Early American History Exam Review
Course Introduction
Early American History explores the social, political, economic, and cultural development of the American colonies from pre-Columbian times through the end of the Revolutionary War. The course examines indigenous societies, European exploration and colonization, interactions between Native Americans and settlers, the growth of colonial communities, and the movement toward independence. Major themes include colonial life, the impact of transatlantic trade, development of institutions, conflict and cooperation among diverse populations, and the causes and consequences of the American Revolution, providing a comprehensive understanding of how the United States emerged as a nation.
Recommended Textbook
Created Equal A History of the United States Volume 1 5th Edition by Jacqueline Jones
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Chapter 1: First Founders
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Q1) Which of the following was true of the Mesoamerican empires?
A) They had no knowledge of each other.
B) They all expanded through trade and peaceful alliances.
C) They all worshipped the same gods in the same ways.
D) They built upon each other's culture and achievements.
Answer: D
Q2) After his initial expedition, Columbus made __________ later voyages in search of China.
A) three
B) four
C) seven
D) nine
Answer: A
Q3) John Cabot __________.
A) obtained a license from Henry VII of England to explore the North Atlantic
B) established Portugal's claim to Brazil
C) established France's claim to Canada
D) discovered the Mississippi River
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: European Footholds in North America, 1600-1660
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Q1) In 1580, Spain's Philip II laid claim to the throne of __________.
A) Portugal
B) France
C) England
D) Holland
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following helped make Jamestown economically viable?
A) the discovery of iron ore
B) the cultivation of rice
C) the cultivation of tobacco
D) the discovery of gold
Answer: C
Q3) Most of the settlers who founded Plymouth Colony had migrated from England to __________ in 1608.
A) Holland
B) France
C) Ireland
D) Portugal
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715
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Q1) The creation of North Carolina was the result of __________.
A) a debt crisis
B) two rebellions
C) renewed competition with Spain
D) the Glorious Revolution
Answer: B
Q2) The coffee shops that popped up in late-seventeenth-century London were
A) unconnected to larger global trends
B) a sign of England's growing colonial power and global reach
C) also common in the English countryside
D) a product of the agitation of the nobility
Answer: B
Q3) Philip V of Spain was the grandson of __________.
A) Philip of Bourbon
B) Louis XIV of France
C) Charles II of England
D) James II of England
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
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Q1) Detail the stages experienced by an African, from sale to arriving at a plantation in America.
Q2) In 1735, the trustees of Georgia __________.
A) purchased 500 African slaves
B) outlawed the consumption of hard alcohol
C) created a bicameral legislature
D) ordered the colonists to cultivate cotton
Q3) Arriving African slaves in late seventeenth-century South Carolina __________.
A) understood the climate better than their European owners did
B) had a life expectancy of less than two years
C) could expect to be free within five years
D) were put to work growing cotton
Q4) Which of the following helps explain South Carolina's slave concentration?
A) its proximity to Africa
B) its climate
C) the determination of the colony's founders to grow rice
D) its tax laws
Q5) What factors fueled the Stono Rebellion?
Q6) How did Britain's participation in the Atlantic slave trade evolve from 1640 to the 1730s? Page 6
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Chapter 5: Colonial Diversity, 1713-1763
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Q1) German-speaking immigrants usually __________.
A) settled in the Deep South
B) came as whole families
C) were quite wealthy
D) were Catholic
Q2) Which region had rocky soil, no staple export crop, and a shortage of good land?
A) the Deep South
B) the Mid-Atlantic
C) New England
D) the Chesapeake
Q3) Which of the following was true of North Carolina's Outer Banks?
A) They were unsuitable for crop agriculture.
B) They offered easy access for oceangoing vessels.
C) They had no important natural resources.
D) They were an important center of rice cultivation.
Q4) During __________ War, soldiers from Massachusetts captured Fort Louisburg.
A) King George's
B) Queen Anne's
C) King William's
D) King Philip's
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Chapter 6: The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775
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Q1) The Townshend Revenue Act imposed a tax on imported __________.
A) coal
B) sugar
C) glass
D) coffee
Q2) Lord North persuaded Parliament to repeal all the Townshend Duties except the one on __________.
A) tea
B) paint
C) rum
D) coffee
Q3) The Stamp Act was meant to help pay for __________.
A) the defense of the British colonies in America
B) an ambitious infrastructure project in Britain
C) a new war with Spain
D) the acquisition of Spanish Florida
Q4) What did British political thinkers mean by "balanced government"? Why did the Real Whigs believe that Britain's balanced government was in danger?
Q5) Who were the Regulators and what did they want?
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Chapter 7: Revolutionaries at War, 1775-1783
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Q1) Bernardo de Gálvez was __________.
A) the governor of Spanish Louisiana
B) a Franciscan friar
C) killed at the Battle of Fort Mobile
D) a spy in the pay of the British
Q2) The Articles of Confederation __________.
A) created a strong central government
B) gave Congress the power to collect taxes
C) gave the states considerable independence
D) gave Congress the power to regulate trade
Q3) Which group did Lord Dunmore call on to join the British side in his November 1775 proclamation?
A) sailors
B) American women
C) indentured servants
D) slaves
Q4) How did Washington turn the tide of war in late 1776 and early 1777?
Q5) How did the alliance between France and America alter the course of the war?
Q6) What common concerns shaped all of the new state constitutions?
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Chapter 8: New Beginnings: the 1780s
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Q1) At the Constitutional Convention, __________ took the lead in arguing for the separation of powers.
A) George Washington
B) John Adams
C) Patrick Henry
D) Samuel Adams
Q2) The Virginia Plan called for a __________.
A) bicameral legislature with representation based on population in both legislative bodies
B) unicameral legislature with representation based on population
C) bicameral legislature with representation divided between population and equality of the states
D) unicameral legislature with states represented equally
Q3) American officers encamped at __________ hinted at a military takeover if their demands were not met.
A) Fishkill
B) Valley Forge
C) Yorktown
D) Newburgh
Q4) Describe the key aspects of the postwar economic crisis.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803
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Q1) Why were Democratic-Republicans alarmed by Jay's treaty?
A) They believed it would destroy the nation's small farming sector.
B) They felt it would hurt small businessmen.
C) They argued it endangered planters in the South.
D) They saw it as threatening to New England shipping.
Q2) Which of the following states offered free blacks the most rights?
A) Pennsylvania
B) New Jersey
C) Massachusetts
D) New York
Q3) Jefferson's ideas in the Declaration of Independence were contradicted by his __________.
A) views on labor unions
B) promotion of industry
C) fondness for Great Britain and British institutions
D) ideas about slavery and race
Q4) What led to the Louisiana Purchase? How did Jefferson reconcile the purchase with his own devotion to a strict interpretation of the Constitution?
Q5) What were the qualities of the ideal Republican mother?
Q6) Detail the impact of the new political and economic climate on northern blacks.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804-1818
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Q1) As a result of the Treaty of Ghent, __________.
A) an Indian buffer state was created in the upper Midwest
B) both the Americans and the British retained their pre-war territory
C) America gained part of northeast Canada
D) Britain gained control of Nova Scotia
Q2) The Embargo Act of 1807 was meant to __________.
A) force the European nations to respect the rights of Americans
B) bring a halt to the slave trade
C) pressure Britain into giving up control of Canada
D) demonstrate the military might of the United States
Q3) Faced with a shortage of adult men, New England mill owners turned to __________.
A) women and children
B) the elderly
C) slaves
D) recent immigrants
Q4) Why did delegates from New England gather in Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814? What did they demand?
Page 13
Q5) In what ways was Speaker of the House Henry Clay typical of the war hawks?
Q6) What led to the Market Revolution?
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Chapter 11: Society and Politics in the Age of the Common
Man, 1819-1832
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Q1) The architect of the Monroe Doctrine was __________.
A) John Jay
B) James Monroe
C) Henry Clay
D) John Quincy Adams
Q2) Why did southern planters object to the tariff of 1828?
A) They thought it would hurt sales of cotton in England.
B) It placed a high tax on cotton exports.
C) It placed new taxes on imported slaves.
D) They thought it would lead to war with Spain.
Q3) In 1834, __________'s opponents formed the Whig party.
A) Andrew Jackson
B) Henry Clay
C) John C. Calhoun
D) Rufus King
Q4) __________ founded a female academy in Troy, New York, in 1821.
A) Catherine Beecher
B) Emma Willard
C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
D) Peggy Eaton
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Chapter 12: Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848
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Q1) __________ founded New Harmony in Indiana in 1825.
A) Henry David Thoreau
B) Edgar Allan Poe
C) Herman Melville
D) Robert Owen
Q2) Which of the following was a key term of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
A) The United States gained all of Texas and half of Mexico.
B) The United States paid Mexico $200 million.
C) Mexico gained trading rights at New Orleans.
D) Slavery was established in all of the Southwest.
Q3) Most Irish immigrants settled __________.
A) in the far West
B) in the Lower South
C) in the Midwest
D) on the eastern seaboard
Q4) By 1847, __________ had decided the Mormons could not remain in Illinois.
A) Joseph Smith
B) Hyrum Smith
C) Lewis Cass
D) Brigham Young
Page 16
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Chapter 13: The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860
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Q1) In which of the following regions was there the most support for free-labor ideology?
A) the Caribbean
B) the Lower South
C) New England
D) the Upper South
Q2) _____________'s Uncle Tom's Cabin sold more than 300,000 copies within ten months of publication.
A) Harriet Beecher Stowe
B) John Brown
C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
D) Catherine Beecher
Q3) In 1848, the Free-Soil party nominated __________ for president.
A) General Zachary Taylor
B) Martin Van Buren
C) John C. Fremont
D) Daniel D. Thompkins
Q4) What challenges did Plains Indians face in the 1850s?
Q5) What did the Supreme Court decide in the Dred Scott case? What were the implications of the ruling?
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Q1) What obstacles did the Confederacy face as its leaders sought to mobilize for war?
Q2) Which of the following was true of the Battle of Gettysburg?
A) It was an important victory for the Confederacy.
B) Casualty rates on both sides exceeded 50 percent.
C) It was an important victory for the Union.
D) It ended in a stalemate.
Q3) Lincoln walked through the streets of __________ only hours after it was captured.
A) Savannah
B) Atlanta
C) Richmond
D) Charleston
Q4) On December 20, 1860, __________ seceded from the Union.
A) Alabama
B) South Carolina
C) Georgia
D) Virginia
Q5) Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation? What were the practical and symbolic consequences of this decision?
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Chapter 15: Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865-1877
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Q1) The __________ required a majority of southern voters in any state to take a loyalty oath affirming their allegiance to the United States before that state was readmitted to the Union.
A) Civil Rights Act of 1864
B) Wade-Davis Bill
C) Loyalty Act
D) Sherman Act
Q2) What role did Chinese immigrants play in the economy of postwar California?
Q3) Greenbacks were __________.
A) promissory notes
B) stock certificates
C) government bonds
D) wartime paper currency
Q4) The __________ Ring defrauded Hispanic landholders.
A) Phoenix
B) Albuquerque
C) Santa Fe
D) Dead Wood
Q5) Describe Lincoln's approach to Reconstruction.
Q6) Describe the Compromise of 1877. What were its consequences?
Page 19
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Q1) Why did a federal court issue a permanent injunction against hydraulic mining in 1884?
A) because it led to water shortages
B) because real estate developers had filed complaints
C) because it contributed to soil erosion and water pollution
D) because mining companies employed illegal foreign workers
Q2) Who invented the telephone?
A) Bell
B) Edison
C) Singer
D) Matzeliger
Q3) The Pendleton Act did which of the following?
A) banned Chinese immigration to the United States
B) outlawed polygamy and appointed a federal commission to supervise elections in Utah
C) resumed the coinage of silver
D) established a merit system for federal job applicants
Q4) How did department stores reflect the new consumer culture of the late nineteenth century?
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Q5) What role did urban machines play in late nineteenth-century American cities?
Chapter 17: Challenges to Government and Corporate
Power, 1877-1890
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Q1) Which of the following was true of the Exodusters?
A) They left the South to escape white racism.
B) They settled in the Caribbean.
C) They sought to change southern society from within.
D) They were mostly well-off landowners.
Q2) In the case of Ling Sing v. Washburn, the California Supreme Court ruled that Chinese miners could not be singled out for __________.
A) special taxes
B) deportation
C) hiring freezes
D) exclusion from unions
Q3) Lieutenant Colonel George Custer refused to __________.
A) discriminate against black troops
B) command black troops
C) assign black soldiers combat missions
D) speak with black soldiers
Q4) Describe Jane Addams's career as a social reformer.
Q5) Why did reformers consider the Indian reservation system a failure? What did they want to put in its place?
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Chapter 18: Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of
Depression and War: the 1890s
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Q1) In 1894, Jacob Coxey led a march on Washington, D.C. to protest __________.
A) the arrest of several prominent American socialists
B) high tariffs and unlimited coinage of silver
C) racial discrimination
D) the failure of government to provide relief to the unemployed
Q2) The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from
A) Guam
B) Puerto Rico
C) Philippines
D) Cuba
Q3) What explains why no viable workers' party or socialist movement emerged in late nineteenth-century America?
Q4) The sequence of events that led to the Spanish-American War began in 1895 with
A) the Spanish violation of the Monroe Doctrine
B) the assassination of William McKinley
C) a clash between American and Spanish forces in the Philippines
D) a Cuban revolt against Spanish colonial authorities
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Q5) What were the key elements of Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"?
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Q1) Which of the following best explains why the number of Chinese people living in the United States declined dramatically between 1890 and 1920?
A) the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act
B) political turmoil in China
C) economic hard times in the United States
D) the forced deportation of Asian Americans
Q2) Why did Henry Ford embrace the industrial techniques developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor?
A) He wanted to improve the lives of his workers.
B) He wanted to make his factories more efficient.
C) He wanted to improve his public image.
D) He wanted to increase the size of his workforce.
Q3) The militancy of the suffrage movement in __________ inspired American activists to develop new tactics and international alliances.
A) Sweden
B) Germany
C) England
D) France
Q4) What explains the influx of Jewish immigrants between 1880 and 1920?
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Chapter 20: War and Revolution, 1912-1920
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Q1) The Selective Service Act established __________.
A) rationing targets
B) draft boards
C) a propaganda agency
D) female auxiliary units
Q2) The American Expeditionary Force was __________.
A) made up of hardened veterans
B) first deployed in North Africa
C) made up of some 100,000 volunteers
D) led by General John Pershing
Q3) Which of the following was true of the Panama Canal?
A) It was initially opposed by Theodore Roosevelt.
B) It was a financial failure.
C) It was completed in a mere three months.
D) It cut travel time by water from the East Coast to the West Coast of the United States in half.
Q4) What was the connection between European global expansion and the growing tensions between European powers?
Q5) Why did the United States declare its neutrality at the beginning of World War I?
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Chapter 21: All That Jazz: the 1920s
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Q1) Why did many women's rights activists oppose the Equal Rights Amendment?
A) It did not specifically address property rights.
B) It excluded African Americans and other minorities.
C) It would undercut efforts to gain special legislative protection for women.
D) It implied women needed special protection because they were inferior to men.
Q2) Reporters at the time cast the Scopes trial as a struggle between __________.
A) immigrants and native-born Americans
B) blacks and whites
C) good and evil
D) science and religion
Q3) In __________, for the first time, the majority of Americans lived in towns and cities with populations greater than 2,500.
A) 1900
B) 1910
C) 1920
D) 1930
Q4) Describe the case of Buck v. Bell. What issues were at stake?
Q5) Describe the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.
Q6) How did automobiles shape the society and culture of the 1920s?
Q7) How did advertising shape the consumer culture of the 1920s?
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Chapter 22: Hardship and Hope: the Great Depression of the 1930s
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Q1) The __________ Amendment repealed prohibition.
A) Nineteenth
B) Twentieth
C) Twenty-First
D) Twenty-Second
Q2) How do most economists explain the Great Depression?
A) Weakness in the agricultural sector led to the Depression.
B) Mismanagement of banks led to the Depression.
C) There is no widely shared explanation.
D) Poor government policies led to the Depression.
Q3) What enticed farmers to plow under millions of acres of grasslands to plant wheat in the early twentieth century?
A) high grain prices during World War I
B) government subsidy programs
C) the collapse of the ranching industry
D) inducements provided by railroad companies
Q4) What was the Civilian Conservation Corps and what did it achieve?
Q5) How did Herbert Hoover respond to the Depression?
Q7) Describe the political career of Huey Long. Page 26
Q6) What were the root causes of the Great Depression?
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Chapter 23: Global Conflict: World War Ii, 1937-1945
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Q1) The Office of War Information ____________.
A) gathered intelligence on political dissenters
B) spied on labor unions
C) coordinated censorship initiatives
D) published casualty figures
Q2) What was "Magic"?
A) a secret plan to invade Japan
B) an encoding and decoding process
C) the code name for the atomic bomb
D) the code name for improved radar systems
Q3) Which of the following best helps explain the extreme brutality of the war in the Pacific?
A) the absence of sustained fighting on land
B) Japanese racism
C) racism on both sides
D) American racism
Q4) How did U.S. officials respond to Nazi persecution of Jews before the war? After the war had begun?
Q5) Describe the rise of Nazi Germany from the late 1920s to 1940.
Q6) What steps did the U.S. government take to build support for the war effort?
Page 28
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Chapter 24: Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953
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Q1) Joseph McCarthy lost credibility after charging that the __________ was filled with communist sympathizers.
A) Truman administration
B) Republican party
C) British government
D) U.S. army
Q2) The National Security Act of 1947 created the__________.
A) OSS
B) NSA
C) CIA
D) FBI
Q3) Discuss the impact of the Red Scare on American politics and civil liberties.
Q4) Why did Truman ask his advisers for a full reevaluation of the nation's foreign policy in 1949?
A) He fundamentally disagreed with Roosevelt's views.
B) The U.S. and Britain had broken off their alliance.
C) The Soviet Union had acquired nuclear weapons.
D) War had broken out in North Africa and the Middle East.
Q5) What role did civil rights for African Americans play in the election of 1948?
Q6) How did the United States redefine national security after 1945?
Page 29
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Chapter 25: Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares,
1953-1963
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Q1) President Eisenhower tried to __________.
A) rein in the defense buildup
B) pass a sweeping civil rights measure
C) cut government spending in all areas
D) push the country to the far right
Q2) Which of the following was true of middle-class white families in the 1950s?
A) They exhibited a great deal of conformity in their consumer behavior.
B) They tended to spend rather than save.
C) They aspired to live in city centers.
D) They tended to reject traditional social and cultural norms.
Q3) In the 1960 election, Kennedy __________.
A) secured an impressive electoral college vote
B) narrowly defeated Richard Nixon
C) actually lost the popular vote
D) ran against Gerald Ford
Q4) Why did U.S. officials consider Guatemala's Jacobo Arbenz a threat?
A) He had been chosen as president in a free and fair election.
B) He wanted to redistribute large tracts of land.
C) His government was developing nuclear weapons.
D) He had close ties to Fidel Castro.
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Chapter 26: The Nation Divides: the Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964-1971
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Q1) Why was the Battle of Dien Bien Phu so significant?
A) The Vietnamese dealt the French a decisive defeat.
B) The French dealt the Vietnamese a decisive defeat.
C) The Vietnamese dealt the United States a decisive defeat.
D) The United States dealt the Vietnamese a decisive defeat.
Q2) Which of the following was established during the Nixon administration?
A) the Fair Employment Practices Commission
B) the Department of Labor
C) the Department of Housing and Urban Development
D) the Environmental Protection Agency
Q3) How did young men from middle-class and wealthy families so often avoid military service in Vietnam?
A) They got college deferments.
B) They paid for substitutes to serve in their places.
C) They faced favorable draft boards.
D) They were intentionally given high draft numbers.
Q4) What did the slogan "black power" mean? How were the feelings behind the slogan expressed?
Page 31
Q5) What steps did President Johnson take to combat poverty and discrimination?
Q6) Describe Nixon's approach to his political opponents in his first term.
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Chapter 27: Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979
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Q1) What role did the U.S. play in the 1973 war that pitted Israel against Egypt and Syria?
A) The U.S. sent ground troops to aid the Israelis.
B) The U.S. was careful to remain neutral.
C) The U.S. provided Israel with critical supplies.
D) The U.S. supplied weapons to both sides.
Q2) Who was Richard Nixon's most influential foreign policy advisor?
A) Gerald Ford
B) Henry Kissinger
C) William Westmoreland
D) H. R. Haldeman
Q3) During the 1970s, __________.
A) real wages declined
B) the number of Americans living in poverty fell
C) unemployment reached a peak of 21 percent
D) the gap between the rich and poor narrowed
Q4) Why did the American economy go into a prolonged decline in the 1970s?
Q5) Describe the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s.
Q6) Why did Nixon seek to improve U.S. relations with China?
Q7) How did Congress attempt to reassert its power over foreign policy in the 1970s?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Susan Faludi explored opposition to __________ in her book Backlash.
A) the women's movement
B) affirmative action
C) gay rights
D) integration
Q2) The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan most resembled __________.
A) British involvement in India
B) U.S. involvement in Vietnam
C) U.S. involvement in Mexico
D) British involvement in Ireland
Q3) In 1983, Congress agreed to make __________'s birthday a national holiday.
A) Franklin Delano Roosevelt
B) George Washington
C) Malcolm X
D) Martin Luther King Jr.
Q4) The Reagan administration reduced domestic spending, while __________.
A) providing aid to the Soviets
B) creating new programs to aid the poor
C) fighting poverty abroad
D) embarking on an expensive military buildup
Page 34
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Chapter 29: Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000
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Q1) The demise of the Soviet Union __________.
A) was a boon for the economy of southern California
B) set off a global depression
C) did not bring about the end of the Cold War
D) ended the arms race
Q2) During the Clinton administration, __________ remained off limits to U.S. trade and tourism.
A) Cuba
B) Mexico
C) Chile
D) Guatemala
Q3) Which of the following was a key provision of the Contract with America?
A) campaign finance reform
B) an end to legal abortion
C) universal healthcare
D) stronger environmental regulations
Q4) Why was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election so controversial?
Q5) How did Anita Hill's accusations against Clarence Thomas shape his confirmation hearings? What issues did the confirmation hearings bring to the public's attention?
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Chapter 30: A Global Nation in the New Millennium
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Q1) What were the most important ecological changes in North America in the twentieth century? What were the primary causes of those changes?
Q2) In October 2001, U.S. planes initiated the "war on terrorism" by bombing Taliban and al Qaeda positions in ___________.
A) Afghanistan
B) Iraq
C) Yemen
D) Saudi Arabia
Q3) In the early twenty-first century, the dollar and the __________ were the world's two primary currencies.
A) euro
B) yen
C) pound
D) yuan
Q4) CNN's international ambitions led it to __________.
A) focus exclusively on political news
B) eliminate all of its U.S. studios
C) deliver its broadcasts in French
D) ban the word foreign from its broadcasts
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