Chapter 3: Modeling Market Failure
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Q1) If we define the relevant market as "environmental quality," then the market failure is due to the presence of a negative externality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In the presence of a negative externality
A) there is an overallocation of resources to production
B) the competitive equilibrium will not achieve an allocatively efficient solution
C) MSC exceeds MSB at the competitive output level
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (b) only
Answer: D
Q3) If property rights for resources are shared, those resources are called common property resources.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Conventional Solutions to Environmental
Problems: Command-And-Control Approach
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Q1) Hypothetically, suppose a recent study of hazardous waste abatement (A) arrives at the following national estimates for abating chemical solvents: MSB = 100 - 0.75A and MSC = 20 + 0.50A, where A is measured in millions of tons per year, and costs are measured in millions of dollars.
a. Based on this information, what would be the national standard for an allocatively efficient abatement?
b. Under what conditions would this level be efficient at the regional level?
c. If instead the government set the abatement standard at 50 million tons per year, would that standard be too lenient or too restrictive at the national level? Support your answer with specific values.
Q2) If the MACs for firm 1 and 2 are: MAC<sub>1</sub> = 0.4A<sub>1</sub> and MAC<sub>2</sub> = 0.8A<sub>2</sub>, respectively, and the combined abatement standard is 15 units, then the cost-effective abatement levels are 10 units for firm 1 and 5 units for firm 2.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Standards are the fundamental basis of most environmental policies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Economic Solutions to Environmental Problems: the Market Approach
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Q1) A payment or tax concession aimed at lowering the cost of abating is called a pollution charge.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The pollution charge
A) is the most commonly used market-based instrument internationally
B) is sometimes implemented as an effluent charge to protect water resources
C) can be used to control noise pollution
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q3) In the single-polluter case, a firm faced with an emission charge for pollution implemented as a marginal tax (MT) will abate as long as MAC < MT.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the multiple-polluter case, each firm faced with an emission charge implemented as a marginal tax (MT) abates up to the point where MAC equals MT, which results in a cost-effective solution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Environmental Risk Analysis
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Q1) The only level of "acceptable" risk to society is a risk level of zero.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Comparative risk analysis is aimed at minimizing the absolute level of a risk.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the textbook application on the ecological risks associated with climate change, all such risks are known with certainty.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the textbook application, radon
A) is a naturally occurring hazard
B) is an involuntary risk
C) poses no adverse health threat outdoors
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (b) only
Q5) According to the textbook application, exposure to radon gas is an example of a voluntary risk.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Assessing Benefits for Environmental Decision Making
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Q1) The damage function method
A) is a behavioral linkage approach to measuring environmental benefits
B) uses a technical relationship between an environmental resource and a user of that resource to estimate benefits
C) uses the same technique as the contingent valuation approach
D) is capable of measuring all aspects of incremental benefits simultaneously
Q2) In theory, the concept of incremental benefits refers to the change in MSB of environmental quality from a pre-policy level to a post-policy level.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An indirect gain to society attributable to environmental policy implementation is referred to as a primary environmental benefit.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The hedonic price method is based upon the premise that goods and services are valued for their individual attributes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Assessing Costs for Environmental Decision Making
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Q1) The marginal social cost (MSC) function is the sum of the following:
A) market-level marginal abatement cost (MAC<sub>mkt</sub>) + marginal cost of enforcement (MCE)
B) marginal abatement cost (MAC) + marginal external cost (MEC)
C) marginal abatement cost (MAC) + total social cost (TSC)
D) market-level marginal abatement cost (MAC<sub>mkt</sub>) + marginal external cost (MEC)
Q2) The spending needed to maintain the utility level of society to compensate for resources used to achieve a cleaner environment is referred to as explicit environmental costs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The marginal social cost (MSC) curve linked to environmental policy is captured by the supply of the public good, environmental quality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The accounting equivalent of variable costs is capital costs.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental Decision Making
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Q1) Present value determination is a procedure that corrects a value for the rate of inflation.
A)True B)False
Q2) If (PVB/PVC) for a given policy option equals 5.5, this means that
A) the policy option is not feasible
B) for every dollar of incremental costs incurred by society, there are $5.50 in realized incremental benefits
C) the policy option is feasible
D) both (b) and (c) are correct
Q3) The present value of benefits (PVB) is equal to (b<sub>t</sub>/[1+r<sub>s</sub>]<sup>t</sup>), with b<sub>t</sub><sub> </sub>= B<sub>t</sub>/(1 + p)<sup>t</sup>.
A)True B)False
Q4) Selecting the social discount rate is among the issues debated in the use of benefit-cost analysis for public policy evaluation.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Defining Air Quality: the Standard-Setting Process
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Q1) If an area or region meets or exceeds the NAAQS, it is called a(n)
A) air quality control region (AQCR)
B) prevention of significant deterioration area
C) nonattainment region
D) none of the above
Q2) Stationary sources are those arising at a fixed site, such as power plants or factories.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Contaminants such as pollen and salt spray are known as anthropogenic pollutants.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the textbook application, California's urban smog problem
A) diminished because of the responsiveness of U.S. automobile manufacturers
B) was never addressed by state legislation
C) was linked through scientific study to auto emissions in the 1950s
D) all of the above
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Chapter 11: Improving Air Quality: Controlling Mobile
Sources
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Q1) The reported Air Quality Index (AQI) uses data from the EPA's monitoring of metropolitan statistical areas.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The use of uniform emissions standards on mobile sources generates a cost-effective solution.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ethanol (E85) is a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Air Quality Index (AQI) is formed from concentration data collected from a monitoring network that measures hazardous air pollutants.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Photochemical smog is caused by a chemical reaction involving criteria pollutants in the presence of sunlight.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Improving Air Quality: Controlling Stationary Sources
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Q1) Overall, empirical studies fail to support the claim that command-and-control policy is more costly to implement than more flexible approaches.
A)True
B)False
Q2) PSD areas
A) were defined recently by an Executive Order issued by President Obama
B) are those areas defined as 'polluting source designated'
C) face more lenient emissions standards than nonattainment regions
D) are no longer recognized in U.S. policy
E) none of the above
Q3) The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) included an annual SO<sub>2</sub> trading program.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Stationary source emissions are controlled primarily through the use of technology-based standards.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Global Air Quality: Policies for Ozone Depletion and Climate Change
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Q1) According to the textbook application, the avoided GHG emissions associated with the Energy Star Program in 2010 were equivalent to
A) removing 33 million cars from America's highways
B) producing 3 million fewer automobiles in the United States
C) scrapping 3.3 million cars from highways around the world
D) eliminating 33.3 million heavy-duty trucks from America's highways
E) none of the above
Q2) To help the U.S. achieve its objectives to control ozone depletion, an escalating excise tax was levied on the production of ozone-depleting substances.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All of the following are major greenhouse gases (GHGs), EXCEPT
A) carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)
B) methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)
C) nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)
D) volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Q4) Find the dollar value of a per unit gasoline tax that would achieve the efficient solution, and calculate the resulting tax revenues generated to government.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Defining Water Quality: the Standard-Setting Process
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Q1) U.S. policymakers classify highly diverse surface waters into groups, which include:
A) bays and estuaries
B) wetlands
C) aquifers
D) all of the above E) (a) and (b) only
Q2) According to the benefit-cost analysis of the Clean Water Act presented in the text, water quality standards set by the Clean Water Act are too stringent.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The technology-based effluent limitations
A) are not aligned with the nation's water quality objectives
B) are motivated by what is feasible instead of by benefit-cost analysis
C) are applied uniformly within designated industry groups
D) all of the above E) (b) and (c) only
Q4) Water runoff from a major highway is an example of a point source.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Improving Water Quality: Controlling Point and Nonpoint Sources
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Q1) If water quality law prevents the achievement of the efficiency criterion
A) that law must be repealed
B) a "second-best" economic solution is to identify cost-effective policy initiatives
C) cost-effectiveness is also prevented
D) polluting sources should abate up to the point where total social benefits are maximized
Q2) When faced with a marginal effluent fee (MEF), each polluting source will
A) abate up to the point where its total abatement cost (TAC) equals the MEF
B) abate nothing and pay the MEF on all units of pollution released
C) clean up pollution as long as its marginal abatement cost is lower than the MEF
D) reduce its effluents to zero to avoid paying the effluent fee
Q3) According to the textbook application, efforts to restore the Chesapeake Bay have been markedly successful.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A fertilizer tax is an example of an effluent fee.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Protecting Safe Drinking Water
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Q1) An increasing block pricing structure for water supplies
A) creates an economic incentive to conserve water usage
B) charges a higher price for lower levels of water consumption
C) does not reflect the underpinnings of benefit-cost analysis
D) ignores the marginal cost of water consumption
Q2) Supplies of drinking water depend on
A) ground water
B) surface water
C) water resources protected by the Clean Water Act
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q3) According to the text application on bottled water,
A) China is the largest consumer of bottled water worldwide
B) bottled water is regulated by the rulings of the Safe Drinking Water Act
C) bottled water is not regulated in the United States
D) none of the above
Q4) According to available data, U.S. per capita water consumption is lower than more countries around the world.
A)True
B)False
18
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Chapter 17: Managing Hazardous Solid Waste and Waste Sites
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Q1) The "cradle-to-grave" management system uses primarily market instruments to control and track hazardous wastes through the stages of the waste stream.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first federal legislation passed in the United States that dealt with waste control was the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A set of control strategies to reduce the amount and toxicity of hazardous waste at every stage of the waste stream is known as
A) source reduction
B) waste management
C) "cradle-to-grave" management
D) risk-benefit analysis
Q4) The feedstock taxes to finance Superfund were devised mainly to act as a market incentive to improve the environment.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Managing Municipal Solid Waste
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Q1) EPA's integrated waste management system promotes techniques and programs aimed at recycling, source reduction, combustion, and land disposal, in that order.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One of the fastest growing segments of the MSW stream is plastics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to available U.S. trend data, the number of landfills in the country has been increasing since 1960.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The demand for MSW services
A) represents the production decisions of firms providing disposal or incineration services
B) would likely be lower for higher income households
C) would tend to be lower for more environmentally aware consumers
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
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Chapter 19: Controlling Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals
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Q1) According to an EPA task force that examined risk assessment,
A) expert risk rankings are in line with those of the general public
B) only expert risk rankings are relevant
C) the federal government's environmental priorities are consistent with expert risk ranking
D) none of the above
Q2) Legal limits on how much of a pesticide residue can remain on raw or processed food are known as pesticide tolerances.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a risk-benefit analysis of pesticide use,
A) benefits are the gains from eliminating or reducing pesticide use
B) benefits can be measured as the change in producer and consumer surpluses linked to increasing supply due to enhanced crop yields
C) the data needed to estimate benefits are readily obtainable
D) secondary benefits, such as improved worker productivity, are not relevant
Q4) The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) amended FIFRA and TSCA.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Sustainable Development: International Environmental Agreements
and International Trade
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Q1) The World Trade Organization (WTO)
A) is the successor to GATT
B) administers trade agreements and resolves trade disputes
C) comprises more than 150 member nations
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (b) only
Q2) The international agreement that was aimed specifically at ozone depletion is the
A) Kyoto Protocol
B) Montreal Protocol
C) Rio Declaration
D) London Convention 1972
Q3) Since the NAFTA was reached in 1992, trade among Canada, Mexico, and the United States has risen, but exports to the United States have declined.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The United States ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 during the Bush administration.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Sustainable Approaches: Industrial Ecology and
Pollution Prevention
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Q1) In the context of technology transfer, light green technologies refer to A) innovations that directly impact the environment
B) technologies that indirectly affect the environment
C) toxic chemical use substitution
D) none of the above
Q2) In the United States, the pollution prevention hierarchy consists of the following
A) source reduction
B) reuse/recycling
C) cleaner production
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (b) only
Q3) According to the textbook application, industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark
A) is based on the development of an industrial ecosystem
B) involves one private firm and one municipality
C) relies on incineration to succeed
D) represents a linear flow of materials
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