are high.
D)buried when the population is located near an ocean.
Q2) A town is considering the uses of its former landfill.Some people want to use it as a park and others want to build office buildings and form an industrial park.Engineers advising the town council have strongly urged the group to not place any significant buildings on top of the landfill because of problems related to
A)leaching.
B)settling.
C)biogas production.
D)incomplete decomposition.
Q3) Biogas in mostly produced in landfills
A)by the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials.
B)by the release of compressed gases from aerosol containers.
C)by the evaporation of the liquids draining from the buried waste.
D)when solid materials melt into fluids and evaporate.
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Hazardous Chemicals: Pollution and Prevention
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Q1) Bisphenol A (BPA),a common component of plastics in bottles and can liners
A)mimics estrogen and can potentially cause disruption of human reproduction and development.
B)causes mutations similar to those caused by UV light and X-rays.
C)has been tested by the European Commission and found safe for human consumption.
D)has been withdrawn from manufacture and use in the United States.
Q2) Concerned about the use of so many toxic chemicals in her life,Monica tells her friend Amber that she wishes there was something she could do.Amber responds,"Well,one thing that you can do is purchase the new,less toxic forms of A)household cleaning products."
B)furniture refinishing products."
C)reformulated gasoline."
D)common medicines,such as aspirin and acetaminophen."
Q3) All of us help to pay for the cleanup of leaking gasoline storage tanks when we
A)purchase groceries.
B)purchase gasoline.
C)pay our federal income taxes.
D)pay sales taxes on anything we buy.
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Sustainable Communities and Lifestyles
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Q1) Chattanooga,Tennessee is a shining example of a city that has A)long suffered from urban sprawl and urban blight.
B)moved from urban sprawl and urban blight to increasing sustainability.
C)become completely self-sufficient,requiring no resources from outside the city limits.
D)rigidly enforced its criminal laws and demonstrated the benefits of a tough-on-crime policy.
Q2) The changes in behavior of the fishermen on Tangier Island since 1997 best reflects A)values-based stewardship.
B)personal gain.
C)sound science.
D)sustainable use of energy.
Q3) In a large city experiencing urban blight,we would be surprised to find A)a declining tax base.
B)depreciating real estate.
C)improving schools.
D)increasing crime.
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