Earth and Space Science
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Earth and Space Science explores the fundamental concepts and processes that shape our planet and the universe beyond. The course covers Earth's structure, composition, and dynamic systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere, as well as natural phenomena such as weather, climate, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Students also investigate the origins and evolution of the universe, the solar system, and astronomical objects like stars, planets, and galaxies. Through a combination of theoretical study and practical activities, learners gain a holistic understanding of how Earth fits within the broader context of space, fostering an appreciation for both our planet's complexity and the vastness of the cosmos.
Recommended Textbook
The Physical Universe 15th Edition by Konrad Krauskopf
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19 Chapters
988 Verified Questions
988 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Scientific Method
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40 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The time at which a given star rises above the horizon each night is
A)earlier than the night before.
B)the same as the night before.
C)later than the night before.
D)Any of the choices, depending on which star is involved.
Answer: A
Q2) In which one or more of the following is the earth assumed to be the center of the universe?
A)The Ptolemaic system.
B)The Copernican system.
C)Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
D)Newton's law of gravity.
Answer: A
Q3) Scientific theories
A)must be constantly reviewed to see whether they are in accord with new experimental observations.
B)represent guesses that have not yet been compared with observational data.
C)are summaries of particular experiments.
D)are laws of nature not subject to revision.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sets of displacements might be able to return a car to its starting point?
A)2, 8, 10, and 25 km.
B)5, 20, 35, and 65 km.
C)60, 120, 180, and 240 km.
D)100, 100, 100, and 400 km.
Answer: C
Q2) A bullet is fired upward.As it rises,
A)its mass and weight remain the same.
B)its mass and weight decrease.
C)its mass remains the same while its weight decreases.
D)its mass decreases while its weight remains the same.
Answer: C
Q3) Relative to what she weighs on the earth, an astronaut visiting another planet
A)weighs less.
B)weighs the same.
C)weighs more.
D)Any of these choices, depending on the planet.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The work you do in raising an orange from your waist to your mouth is roughly A)1 J.
B)10 J.
C)100 J.
D)1,000 J.
Answer: A
Q2) A 1-kg object is moving at 10 m/s.To double its kinetic energy, its speed should be increased to approximately A)14 m/s.
B)15 m/s.
C)20 m/s.
D)40 m/s.
Answer: A
Q3) A 1-N weight has a PE relative to the ground of 1 J when it is at a height of A)10.2 cm.
B)1 m.
C)9.8 m.
D)98 m.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Energy and the Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) The earth's atmosphere is mainly heated by
A)visible light radiated by the sun.
B)infrared light radiated by the sun.
C)infrared light radiated by the earth.
D)hot exhaust gases from burning fossil fuels.
Q2) Arrange these sources in increasing order of the amount of energy they supply to the world today. 1.coal
2)oil
3)natural gas
4)nuclear
A)4, 3, 1, 2
B)1, 3, 2, 4
C)2, 1, 3, 4
D)3, 4, 1, 2
Q3) Since 1900 the world's population has increased by
A)about 50 percent.
B)about 100 percent.
C)about 200 percent.
D)over 400 percent.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Matter and Heat
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true of molecular motion in a gas?
A)There is no order in the motion.
B)There is no uniformity of speed or direction.
C)There is a definite average speed at a given temperature.
D)There is a definite average direction of motion at a given temperature.
Q2) In an isolated system, entropy
A)cannot decrease.
B)must remain constant.
C)cannot increase.
D)may increase, decrease, or remain constant.
Q3) Radiation is emitted
A)only by liquids.
B)only by solids.
C)only by liquids and solids.
D)by liquids, solids, and gases.
Q4) The physics of a heat engine cannot be used to understand the operation of a A)nuclear reactor.
B)heat pump.
C)refrigerator.
D)diesel engine.
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Chapter 6: Electricity and Magnetism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The current with which a transformer is used
A)must be dc.
B)must be ac.
C)may be either dc or ac.
D)may be neither dc nor ac.
Q2) Which of the following statements is not true?
A)The positive charge in an atomic nucleus is due to the protons it contains.
B)All protons have the same charge.
C)Protons and electrons have charges equal in magnitude although opposite in sign.
D)Protons and electrons have equal masses.
Q3) Superconductivity occurs in certain substances
A)only at very low temperatures.
B)only at very high temperatures.
C)at all temperatures.
D)only when they are in the liquid state.
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8
Chapter 7: Waves
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the American flag is viewed with red light it appears A)all red.
B)red, white, and blue.
C)red and blue.
D)red and black.
Q2) When a real object is the distance f from a converging lens,
A)the image is virtual, erect, and larger than the object.
B)the image is real, inverted, and larger than the object.
C)the image is real, inverted, and the same size as the object.
D)no image is formed.
Q3) The setting sun appears red because its light is A)refracted.
B)reflected.
C)diffracted.
D)scattered.
Q4) The speed of light in a transparent plastic whose index of refraction is 1.5 is
A)1.5 * 10<sup>8</sup> m/s.
B)2 * 10<sup>8</sup> m/s.
C)3 * 10<sup>8</sup> m/s.
D)4.5 * 10<sup>8</sup> m/s.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Nucleus
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Sample Questions
Q1) A chain reaction does not occur in A)ordinary nuclear reactors.
B)breeder reactors.
C)fusion reactors.
D)fission nuclear weapons.
Q2) The atoms of the isotopes of a given element have the same number of A)protons.
B)neutrons.
C)nucleons.
D)nuclides.
Q3) An atomic nucleus has a mass that is A)less than the total mass of its constituent nucleons.
B)the same as the total mass of its constituent nucleons. C)more than the total mass of its constituent nucleons.
D)Any of theses choices could be correct, depending on the nucleus.
Q4) Which, if any, of the following elements have no radioactive isotopes?
A)Hydrogen.
B)Potassium.
C)Uranium.
D)All of these elements have radioactive isotopes.
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Chapter 9: The Atom
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Sample Questions
Q1) An electron in an s state of an atom has an angular momentum quantum number of A)0.
B)1.
C)2.
D)3.
Q2) The number of quantum numbers needed to determine the size and shape of an atomic orbital is A)1.
B)2.
C)3. D)4.
Q3) The wider the wavepacket of a particle, the A)longer its wavelength.
B)higher its speed.
C)more precisely its position can be determined. D)more precisely its momentum can be determined.
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Chapter 10: The Periodic Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) A free radical is extremely reactive because it
A)is a negative ion.
B)is a positive ion.
C)contains an unpaired electron.
D)contains only paired electrons.
Q2) The inert gases
A)have the same atomic number.
B)are in the same period of the periodic table.
C)are in the same group of the periodic table.
D)join in pairs to form diatomic molecules.
Q3) The rare earth elements are not
A)extremely rare in the earth's crust.
B)found in ores in the United States.
C)used in exceptionally strong magnets.
D)used in certain lasers and other light sources.
Q4) The most active of the following nonmetals is A)oxygen.
B)fluorine.
C)sulfur.
D)helium.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Crystals, Ions, and Solutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The strongest bonds are A)ionic.
B)covalent.
C)metallic.
D)van der Waals.
Q2) An amorphous solid
A)has its particles arranged in a regular pattern.
B)is held together by ionic bonds.
C)does not melt at a definite temperature but softens gradually.
D)consists of nonpolar molecules.
Q3) Pure water is not A)polar.
B)a good solvent.
C)a compound.
D)saturated.
Q4) Most solids are A)amorphous.
B)crystalline.
C)covalent.
D)polar.
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Chapter 12: Chemical Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) An oxide decomposed by heating will give
A)oxygen and another element.
B)CO<sub>2</sub> and water.
C)oxygen ions and metal ions.
D)a metal and water.
Q2) Sulfur has an atomic mass of 32 u and Avogadro's number is 6 * 10<sup>23</sup> formula units/mole.The number of sulfur atoms in 1 mole of sulfur is A)32.
B)1.9 * 10<sup>22</sup>.
C)6 * 10<sup>23</sup>.
D)1.9 * 10<sup>25</sup>.
Q3) Reaction rates increase with temperature mainly because a rise in temperature increases
A)the number of ions.
B)the number of polar molecules.
C)the number of activated molecules.
D)the average length of time between molecular collision.
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14
Chapter 13: Organic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each dash in the structural formula of an organic molecule represents a shared A)electron.
B)electron pair.
C)ion pair.
D)carbon atom.
Q2) The unique properties of Teflon, which is composed of carbon and fluorine, arise from the strength of A)C-C bonds.
B)F-F bonds.
C)C-F bonds.
D)rings of F atoms.
Q3) The process by which small molecules join together to form larger ones is called A)cracking.
B)esterification.
C)polymerization.
D)saturation.
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Chapter 14: Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) An anticyclone is a weather system centered about a A)region of low pressure.
B)region of high pressure.
C)cold front.
D)warm front.
Q2) Air near the equator averages higher temperatures than air near the poles because
A)polar air is cooled by the ice and snow on the ground.
B)there is more carbon dioxide and water vapor in equatorial air to absorb infrared radiation from the earth.
C)sunlight falls more nearly vertically at the equator than near the poles.
D)the oceans near the equator are warmer than those near the poles.
Q3) Which of the following does not describe a jet stream?
A)Occurs at high altitudes.
B)Has relatively high wind speeds.
C)Is relatively narrow in width.
D)May blow in any direction.
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16
Chapter 15: The Rock Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marble is the result of the metamorphosis of A)shale.
B)basalt.
C)granite.
D)limestone.
Q2) A general characteristic of igneous rocks is A)fine gains.
B)coarse grains.
C)random arrangement of grains.
D)grains arranged in layers.
Q3) Most caves are due to A)gas bubbles in volcanic deposits.
B)rapid cooling of molten rock.
C)the solvent action of groundwater.
D)erosion by running water.
Q4) The light-colored silicate minerals all contain A)iron.
B)sulfur.
C)calcium.
D)aluminum.
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Chapter 16: The Evolving Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is believed that India
A)was always part of the Asian landmass.
B)rose from the Tethys Sea.
C)was once separated from Asia and later migrated to its present position.
D)is moving away from the Asian landmass.
Q2) Pangaea consisted of
A)Laurasia and Gondwana.
B)North and South America.
C)North America, Greenland, and most of Eurasia.
D)South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia.
Q3) The dinosaurs disappeared at the end of A)Precambrian time.
B)the Paleozoic era.
C)the Mesozoic era.
D)the Cenozoic era.
Q4) The earth's crust in midocean
A)is always solid and thin relative to the continents.
B)is always solid and thick relative to the continents.
C)may have rifts through which molten rock rises and spreads out.
D)may have rifts through which the ocean floors sink downward.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Solar System
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Sample Questions
Q1) On Mars,
A)the durations of day and night are similar to those on the earth.
B)the duration of the year is about half that of the earth.
C)the atmosphere is very dense.
D)there are no deposits of water ice.
Q2) Planetary rings
A)are thin sheets of rock.
B)are gas clouds.
C)consist of small chunks of rock and ice.
D)are more than 100 km thick.
Q3) Planets shine because they
A)emit light.
B)reflect sunlight.
C)reflect moonlight.
D)reflect starlight.
Q4) Venus is very unlikely to support life because
A)it has no atmosphere.
B)its escape speed is too low.
C)its surface is too cold.
D)its surface is too hot.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Stars
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brown dwarfs
A)are members of the main sequence.
B)are on the way to becoming white dwarfs.
C)do not have enough mass to become true stars.
D)are extremely rare.
Q2) The majority of main-sequence stars are
A)blue.
B)white.
C)yellow.
D)red.
Q3) Cepheid variable stars
A)are very bright, easily seen stars.
B)have luminosities related to their periods of variation.
C)have very short periods of variation.
D)all lie in the constellation Cepheus.
Q4) The size of a star can be found from its
A)temperature and mass.
B)temperature and brightness.
C)temperature and luminosity.
D)mass and apparent brightness.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: The Universe
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Sample Questions
Q1) Globular clusters of stars
A)are uniformly distributed throughout the universe.
B)are uniformly distributed throughout our galaxy.
C)are located above and below the central disk of our galaxy.
D)are located in the central disk of our galaxy.
Q2) Our galaxy is
A)one of the smallest known.
B)average in size.
C)one of the largest known.
D)impossible to compare with others because they are so far away.
Q3) Considering matter and energy together, the largest component of the universe seems to be
A)electromagnetic radiation of various kinds.
B)ordinary matter.
C)dark matter.
D)dark energy.
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