Earth Science
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Earth Science explores the dynamic processes and complex systems that shape our planet, including the study of geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy. The course provides a comprehensive overview of Earths structure, natural resources, and cycles, examining phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, weather patterns, and climate change. Students will develop a deeper understanding of the interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, as well as the human impact on Earths environments. Through laboratory exercises and field investigations, learners gain practical skills in scientific observation, data analysis, and problem-solving to better understand the natural world.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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29 Chapters
1328 Verified Questions
1328 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT considered a Jovian planet?
A)Uranus
B)Neptune
C)Saturn
D)Pluto
Answer: D
Q2) When we say that light from a distant stellar object is red-shifted,this means that the light we see ________.
A)is from an object moving toward us
B)is red in color and must have come from a red giant star
C)has a higher frequency than at the source
D)has a longer wavelength than at the source
Answer: D
Q3) According to the currently accepted scientific model,which of the following is NOT correct about the formation of the Moon?
A)A large comet collided with the newborn Earth.
B)A large part of the Earth's mantle disintegrated.
C)The Earth developed a ring,like those found around Saturn and Jupiter.
D)The colliding body disintegrated.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you were measuring the elevation of a mountain,you would be measuring variation in ________,whereas if you were doing the same on a mid-ocean ridge,you would be measuring variation in ________.
A)bathymetry;topography
B)bathymetry;isostasy
C)topography;isostasy
D)topography;bathymetry
Answer: D
Q2) A mixture of copper and tin would be called a(n)________.
A)metal
B)alloy
C)melt
D)volatile
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is most representative of Earth's hydrosphere?
A)lakes and rivers only
B)surficial freshwater,oceans,groundwater,and atmospheric water
C)a layer of hydrogen gas in the outer reaches of the atmosphere
D)oceans,but not rivers or lakes
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these parts of the deep-ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless?
A)ridge axis
B)abyssal plain
C)guyot
D)trench
Answer: B
Q2) Evidence that the South American and African continents were once joined includes evidence from their coastlines such as ________.
A)shared anthropological evidence
B)identical mineral properties
C)symmetrical earthquake patterns
D)matching fossil distributions
Answer: D
Q3) Volcanoes that have submerged beneath the surface of the sea are termed ________.
A)mid-ocean ridges
B)seamounts
C)fracture zones
D)continental rises
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Archimedes' principle of buoyancy,an iceberg sinks until ________.
A)the total mass of the water displaced equals the total mass of the whole iceberg
B)the total mass of the iceberg is underwater
C)about 60% of the iceberg is underwater
D)the total mass of the water displaced equals 80% of the mass of the iceberg
Q2) Deformed (bent,stretched,or cracked)lithosphere occurs ________.
A)randomly over the surface of Earth
B)primarily within the interiors of tectonic plates
C)primarily on the margins of tectonic plates
D)primarily at hot spots
Q3) Slab pull occurs because subducting slabs are ________.
A)less mafic,and therefore less dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
B)cooler,and therefore more dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
C)hotter,and therefore more dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
D)cooler,and therefore less dense,than surrounding asthenosphere
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the color of minerals?
A)Some minerals have a consistent color,but many have a range of possible colors.
B)The streak color tends to be less variable than the color of a whole mineral.
C)Color is often controlled by impurities or minor chemical components of the mineral.
D)A mineral's color reflects the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the mineral.
Q2) When two different minerals have the same chemical formula but different crystal structures,they are said to be ________.
A)polymorphs
B)polyliths
C)monoliths
D)This is not possible.Two minerals cannot have the same chemical formula.
Q3) Which two gems are special versions of the common mineral corundum (Al O )?
A)emeralds and rubies
B)emeralds and sapphires
C)aquamarines and emeralds
D)sapphires and rubies
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Decay of radioactive isotopes,differentiation of Earth's iron core,gravity-driven compression,and meteoric bombardment all caused early Earth to ________.
A)glow brighter than the Sun
B)be much cooler than at present
C)be much hotter than at present
D)be much more oblong than at present
Q2) Volcanoes that do NOT occur along either present or emergent plate boundaries are associated with ________.
A)continental rifts
B)hot spots
C)mid-ocean ridges
D)subduction zones
Q3) The formation of magma within Earth is NOT caused by which of the following processes?
A)decompression (drop in pressure)
B)addition of volatiles
C)transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks
D)loss of volatiles to the atmosphere
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chemical and biochemical rocks are classified primarily on the basis of ________.
A)grain size
B)degree of sorting
C)angularity
D)mineral composition
Q2) It is unusual for ________ to carry grains larger than sand.
A)ice in glaciers
B)water in rivers
C)wind
D)water at a seaside beach
Q3) Grains become rounded primarily during ________.
A)weathering at the outcrop
B)lithification
C)transportation
D)deposition
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following processes CANNOT induce metamorphism?
A)contact with a hot pluton
B)contact with hydrothermal fluids
C)heat and pressure associated with deep burial
D)cementation and compaction of grains during diagenesis
Q2) Thermal (contact)metamorphism produces ________.
A)foliated rocks only
B)nonfoliated rocks only
C)both foliated and nonfoliated rocks
D)Thermal metamorphism does not produce any metamorphic rocks.
Q3) Within a single mountain range,________.
A)only low-grade metamorphic rocks are likely to be found
B)only high-grade metamorphic rocks are likely to be found
C)only nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are likely to be found
D)it is possible to find a variety of metamorphic rocks produced in distinct facies,including high-,intermediate-,and low-grade rocks
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Olympus Mons,the largest known volcano in our Solar System,is an example of a
A)stratovolcano
B)cinder cone
C)shield volcano
D)fissure volcano
Q2) Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly,producing a sharp-surfaced,blocky,and irregular lava rock named
A)pahoehoe
B)a'a'
C)pumice
D)ignimbrite
Q3) Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include ________.
A)water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide
B)oxygen,ozone,and water vapor
C)oxygen,hydrogen,and argon
D)carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide,and oxygen
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Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A primary force opposing motion on all faults is ________.
A)magnetic attraction among iron-rich minerals
B)gravity
C)friction
D)the van der Waals force
Q2) Faults that have moved recently or are likely to move in the future are referred to as ________ faults.
A)passive
B)active
C)normal
D)reverse
Q3) If an earthquake's magnitude is measured based on the Richter scale,how is this abbreviated?
A)ML
B)MS
C)mb
D)MR
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Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Sample Questions
Q1) The distinction between joints and faults is that ________.
A)faults are joints that are greater than one square meter in areal extent
B)faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred;displacement does not occur along joints
C)joints are fractures along which displacement has occurred;displacement does not occur along faults
D)there is no distinction;the two terms are synonymous
Q2) The term for a change in shape induced by stress is ________.
A)plastic deformation
B)pressure release
C)strain
D)metamorphosis
Q3) The outer portion of a craton,where deformed rocks are covered by sediments,is termed the ________.
A)shield
B)cratonic platform
C)convergent margin
D)exotic terrane
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Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much of a radioactive parent isotope will remain after three half-lives have passed?
A)one-third
B)three-halves
C)one-eighth
D)one-sixth
Q2) In the area immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion,a host limestone is locally metamorphosed to produce marble.Which of the following statements is correct?
A)The intrusive igneous rock must be older than the limestone.
B)The limestone must be older than the marble.
C)The marble must be older than the intrusive rock.
D)The relative ages of the three units cannot be determined with the information given.
Q3) James Hutton,the "father of geology," put forth the principle of ________.
A)superposition
B)original continuity
C)original horizontality
D)uniformitarianism
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14
Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once an ancient mountain range is destroyed by erosion,what evidence can geologists look for to learn of its past existence?
A)high,rugged peaks
B)crust containing igneous activity,deformation,and metamorphism
C)fossils of mountain-dwelling plants and animals
D)there is no detectable record of destroyed mountain ranges
Q2) A crustal rock dated to 150 Ma is how old?
A)15,000 years
B)150,000 years
C)150 million years
D)150 billion years
Q3) Rodinia and Pangaea are supercontinents that assembled during the ________ and ________,respectively.
A)Hadean;Archean
B)Archean;Proterozoic
C)Proterozoic;Paleozoic
D)Paleozoic;Mesozoic
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15
Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) A resource is considered renewable if ________.
A)it is used at rates greater than it is naturally replaced
B)nature can replace it within a short time span relative to human life
C)nature can replace it within hundreds or thousands of years
D)nature can replace it within a million years
Q2) ________ is/are an example of conventional hydrocarbon sources.
A)Gas hydrate
B)Tar sands
C)Oil shale
D)Natural gas
Q3) One way to produce solar energy is to use sunlight to induce a flow of electrons between two wafers.This process is found in ________.
A)solar collectors
B)turbines
C)fuel cells
D)photovoltaic cells
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mineral-rich veins within plutons,deposited by hot groundwater into fractures within rock,characterize ________ deposits.
A)hydrothermal
B)placer
C)residual mineral
D)sedimentary
Q2) The first widely used alloy in ancient civilizations was ________.
A)bronze
B)copper
C)gold
D)iron
Q3) The high electrical conductivity associated with metallic bonds is found in
A)all minerals that contain metallic ions in any proportions
B)minerals that have a sufficient metal content to be considered ores
C)native metals and pure metals artificially derived from ores
D)magnetic minerals only
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Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a geologist trying to determine if the slope your client's house sits on is stable.You determine that the angle of repose of the hillside is 35°.Which of the following situations would be considered stable?
A)The slope is composed of saturated sand.
B)The slope is composed of dry sand.
C)The slope is composed of damp sand.
D)The slope is composed of dry gravel.
Q2) Geologists distinguish among different types of mass wasting based on factors such as the ________ of the moving material and the rate of movement.
A)weight
B)color
C)composition
D)name
Q3) Which of the following factors decreases the risk of mass movement?
A)nearby earthquakes
B)excavation into the base of a hill
C)adding weight to the top of a hill
D)adding vegetation to the side of a hill
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Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary stream fed by tributaries within a dendritic drainage network is termed a ________ stream.
A)lead
B)trunk
C)taproot
D)pirate
Q2) Ultimately,the base level of a stream valley can be no lower than ________.
A)the average elevation of the continent on which it is found
B)sea level
C)the average elevation of the local catchment
D)the maximum elevation of the local catchment
Q3) Which river has the greatest discharge of any stream on Earth?
A)Nile
B)Mississippi
C)Congo
D)Amazon
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) Barrier islands are constantly moving in the direction of ________.
A)the longshore drift
B)the high tide
C)downwelling
D)the Coriolis effect
Q2) If a dam is installed across a river,what effect will this have on the coastline?
A)It will not allow any fish to swim down the river and into the ocean.
B)It will stop the flow of water,which will lower sea level.
C)It will change the chemistry of the water and pollute the estuary.
D)It will starve the coast of sediment,and the beaches will disappear.
Q3) The deepest segments of the ocean floor are found ________.
A)along mid-ocean ridges
B)in the geographic centers of abyssal plains
C)in trenches associated with passive margins
D)in trenches associated with subduction zones
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a particularly cold winter in Florida,the temperatures remained below freezing for several weeks.To avoid freeze damage to the crops,farmers used well water to continuously spray the crop and maintain a protective coating of ice around the crop.Shortly after this long cold snap,sinkholes began forming throughout the region.Were these events linked?
A)No;watering crops does not cause the formation of sinkholes.
B)No;sinkholes form in a karst landscape,which farmers cannot farm on.
C)Yes;the farmers removed too much water from the aquifers and induced subsidence.
D)Yes;the farmers added too much weight to the surface and induced subsidence.
Q2) Why does an artesian well flow without pumping?
A)The water table is at the surface in an artesian aquifer.
B)The hydraulic head is very low in the aquifer.
C)The water in an unconfined aquifer is pressurized.
D)The water in a confined aquifer is pressurized.
Q3) As a rule,groundwater always flows from areas of ________.
A)greater elevation to those of lesser elevation
B)greater water pressure to those of lesser water pressure
C)greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head
D)lower hydraulic head to those of greater hydraulic head
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Page 21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Sample Questions
Q1) The long-term buildup of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is a result of ________.
A)volcanic outgassing
B)photosynthesis
C)limestone formation in the ocean
D)solar radiation splitting molecules of ozone in the stratosphere
Q2) Which two gases are most abundant within Earth's modern atmosphere?
A)nitrogen and oxygen
B)hydrogen and helium
C)carbon dioxide and methane
D)water vapor and sulfur dioxide
Q3) Which layer of the atmosphere has the lowest density?
A)the mesosphere
B)the stratosphere
C)the thermosphere
D)the troposphere
Q4) The primary source of energy for a growing hurricane comes from ________.
A)warm ocean water
B)wind blowing off landmasses
C)wind blowing across the ocean
D)solar energy heating the tops of the clouds
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) Compared with humid climates,the rates of chemical weathering in deserts are
A)much faster
B)much slower
C)very similar
D)too variable to understand
Q2) The Atacama Desert in Chile is a desert primarily because it is located ________.
A)in the subtropics
B)near the south pole
C)near the center of a large continent
D)next to a cold ocean current
Q3) Fine-grained sediment,such as dust and silt,is transported by wind in ________.
A)suspension
B)saltation
C)deflation
D)surface creep
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Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Sample Questions
Q1) The current interglacial interval began a little more than ________ years ago.
A)1,000
B)10,000
C)100,000
D)1 million
Q2) The polar ice caps on Mars are an example of what type of glacier?
A)continental glaciers
B)cirque glaciers
C)piedmont glaciers
D)valley glaciers
Q3) By increasing the albedo of Earth,global ice sheets produce conditions that are ________ to their further advance,thus providing an example of ________ feedback.
A)detrimental;positive
B)detrimental;negative
C)favorable;positive
D)favorable;negative
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Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) Which geologic event is NOT suspected as a source of major climate change and mass-extinction events?
A)the massive eruption of flood basalts
B)the eruption of supervolcanoes
C)the impact of asteroids
D)very large earthquakes
Q2) How are pollen species used to interpret ancient environments?
A)Each plant species is found in many different climates.
B)Different plant species live in different climates.
C)The ratio of oxygen isotopes can be measured in pollen.
D)Specific plant species directly track the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
Q3) Oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 are useful in studying past climates because ________.
A)ozone formation and decay depend on the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16
B)both water and calcite contain oxygen
C)oxygen ratios are directly related to carbon dioxide (CO )levels
D)more oxygen-18 is stored in glacial ice when temperatures drop
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) Geologists sometimes use analytical equipment to help identify rocks.One commonly used machine is the electron microprobe,which focuses a beam of electrons on a sample to determine ________.
A)the amount of radioactive minerals
B)how atoms are arranged
C)the atomic weight
D)the chemical composition
Q2) Which of the following would NOT be considered a rock?
A)a natural material composed of interlocking crystals
B)a natural pile of unconsolidated sand
C)a natural material made of frothy glass
D)a natural material made of shells cemented together
Q3) Igneous rocks form from ________.
A)heat and pressure applied to a rock
B)precipitation of minerals out of a solution
C)sediments cemented together
D)molten rock cooling and forming crystals
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Which type of weathering process is happening to materials when they rust?
A)hydrolysis
B)hydration
C)oxidation
D)dissolution
Q2) What type of weathering are you likely to find occurring in areas with cold climates?
A)hydrolysis
B)frost wedging
C)salt wedging
D)dissolution
Q3) Why does physical weathering speed up the processes of chemical weathering?
A)Physical weathering requires abundant water,as does chemical weathering.
B)Physical weathering produces fresh surfaces for chemical weathering to attack.
C)Chemical weathering can occur only on small surfaces,not large ones.
D)Chemical weathering requires salt,which is provided by salt wedging.
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) What process must occur for an igneous rock to turn into a sedimentary rock?
A)metamorphism
B)erosion
C)melting
D)petrogenesis
Q2) What must happen in order to transform a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock?
A)formation of a volcano
B)mountain building
C)burial of metamorphic rocks
D)subduction of oceanic crust
Q3) Identify which of the following paths could eventually transform a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock.
A)erosion and deposition burial melting
B)burial erosion and deposition melting
C)burial melting erosion and deposition
D)melting erosion and deposition melting
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28
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Q1) Earth's gravity is best represented by an equipotential surface that contains bumps and depressions where areas of higher or lower gravity appear over the Earth.This representation is called the ________.
A)reference geoid
B)gravitational potential
C)isostasy
D)geoid
Q2) If a ship towing a magnetometer passes over a piece of crust with a "normal" polarity,what will the magnetic anomaly look like?
A)The magnetic anomaly will be greater than Earth's.
B)The magnetic anomaly will be lower than Earth's.
C)The magnetic anomaly will exactly match Earth's.
D)The magnetic anomaly will be exactly zero.
Q3) If a P-wave is traveling through sandstone and then encounters peridotite,the P-wave will ________.
A)slow down
B)speed up
C)remain at the same speed
D)not travel through the peridotite
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) Fossils are found in ________ rocks.
A)metamorphic
B)foliated
C)sedimentary
D)intrusive
Q2) Why do plants generally become carbonized impressions if they are preserved as fossils?
A)because chemical reactions leave behind only the carbon
B)because they are often decayed away before fossilization
C)because they are easily moved by winds and water
D)because they are generally scavenged by animals
Q3) When the last member of a species dies,this is called ________.
A)fossilization
B)natural selection
C)extinction
D)preservation
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Q1) If an area experiences uplift it will form a ________;if it experiences subsidence it will form a ________.
A)depression;mountain
B)mountain;depression
C)valley;mesa
D)basin;mountain
Q2) How does climate affect landscape development?
A)It controls the composition of the substrate.
B)It controls the amount of water available on Earth.
C)It controls the resistance of the sediments deposited.
D)It controls the rate of erosion.
Q3) Why do some life activities strengthen the substrate while others weaken it?
A)Burrowing creatures distribute stronger soil around,while plants digest and weaken soil.
B)Burrowing creatures distribute stronger soil around,while plant roots wedge soil apart.
C)Plant roots help anchor soil,while burrowing into or mining out soil weakens it.
D)Some organisms secrete a binding agent in the soil,while plants digest and weaken soil.
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